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PubMed1991

Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide from bamboo shoot cell-walls.

Hydrolysis of bamboo shoot cell-walls with Driselase (a fungal enzyme preparation) released a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide. The structure of the diferuloyl oligosaccharide was determined to be 5,5'-di-O-diferul-9,9'-dioyl)-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-- --3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----4)-D-xylopyranose] on the basis of n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (f.a.b.-m.s.). This is the first reported evidence that arabinoxylans are covalently cross-linked via diferulic acid.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Feruloylated xyloglucan and p-coumaroyl arabinoxylan oligosaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls.

A novel feruloylated xyloglucan disaccharide and p-coumaroylated arabinoxylan trisaccharide were isolated from cell walls of growing bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots. On the basis of chemical and spectral data, their structures were determined to be O-(4-O-trans-feruloyl-alpha-D- xylopyranosyl)-(1----6)-D-glucopyranose and O-[5-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)- alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl]-(1----3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----4)-D- xylopyranose, respectively. This is the first reported evidence of a phenolic acid covalently associated with the cell wall hemicellulose, xyloglucan.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1991

Acetylation at O-2 of arabinofuranose residues in feruloylated arabinoxylan from bamboo shoot cell-walls.

Hydrolysis of bamboo shoot cell-walls with Driselase (a fungal enzyme preparation) gave an arabinoxylan trisaccharide with ferulic and acetic acids as ester groups. The structure of this oligosaccharide was determined to be O-[2-O-acetyl-5-O-[E)-feruloyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl]-(1----3) -O-beta- D-xylopyranosyl-(1----4)-D-xylopyranose, on the basis of spectroscopy and methylation analysis.

Acetylation↗

PubMed1996

Microbiology of mesu, a traditional fermented bamboo shoot product.

The use of mesu as a pickle and as the base of curry is a tradition in the Darjeeling hills and Sikkim of India. A total of 327 strains of lactic acid bacteria, representing Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus were isolated from 30 samples of mesu. These species were present in all samples of raw bamboo shoots tested. Mesu was dominated by L. plantarum followed by L. brevis; P. pentosaceus was isolated less frequently and recovered from only 40-50% of the mesu samples. The fermentation was initiated by P. pentosaceus, followed by L. brevis, and finally succeeded by L. plantarum species. During fermentation, the titratable acidity increased from 0.04 to 0.95%, resulting in the decline in pH from 6.4 to 3.8.

Fermentation↗

PubMed2006

Anaerobic treatment of cassava starch extraction wastewater using a horizontal flow filter with bamboo as support.

Small-scale sour starch agroindustry in Colombia suffer from absence of water treatment. Although starch processing plants produce diluted wastewater, it is a source of pollution and cause environmental problems to the nearby rural population. A laboratory scale anaerobic horizontal flow filter packed with bamboo pieces was evaluated for the treatment of cassava starch extraction wastewater. The wastewater used in the experimentation was the draining water of the starch sedimentation basin. The reactor was operated for 6 months. It was inoculated with a semi-granular sludge from an anaerobic UASB reactor of a slaughterhouse. Maximum organic loading rate (OLR) applied was 11.8g COD/L d without dilution of the wastewater. At steady state and maximum OLR applied, 87% of the COD was removed and a gas productivity of 3.7L/L d was achieved. The average biogas yield was 0.36L/g COD removed. Methane content in the biogas was in the range of 69-81%. The total suspended solids (TSS) removed were 67%. The relative high lactic acid content did not negatively influence the performance of the reactor. No perturbation due to cyanide (3-5mg/L) was observed during the reactor operation. The results obtained indicated that the anaerobic horizontal flow filter could be used efficiently for the treatment of wastewater from Colombian starch processing small-scale agroindustry.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed2005

A fluorescent glucose biosensor based on immobilized glucose oxidase on bamboo inner shell membrane.

