When does 'drug-seeking' behavior signal addiction?
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Analgesics, Opioid↗
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Results for “Behavior, Addictive”
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Alcohol use and its relationship to other addictive and preventive behaviors.
Immoderate consumption of alcohol was found to be related to three other potentially addictive behaviors (illicit drug use, smoking, and caffeine consumption) in a randomly drawn sample (n = 1253) of American adults. In addition, alcohol consumption was found to be related to nutritional, life style, safety, and health monitoring preventive behaviors. Although the underlying mechanism for these behaviors is not clear, possibilities include the subsumption of both addictive and other preventive behaviors under a more generalized risk taking (or risk avoidance) dimension.
Adult↗
The most important unresolved issue in the addictions: conceptual chaos.
This article suggests that the field of addiction study and treatment remains in a state of conceptual chaos. The addictions is an emerging scientific field that lacks conceptual clarity. To develop the precision necessary for scientific advance, we must begin by developing improved definitions of substance use, abuse, dependence, and addiction. Complicating matters, psychoactive substance use is not a necessary and sufficient cause of addiction. For example, pathological gamblers experience addiction, including tolerance and withdrawal, often in the absence of any drug use. The neurobiology of subjective experience may be a more important factor in helping to explain addictive behaviors. Consequently, this article concludes that it is improper to consider drugs as the necessary precondition for addiction. Better operational definitions will advance addictions research.
Behavior, Addictive↗
Rx for health care costs: resolving addictions in the general medical setting.
The literature on addictions treatment cost offsets suggests that resolving addictive disorders in the general medical setting will drive down the demand for health care, promote more efficient use of care by both patients and their families, and preserve scarce resources that can be deployed more wisely elsewhere. The demand to reduce waste and trim health care expenditures challenges the historic gulf between general medical practice and the management of addictive behaviors. An example of an addiction treatment technology developed in medical settings for use by medical personnel, brief intervention, is reviewed, with reference to its cost-saving potential under health care reform.
Alcoholism↗
[Study of urinary excretion of codeine and morphine after oral ingestion of codeine].
Results of an investigation on the urinary excretion of codeine and morphine after oral ingestion of 1 mg.kg-1 b.w codeine are reported. The investigation run on seven clinically healthy subjects showed: low digestive absorption of codeine (# 20%); rapid biotransformation of codeine into morphine (first urines excreted after absorption); rapid disappearance of codeine from urines (#30 hrs); persistence of morphine alone (#68 hrs); rapid evolution of the codeine/morphine ratio (inversion of the ratio after #18 hrs); total elimination of morphine which can be greater than for codeine; very different half-life periods for codeine and morphine (5.1 and 13.6 hrs); no other codeine metabolites (nor-codeine and nor-morphine); very high individual variations; one subject with low activity of cytochrome P 450 dbl/buFL. Finally, in an epidemiological survey of drug addict behaviors and detection of drug addiction, it seems very difficult, may be even illusory and hazardous, to try and justify morphine found in urines (morphine, heroin, codeine, codethyline, pholcodine...) except in the very legitimate case where the ratio of urine concentrations of codeine and morphine is greater than one.
Administration, Oral↗
The stages of exercise behavior.
The stages of change model has shown promise in advancing knowledge about smoking behavior change and other negative addictive behaviors. The model was applied to the study of exercise, a healthy rather than unhealthy behavior. A stages of exercise behavior questionnaire was administered to a sample of 235 employees. Next, the ability of a second questionnaire measuring physical activity behavior to differentiate employees according to stage of exercise was tested. Results revealed that 51% of employees were participating in no physical activity (Precontemplation, Contemplatation) and 49% were participating in occasional or regular physical activity (Preparation, Action, Maintenance). Scores on physical activity behavior items significantly differentiated employees among the stages. This model developed on smoking and other behaviors can be generalized to exercise behavior. Understanding the stages of exercise behavior could yield important information for enhancing rates of participation in physical activity.
Adult↗
A range of research-based pharmacotherapies for addiction.
Modern approaches to the treatment of addiction have been influenced by several important factors. These include advances in our understanding of the nature of addiction based on longitudinal studies, and progress in elucidating the biological underpinnings of addictive behavior. In addition, changes in the system for delivery of services have begun to shape the way that addiction is treated.
Alcoholism↗
Addictive characteristics of the behavior of self-mutilation.
