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Phase 1 research program overview.

The Phase 1 research program was unprecedented in its scope and ambitious in its objectives. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration committed to conducting a multidisciplinary long-duration research program on a platform whose capabilities were not well known, not to mention belonging to another country. For the United States, it provided the first opportunity to conduct research in a long-duration space flight environment since the Skylab program in the 1970's. Multiple technical as well as cultural challenges were successfully overcome through the dedicated efforts of a relatively small cadre of individuals. The program developed processes to successfully plan, train for and execute research in a long-duration environment, with significant differences identified from short-duration space flight science operations. Between August 1994 and June 1998, thousands of kilograms of research hardware was prepared and launched to Mir, and thousands of kilograms of hardware and data products were returned to Earth. More than 150 Principal Investigators from eight countries were involved in the program in seven major research disciplines: Advanced Technology; Earth Sciences; Fundamental Biology; Human Life Sciences; International Space Station Risk Mitigation; Microgravity; and Space Sciences. Approximately 75 long-duration investigations were completed on Mir, with additional investigations performed on the Shuttle flights that docked with Mir. The flight phase included the participation of seven US astronauts and 20 Russian cosmonauts. The successful completion of the Phase 1 research program not only resulted in high quality science return but also in numerous lessons learned to make the ISS experience more productive. The cooperation developed during the program was instrumental in its success.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

First-principles quantum chemistry in the life sciences.

The area of computational quantum chemistry, which applies the principles of quantum mechanics to molecular and condensed systems, has developed drastically over the last decades, due to both increased computer power and the efficient implementation of quantum chemical methods in readily available computer programs. Because of this, accurate computational techniques can now be applied to much larger systems than before, bringing the area of biochemistry within the scope of electronic-structure quantum chemical methods. The rapid pace of progress of quantum chemistry makes it a very exciting research field; calculations that are too computationally expensive today may be feasible in a few months' time! This article reviews the current application of 'first-principles' quantum chemistry in biochemical and life sciences research, and discusses its future potential. The current capability of first-principles quantum chemistry is illustrated in a brief examination of computational studies on neurotransmitters, helical peptides, and DNA complexes.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2003

Criteria for classification of medical information.

Medical information, which is the central notion in medical informatics, covers a large scale of structures and forms. Several classifications are possible and two criteria have been used in this paper: structural level and informational level. According to structural level we can distinguish three major areas: bioinformatics and neuroinformatics for molecular/cellular level, medical informatics for individual level and health informatics for community level and healthcare units. According to informational level the terms of data and knowledge are used and the representative information for each structural level is analysed also from this point of view: Finally, information transfer from living systems to computers is also seen through the structural point of view.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1989

Plans and future directions of the German life sciences program.

The German life sciences program covers three disciplines: 1) medicine, 2) biology, and 3) biological processing. The overall objectives are to acquire expertise in manned flight techniques and to enable scientists to conduct qualified scientific research by use of the specific space environment. To achieve these goals the German government provides the scientific community with national and international flight opportunities.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2005

Introduction to bioengineering: melding of engineering and biological sciences.

Engineering has traditionally focused on the external extensions of organisms, such as transportation systems, high-rise buildings, and entertainment systems. In contrast, bioengineering is concerned with inward processes of biologic organisms. Utilization of engineering principles and techniques in the analysis and solution of problems in medicine and biology is the basis for bioengineering. This article discusses subspecialties in bioengineering and presents examples of projects in this discipline.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Does biomedicine entail the successful reduction of pathology to biology?

The idea of reducing pathology to biology has an extensive history, and the initial forms of the enterprise were unsuccessful. This article discusses the philosophical literature surrounding the notion of reduction in the sciences in general and of biology in particular; reviews several 19th-century programs that promoted the reduction of medicine to other biological disciplines; and examines the post-war origins of the notion of biomedicine. It shows how biology and medicine tend to interact in the constitution of new biomedical knowledge and how the notion of a pathological process resulting in a lesion remains central to the understanding of disease. The article proposes that while strict reduction has yet to be realized, one can speak of a continuing and successful realignment of biology and pathology since the Second World War.

Biological Science Disciplines↗