A fluorescent glucose biosensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase on a bamboo inner shell membrane with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. The detection scheme was based on the depletion of dissolved oxygen content upon exposure to glucose solution with a concomitant increase in the fluorescence intensity of an oxygen transducer, tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(Pi) ditetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate. The enzyme immobilization, effect of pH, temperature and ionic strength have been studied in detail. The biosensor exhibited repeatable response to a 2.0 mM glucose solution with a relative standard deviation of 3.0% (n = 10). It showed good storage stability and maintained 95% of its initial response after it had been kept at 4 degrees C for 8 months. The biosensor has a linear response range of 0.0-0.6 mM glucose with a detection limit of 58 microM (S/N = 3). Common potential interferants in samples do not pose any significant interference on the response of the glucose biosensor. It was successfully applied to the determination of glucose content in some commercial wines and medical glucose injections.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2004

A highly bioactive lignophenol derivative from bamboo lignin exhibits a potent activity to suppress apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Approaches to protection against neurodegenerative diseases, in which oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated, should be based on the current concept on the etiology of these diseases. Recently, a new therapeutic strategy has been proposed to protect neurons from cell death by attenuating the apoptotic signal transduction. Lignin, a durable aromatic network polymer second to cellulose in abundance, was able to be converted into highly active lignophenol derivatives with antioxidant activity by using our newly developed phase-separation technique. These lignophenol derivatives were found to show the potent neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress. Among the compounds examined, a lignocresol derivative from bamboo (lig-8) exhibited the most potent neuroprotective activity against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by preventing the caspase-3 activation via either caspase-8 or caspase-9. Furthermore, it was found that lig-8 exerted the antiapoptotic effect by inhibiting dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition induced by H(2)O(2) or by the peripheral benzodiazepin receptor ligand PK11195. Lig-8 was also shown to be potent in the antioxidant activity in the cells exposed to H(2)O(2), as assessed by flow cytometry using 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and in vitro reactive oxygen species-scavenging potency. These data suggest that lig-8 is a promising neuroprotector, which affects the signaling pathway of neuronal cell death and that it would be of benefit to delay the progress of neurodegenerative diseases.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2005

Determination of flavone C-glucosides in antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) fortified foods by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode array detection.

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with ultraviolet diode array detection (UV-DAD) was used for the simultaneous determination of four flavone C-glucosides, i.e. orientin, homoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin in several food systems fortified by the antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), such as high temperature sterilized milk, sunflower seed oil and extruded rice cake for the first time. The method included extraction of flavone C-glucosides from AOB-fortified foods by methanol aqueous solution, deproteinating with saturated lead acetate solution and potassium oxalate, defatting with n-hexane and clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Phenomenex C18 cartridges. Analytes were separated with Luna C18 5 microm 250mm x 4.6mm column using acetonitrile and 1% (v/v) acetic acid (pH 3.0) as mobile phase. Good results were obtained with respect to repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD)< 2.2%) and recovery (81.4-91.8%) which fulfilled the requirements defined by European Union (EU) legislation. The total amounts of four flavone C-glucosides were 12.56 microg/100 mL, 881.08 microg/100 mL and 1420.83 microg/100 g dry weight in AOB-fortified sterilized milk, sunflower seed oil and extruded rice cake, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of flavone C-glucosides in AOB-fortified samples. The optimized procedure could also be referenced for the separation of flavone C-glucosides in other fortified foodstuffs.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2006

Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies.

Bamboo, an abundant and inexpensive natural resource in Malaysia was used to prepare activated carbon by physiochemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as the activating agents at 850 degrees C for 2h. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of methylene blue dye on such carbon were then examined at 30 degrees C. Adsorption isotherm of the methylene blue (MB) on the activated carbon was determined and correlated with common isotherm equations. The equilibrium data for methylene blue adsorption well fitted to the Langmuir equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 454.2mg/g. Two simplified kinetic models including pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation were selected to follow the adsorption processes. The adsorption of methylene blue could be best described by the pseudo-second-order equation. The kinetic parameters of this best-fit model were calculated and discussed.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of the infectivity of Bamboo mosaic virus with its correlation to the in vitro replicase activities in Nicotiana benthamiana.

In vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) transcription assay share an extremely useful system for studying the molecular mechanisms of replication of positive-sense RNA viruses such as Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV). However, the obstacle encountered in this system is the inconsistency in the enzyme activity and the template specificity among different batches of the RdRp extracts. In order to overcome this obstacle, we designed experiments to study the functional dynamics of the BaMV RdRp in terms of its activity and specificity during the course of infection. Several different batches of RdRp preparations, extracted from inoculated leaves at a different time intervals of post-inoculation, were tested for their in vitro RdRp transcription activities. Results of RdRp assays using endogenous templates showed that the transcription activity giving rise to the 6.4 kb genomic RNA reached a maximum at 5th dpi. The RdRp extracted at 5th dpi could differentiate between BaMV and CMV exogenous templates. Results of exogenous RNA template activities using the 3'-ends of plus- and minus-strand RNA indicated that the 5th dpi RdRp could initiate minus-strand RNA synthesis more efficiency than the 11th dpi RdRp.