Self-mutilation has numerous characteristics that also have been identified in the self-destructive behavior of addiction; these characteristics include similarities in origin, in emotions experienced, in family structure and in the repetitive nature of tension-release responses. Clinicians must deal with the various obstacles when trying to provide care to patients with self-mutilation behaviors, including the lack of information and a preferred treatment and the fact that self-mutilation is an act that occurs in isolation and privacy. The advanced clinician can utilize knowledge of the processes of self-mutilation and addiction to assist unit staff in understanding potential needs of these particular clients and provide resource information to the staff, which may assist in resolving some of the fear and frustration in interacting with self-destructive clients.
Adolescent↗
Behavior of narcotics-addicted newborns.
The behavior of narcotics-addicted and nonaddicted newborns on the first 2 days of life was assessed with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. In addition to classic signs of narcotics abstinence, addicted infants were less able to be maintained in an alert state and less able to orient to auditory and visual stimuli. These deficits were especially pronounced at 48 hours of age. Addicted infants were as capable of self-quieting and responding to soothing intervention as normal neonates, although they were substantially more irritable. These characteristics and addicted infants' greater resistance to cuddling are discussed in terms of their potential impact on early infant-care-giver interaction.
Adult↗
Reduction of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in asthmatic children. A 2-year follow-up.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term maintenance of a previously reported behavioral counseling intervention to reduce asthmatic children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). PARTICIPANTS: Families of asthmatic children (6 to 17 years), including at least one parent who smoked in the home, recruited from four pediatric allergy clinics. DESIGN: Participants were randomized to one of three groups: behavioral counseling to reduce ETS exposure, self-monitoring control, and usual medical care control. Counseling concluded at month 6, and the original trial ended at month 12. Two follow-up interviews occurred at months 20 and 30. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The originally reported analysis of baseline to 12 months was reanalyzed with a more robust restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The 2-year follow-up period was analyzed similarly. Significantly greater change occurred in the counseling group than the control groups and was sustained throughout the 2 years of follow-up. Further exploratory analyses suggested that printed counseling materials given to all participants at month 12 (conclusion of the original study) were associated with decreased exposure in the control groups. CONCLUSION: Such long-term maintenance of behavior change is highly unusual in the general behavioral science literature, let alone for addictive behaviors. We conclude that ETS exposure can be reduced and that a clinician-delivered treatment may provide substantial benefit.
Adult↗
Behavioral treatment of addictions.
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Alcoholism↗
Behavioral assessment technique as a clinical intervention.
Behavioral assessment procedures have been used to predict the onset of addictive behaviors. However, no controlled studies have been conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of such procedures in the treatment of drug abuse. A group using the Behavioral Assessment Technique (BAT) as an indicator for clinical intervention was compared to a group in which the BAT was not used clinically. The results indicated that the BAT was not particularly effective for clinical purposes. This failure was independent of the BAT's accuracy in predicting drug usage. Alternative hypotheses were discussed.
Behavior↗
Volitional problems in carrying through a difficult decision: the case of drug addiction.
Attempts by young drug addicts to decrease or quit drug consumption were studied by means of a series of interviews. Interest was focused on volitional problems arising due to difficulties in living up to commitments in the face of temptations and various types of emotional stress. It was found that relapses occurred mostly under the influence of emotional stress and that they were preceded by various forms of twisted reasoning, a finding similar to those for other types of addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcoholism. The techniques used by the drug addicts to fight temptations were similar to those reported by other patients. Knowledge of techniques seemed to be rather scarce. There was a correlation between knowledge of technique and success in quitting drug habits. Strong stimulus pull factors were evident in some cases and were apparently counteracted by more or less successful attempts by the patients to escape the tempting situation.
Adolescent↗
Clinical realities and economic considerations: special therapeutic issues in intrathecal therapy--tolerance and addiction.
The long-term use of opioid analgesics in chronic nonmalignant pain has long been controversial. Rational discussion has been impeded by outdated research and myths regarding the risks of this therapy. Some of the misconceptions relate to the inappropriate use of the terms tolerance and addiction. Analgesic tolerance is a phenomenon in which exposure to the opioid itself causes the patient who has achieved analgesia to require a higher dosage to maintain the same level of effect. This appears to be very uncommon in the clinical setting. A need for dose escalation results from factors other than tolerance, including disease progression. Addiction is an association of psychological dependence and aberrant drug-related behaviors. Addiction to opioids in the context of pain treatment is rare in those with no history of addictive disorder. Clinicians need to become aware of the new findings regarding the low risk of addiction and tolerance in this setting.
