Sweating: its composition and effects on body fluids.
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Body Fluid Compartments↗
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Thoracic impedance as an index of body fluid balance during cardiac surgery.
Thoracic impedance at 2.5 (TI2.5) and 100 kHz (TI100), central venous pressure (CVP), and body fluid balance were recorded together with rectal temperature and arterial haematocrit in 15 consecutive patients subjected to coronary artery bypass grafting. I.v. fluid and blood were administered in an excess of 3.18 (1.38-9.35) 1 during the operation. TI2.5 decreased from 51.7 (39.2-66.4) to 34.9 (21.1-45.7) ohm (P = 0.001), while TI100 decreased from 41.9 (31.4-55.0) to 30.3 (18.3-40.8) ohm (P = 0.002). CVP, 6 (3-11) mmHg [0.8 (0.4-1.5) kPa], was the same before and after surgery. Temperature decreased during cardiopulmonary bypass from 35.4 (34.1-36.6) to 26.7 (22.9-31.0) degrees C and haematocrit from 39 (34-46)% to a lowest value of 27 (23-32)% (P = 0.0001). A close linear correlation between TI and body fluid balance was observed (TI2.5: r = -0.96, TI100: r = -0.95, P = 0.0001). Corrections of TI for temperature and/or haematocrit improved the correlation between TI and fluid balance to 0.99 (TI2.5) and 0.98 (TI100). The data indicate that changes in thoracic impedance can be used to monitor body fluid balance during cardiac surgery.
Aged↗
Evaluation of isolator system and large-volume centrifugation method for culturing body fluids.
The Isolator system was compared with the large-volume centrifugation method for processing and recovering organisms from body fluids other than blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. A total of 155 body fluid samples were processed for the recovery of clinically significant organisms. Of the 55 positive cultures, Isolator detected 94% and the large-volume centrifugation method detected 64%. The time necessary to indicate positivity was not significantly different in the two methods; however, in five cases, the Isolator system yielded clinically significant organisms 24 h sooner than the conventional method. The Isolator system was found to be a more sensitive alternative than the conventional large-volume centrifugation method.
Bacteria↗
Approach to the analysis of body fluids for the detection of infection.
Sterile body fluids represent an important source for the diagnosis of infectious diseases because they can be sampled by sterile methods that bypass the normal bacterial flora so heavily colonizing the body surface. Thus when these specimens are received, full advantage should be taken to perform complete microscopic and cultural tests for viral, bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases. In many cases the evaluation can be tailored to the types of organisms that are likely to infect particular body cavities. Ideally, the workup could also be based on the history, clinical presentation, and preliminary examination of the patient, but under most circumstances it may be more appropriate for the laboratory to proceed with a more complete workup of these vital specimens than physicians request. Specimens should be transported promptly to the laboratory and should be viewed quickly by Gram's or acridine orange stain and, in selected situations, also by acid-fast stain, direct fluorescence for legionellosis, and direct wet mount for parasites. Results of these studies should be called in without delay to the responsible physician. Cultures should also be inoculated as soon as possible. Nonspecific tests, including the cell count and protein, glucose, lactic acid, and LDH levels, may provide valuable clues to the presence of infection. Direct antigen detection does not replace traditional microscopic and cultural evaluation of these specimens but may have supplemental value.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Relationship between anesthetic procedure and contact of anesthesia personnel with patient body fluids.
We recorded the frequency with which anesthesia personnel came in contact with patient body fluids in order to provide an empirical basis for the recommendation of relevant precautions. Anesthesia personnel completed a questionnaire when performing a range of standardized procedures. The rate of contact with blood was as follows: catheterization of peripheral vein, 18%; insertion of central venous catheter, 87%; arterial puncture, 38%; lumbar puncture, 23%; catheterization of the extradural space, 34%; tracheal intubation, 4%; tracheal extubation, 9%; suction of oral cavity, pharynx, or trachea, 13%; intramuscular injection of drug, 8%; and establishment or discontinuation of drip for blood transfusion, 43%. By using protective gloves, 98% of contacts with patient blood would have been prevented. Blood contact was more frequent in the emergency ward than in the operating room (P less than 0.05). Health care workers were not able to predict when a specific procedure would imply that contact with patient blood would occur. We recommend that specific precautions be adopted for the various procedures and discuss precautions that could have prevented contact with body fluid.