Capsid Proteins↗

PubMed2003

Dendrocin, a distinctive antifungal protein from bamboo shoots.

An antifungal protein, with a molecular weight of 20 kDa and an inhibitory action on mycelial growth in the fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cincerea, and Mycosphaerella arachidicola, was isolated from fresh bamboo shoots. The protein, designated dendrocin, was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-Sepharose. Dendrocin showed only limited similarity in N-terminal sequence to thaumatin-like proteins, unlike other thaumatin-like proteins which closely resemble each other. Its molecular weight was also lower than those of the previously reported thaumatin-like proteins. The protein was devoid of hemagglutinating and ribonuclease activities found in some antifungal proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Two lignan dimers from bamboo stems (Phyllostachys edulis).

Phyllostadimers A and B, two bis-lignans in which the two lignan units are directly connected by a C-C bond, were isolated from stems of bamboo, Phyllostachys edulis. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral evidence. In addition, 14 known compounds were also obtained throughout the investigation. Phyllostadimer A significantly inhibited liposomal lipid peroxidation.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2003

Structural and mutational analyses of cis-acting sequences in the 5'-untranslated region of satellite RNA of bamboo mosaic potexvirus.

The satellite RNA of Bamboo mosaic virus (satBaMV) contains on open reading frame for a 20-kDa protein that is flanked by a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 159 nucleotides (nt) and a 3'-UTR of 129 nt. A secondary structure was predicted for the 5'-UTR of satBaMV RNA, which folds into a large stem-loop (LSL) and a small stem-loop. Enzymatic probing confirmed the existence of LSL (nt 8-138) in the 5'-UTR. The essential cis-acting sequences in the 5'-UTR required for satBaMV RNA replication were determined by deletion and substitution mutagenesis. Their replication efficiencies were analyzed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts and Chenopodium quinoa plants coinoculated with helper BaMV RNA. All deletion mutants abolished the replication of satBaMV RNA, whereas mutations introduced in most of the loop regions and stems showed either no replication or a decreased replication efficiency. Mutations that affected the positive-strand satBaMV RNA accumulation also affected the accumulation of negative-strand RNA; however, the accumulation of genomic and subgenomic RNAs of BaMV were not affected. Moreover, covariation analyses of natural satBaMV variants provide substantial evidence that the secondary structure in the 5'-UTR of satBaMV is necessary for efficient replication.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2003

Functional analysis of the cloverleaf-like structure in the 3' untranslated region of bamboo mosaic potexvirus RNA revealed dual roles in viral RNA replication and long distance movement.

The 3' untranslated region (UTR) of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) RNA was identified to fold into a tertiary structure comprising a cloverleaf-like structure designated ABC domain followed by a major stem-loop D, which in turn is followed by a pseudoknot E and a poly(A) tail. The coat protein accumulation level of the mutant, BaMV40A/DeltaABC, lacking ABC domain was just 15% that of wild-type when inoculated into protoplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana. This suggested that ABC domain might play an important role in BaMV RNA replication. To define the precise role of each of the three stem-loops of ABC domain in RNA replication, three mutants BaMV40A/DeltaA, -/DeltaB, and -/DeltaC each lacking stem-loop A, B, and C, respectively, were created. Our results showed that accumulation of viral products of mutants BaMV40A/DeltaB and -/DeltaC were not as efficient as wild-type. On the contrary, level of accumulation of viral products of BaMV/DeltaA was similar to that of wild-type in protoplasts and inoculated leaves. Interestingly, the accumulation of viral products was not as efficient as that of wild-type in systemic leaves, implying that stem-loop A is dispensable for replication, but signifies a role in systemic accumulation. Using UV cross-linking and competition experiments, it was demonstrated that the E. coli expressed helicase domain of BaMV ORF1 can preferentially interact with the ABC domain.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2001