Analgesics, Opioid↗
Taste- and odor-reactivity in heroin addicts.
Opiates in general, and heroin in particular, are known to induce compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Addiction is accompanied by psychobiological processes which may distort perception of sensory stimuli. Gustatory and olfactory stimuli are hedonically polarized and therefore most appropriate for the assessment of the organism's reactivity to "useful" and "harmful" chemosensory events. Previous studies revealed that psychophysical self-estimates and reflectory facial expressions mirror with comparable reliability the hedonics of the perceived taste and odor sensations. In the present study both cognitive verbal and reflectory facial expressions of a group of: a) heroin addicts were recorded and compared to those of a group of b) detoxified former addicts and to c) a group of matching controls. Results show that all three groups differentiate between pleasant, indifferent and aversive tastes and odors. Active addicts estimated sweet taste and savory smells as being somewhat more pleasant, and bitter and sour tastes and a putrid odor as less unpleasant than did the other two groups. The reflectory facial displays of addicts were less expressive and discriminative than those of the two other groups. Taste- and odor-induced facial displays are known to be controlled primarily by the brainstem. The findings indicate that heroin-addiction affects brain-mechanisms, which mirror taste- and odor-hedonics. Modulation of the phylogenetically ancient, sensory-motor coordinations was found to be of a different pattern than that of the cortically-controlled cognitive reactions.
Adult↗
Personality and morbid obesity. Implications for dietary management through behavior modification.
Psychological investigations have failed to reveal a distinct personality type or psychodynamic conflict pattern in moderately and massively obese persons. Many of the psychological problems noted in the obese such as anxiety, depression, and poor self-esteem seem to be the result of, rather than the cause of, the obese state. Morbidly obese persons share an addictive behavior pattern that is also seen in persons with other types of addictions. The extent of their obesity points to the strong substance abuse component of the eating disorder. Behavior modification programs aimed at changing problematic eating patterns and teaching self-management skills in relation to food consumption have been moderately successful and have been shown to result in a mean post-treatment weiht loss of seven to 16 pounds. However, the majority of morbidly obese persons will not lose enough weight to make this an effective treatment program for them.
Behavior Therapy↗
Multi-Locus Pro-Dopaminergic Restoration of Reward Brain Circuitry in Reward Deficiency Rescinds Mono-Pharmaceutical Targeting.
Dopaminergic dysfunction in reward circuitry is well-documented as a contributor to addictive behaviors. Evidence indicates that changes in synchronous neural activity between brain regions mediating reward and cognitive functions may significantly contribute to substance-related disorders. In this commentary we highlight findings showing that the pro-dopaminergic nutraceutical (KB220) enhances functional connectivity between reward and cognitive brain areas in both animal and human studies. Animal studies demonstrate that KB220 activates important brain reward-related regions, including the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and prelimbic and infralimbic loci. Kb220 induced significant functional connectivity, enhanced neuroplasticity, and improved dopaminergic functionality within the brain reward circuitry with effects localized to these regions rather than broader distributed across the brain. In abstinent heroin-dependent individuals, acute KB220 administration significantly induced BOLD activation in caudate-accumbens dopaminergic pathways relative to placebo. Furthermore, data from 36 clinical trials and preclinical studies encompassing over 1,000 subjects, demonstrate that KB220 supports "dopamine homeostasis" across various reward deficiency behaviors. Clinical outcomes and quantitative electroencephalogy (qEEG) results underscore KB220's potential anti-craving/anti-relapse effects in addiction and other psychiatric disorders through direct or indirect dopaminergic modulation. Based on a review of the existing knowledge and further intensive investigation, we propose that instead of relying on mono-pharmaceutical approaches, the scientific community should endorse multi-loci dopaminergic restoration of reward brain circuitry as a fundamental paradigm for addressing mental illness.
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)↗
Addiction, helplessness, and narcissistic rage.
In many cases addictive behavior serves to ward off a sense of helplessness or powerlessness via controlling and regulating one's affective state. Addicts have a vulnerability to feelings of powerlessness, which reflects a specific narcissistic impairment. The drive in addiction to re-establish a sense of power is, correspondingly, impelled by narcissistic rage. This rage gives to addiction some of its distinctive clinical properties. The narcissistic vulnerability in addicts is discussed. Several brief clinical cases are provided, and the view proposed is correlated with other psychoanalytic perspectives.
Adult↗