Anesthesiology↗
Influence of high-dose methotrexate on the distribution of body fluid volumes in the dog.
We studied the influence of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) on body fluid volumes in the dog, using indicator dilution techniques. In six healthy mongrel dogs total body water volume (TBW), extracellular water volume (ECW), body mass, and plasma osmolality were measured before and after infusion of both saline and HDMTX. TBW and ECW were determined simultaneously, using a double-indicator (D2O/ferrocyanide), single injection technique. In vitro experiments confirmed the reliability of ferrocyanide as an indicator for ECW, also in the presence of methotrexate. Results showed an increase in ECW after HDMTX (P = 0.029, paired Student's t-test), while TBW remained constant. Infusion of the same volume of isotonic saline in the control experiments did not result in any demonstrable change in either TBW or ECW. Therefore, infusion of HDMTX appears to cause a water shift from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. Such a change in body water volumes may have implications for estimates of body composition and for pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients receiving HDMTX.
Animals↗
[Gonadotropin, as a tumor marker, in body fluid and tumor tissues of germ cell tumors].
The value of gonadotropin in the body fluids of germ cell tumor patients is its usefulness as a tumor marker. It is also used for differential diagnosis and/or judgement of therapeutic effects. In order to clarify the most effective value of gonadotropin as a tumor marker in the body fluids, we compared the value in serum, liquor and urine with one another. The liquor contained highest (1650 IU/l) value of gonadotropin in the primary intracranial germ cell tumors, mostly in choriocarcinoma. But the gonadotropin value was highest (3050 IU/l) in the serum of secondary intracranial choriocarcinoma. Chiasmal germ cell tumor, except choriocarcinoma, which does frequently secrete gonadotropin (alpha, beta) showed moderate or very high values in the liquor. However, pineal germ cell tumors rarely secrete gonadotropin and sometimes mild high value are obtained in the serum without gonadotropin secretion immunohistochemically. In such cases, the gonadotropin may be increased by indirect mechanism of gonadotropin-secretion following pineal disorder. In most of such cases, the gonadotropin was not human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) but lutein hormone (LH). Because alpha-subunit of such gonadotropin has the same structure, their antibodies show immunologic cross reaction. So, a count of beta-subunit gonadotropin in the serum or liquor is the best way for differential diagnosis or judgement of therapeutic effects. From our results, it is considered that the tumor secretes HCG if the serum beta-HCG value was higher than 30 IU/l, and that it doesn't secrete HCG if beta-HCG value was lower than 10 IU/l or non calculable. The mild increased HCG may be caused by hypothalamo-diencephalic disorder such as pineal tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
A radioimmunoassay of human prealbumin in body fluids.
Prealbumin (PA) was purified 35-fold from human serum and antibodies raised against it in rabbits. A 2-hour radioimmunoassay (RIA) using polyethyleneglycol (PEG) to separate bound and free PA was used to determine levels in body fluids. Using patient serum specimens the new method was compared with an electroimmunoassay (EIA) method and the regression equation obtained was: y = 1.13x - 9.91. The RIA and EIA methods compared favourably with respect to precision to practicability and economy. The RIA method seems especially suitable for large scale assays of PA and is 100 times more sensitive than EIA. Preliminary estimations of PA with the RIA method in plasma, cerebrospinal fluids, amniotic fluids, duodenal juices and urines were carried out. The results indicate that this method can be conveniently used to assay PA in body fluids where the protein is present in low concentration.
Amniotic Fluid↗
An approach to the measurement of body fluid compartment volumes in non-steady conditions in the rat.