The partial purified RNA-dependent RNA polymerases from bamboo mosaic potexvirus and potato virus X infected plants containing the template-dependent activities.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) isolated from bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) and potato virus X infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and solubilized with the detergent NP-40, generated a full-length genomic and two subgenomic double-stranded RNAs of respective viruses in an in vitro RdRp assay containing endogenous RNA templates. Template-dependent and species-specific RdRp activity could be detected after the removal of endogenous RNA templates. The 3' untranslated regions (UTR) containing a stretch of 40 adenylate residues were shown to be an efficient exogenous RNA template for in vitro RdRp reactions. Solution hybridization and nuclease digestion studies revealed that the products transcribed in vitro were minus-sense. Besides using the 3' UTR for minus-sense RNA synthesis, the BaMV RdRp can also recognize 3' terminal 77 nucleotides of the minus-strand for plus-sense RNA synthesis. Promoter studies with BaMV RdRp showed that domain D containing the potexviral hexamer motif of the 3' UTR would be the major contributor of minus-sense RNA synthesis in vitro. On the other hand, the pseudoknot domain containing the poly(A) sequences would be sufficient for minus-sense RNA synthesis.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2002

Specificity analysis of the conserved hexanucleotides for the replication of bamboo mosaic potexvirus RNA.

In order to investigate the possible function of the potexviral conserved hexanucleotide sequence (ACc/uUAA) found in the 3' untranslated region of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) genomic RNA, each nucleotide in the hexamer motif was substituted. Transcripts derived from wild-type and mutants with a loop deletion or a single-nucleotide substitution were inoculated into protoplasts. The accumulation levels of viral coat protein and RNAs detected from Western and Northern blots of each inoculation were examined after a 48-h incubation. Our data revealed that the nucleotides at positions 4-6 of the hexamer motif cannot be replaced by other nucleotides; the first position of this hexamer is purine specific, and the second position is restricted to pyrimidine. Substitution at the third position has less effect on viral accumulation in protoplasts. In addition to the results reported previously that the E. coli over-expressed BaMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase could specifically interact with the hexamer motif, the hexanucleotides were thought to serve as a recognition site of viral replicase and the specificity may be derived from the functional groups of each nucleotide of this hexamer motif.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed1998

Evolution of bamboo mosaic virus in a nonsystemic host results in mutations in the helicase-like domain that cause reduced RNA accumulation.

A mutant population of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) was isolated after serial passage using Chenopodium quinoa plants. While the wild type inoculum induced indistinct chlorotic lesions, the mutant produced obvious lesions on C. quinoa although RNA accumulation of the mutant in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts was significantly reduced compared to wild type. Mutations were identified in the helicase-like domain. One RT-PCR-generated cDNA clone (designated pL1-33) representing the helicase-like region showed four nucleotide mutations encoding three amino acid changes that were shown to result in dramatically decreased viral accumulation. Independent analyses of the effects of these substitutions showed that nucleotide changes at position 1722 resulting in a leucine to proline switch and position 2129 resulting in a histidine to tyrosine switch had the greatest effect on viral accumulation. Combination of these two mutations resulted in a undetectable viral accumulation. We have identified that amino acids within the helicase domain but outside the universally conserved helicase-like motifs that play an important role in viral amplification.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Juvenile hormone-mediated termination of larval diapause in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis.

Larvae of the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis are in diapause for more than nine months (Singtripop, T., Wanichaneewa, S., Tsuzuki, S., Sakurai, S. 1999. Larval growth and diapause in a tropical moth, Omphisa fuscidentalis Hampson. Zool. Sci. 16, 725-733). To examine the endocrine mechanisms underlying this larval diapause, we assayed the responsiveness of the diapausing larvae to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and a juvenile hormone analogue (JHA: S-methoprene). 20E injection caused the larvae to halt movement, followed by deposition of a pupal cuticle. Topical application of JHA induced pupation in a dose-dependent manner. JHA also induced pupation of the larvae whose brains were removed before JHA application. In those larvae, the prothoracic glands became active and competent to respond to brain extracts within seven days after JHA treatment, and the hemolymph ecdysteroid concentration began to increase 12 days after JHA application. These results indicate that JHA stimulates the prothoracic glands of diapausing Omphisa larvae, terminating larval diapause, in contrast with previous findings that JH inhibits the brain-prothoracic gland axis and thus maintains the larval diapause. Current results therefore suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for larval diapause in this species.

Animals↗