A method has been developed by which body fluid volume changes can be assessed frequently after only one initial injection of the appropriate radioactive tracers. This method is based on the assumptions that, 1. following their intravenous injection, the temporal behaviour of tritiated water or radio-sodium can be adequately modelled by the kinetic behaviour of an open, interconnected two-compartment system; 2. known amounts of tracer are added to or irreversibly removed from the system only via the first compartment. In the measurement of body fluid volume changes in rats after isotonic blood volume expansion, the rapid urinary tracer excretion was treated as a series of negative tracer "injections" made instantaneously into the first tracer compartment at the mid point of each short urine collection period. The effect of these "injections" on the first compartment was regarded as diminishing with time in accordance with the steady state rate constants. The vaolues for non steady state changes in total body water volume and functional extracellular fluid volume obtained by such a mathematical treatment, agreed closely with directly measured changes where such direct comparisons could be made.
Animals↗
Body fluid responses of heat-tolerant and intolerant men to work in a hot wet environment.
Acclimatization to heat before proceeding underground is a requirement for each South African mine laborer. Certain individuals among this large population cannot be acclimatized to heat (33.3 degrees C db, 31.7 degrees C wb) and are classified as heat intolerant. In this study certain body fluid responses to heat and work were compared between a group of 19 heat-tolerant (HT) and of 15 heat-intolerant (HI) subjects. To the factors known to affect heat tolerance such as age, weight, and oxygen consumption must now be added differences in body fluid responses. The HI group of subjects failed to hemodilute to the same degree as the HT group though working at the same relative work loads (30% and 50% VO2 max). As the 4-h work period (33.3 degrees C db, 31.7 degrees C wb) continued, the HI group did not maintain hemodilution in spite of the lower absolute work loads, sweat rates, and water deficits suffered by this group. From analysis of blood constituent changes it was suggested that the reason for the differences noted in body fluid dynamics concerned plasma protein equilibrium across capillary walls as well as the protein population of interstitial spaces.
Acclimatization↗
Quantitative analysis of trifluoroacetic acid in body fluids of patients treated with halothane.
A simple procedure for the quantitative analysis of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in urine and serum from patients narcotized with halothane is described. This involves addition of sodium hydroxide to the body fluid, evaporation of the aqueous phase and esterification of TFA in concentrated sulphuric acid with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. The gaseous phases above the reaction mixture were then analyzed by gas chromatography with a nickel-63 electron-capture detector. The detection limit was 1 microgram of TFA per mililitre of body fluid (200 microgram of body fluid are analysed) and the relative standard deviation was +/-6%. Patients treated with ethrane, another commercial anaesthetic, did not produce any detectable TFA.
Anesthesia↗
Partitioning of body fluids and cardiovascular responses to circulatory hypovolaemia in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans.
Investigations were conducted (1) to measure the steady state compartmentation of body fluids and (2) to assess the efficacy of blood volume and pressure maintenance during haemorrhage-induced hypovolaemia in the pond turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. The pre-haemorrhage blood volume, as determined by tracer dilution of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes, averaged 6.89 +/- 0.33% of the body mass, and was part of comparatively large extracellular (40.2 +/- 0.70%) and total body fluid volumes (75.25 +/- 1.48%). Turtles exhibited progressive reductions in systemic arterial pressure throughout a cumulative haemorrhage of -48% of their original blood volume, despite dramatic increases in heart rate and comparatively large magnitudes of transcapillary fluid transfer from interstitial to intravascular spaces. Arterial blood pressure returned to pre-haemorrhage values 2h after experimental haemorrhage ceased, concomitant with the restoration of the original blood volume. Our results support arguments made in previous studies that the resistance to fluid movement between vascular and extravascular locations in reptiles is comparatively low. Furthermore, the haemodynamic responses of turtles to experimental hypovolaemia suggest that barostasis through adjustments in vascular tone is less effective than that observed in other reptiles.
Animals↗
Suppression of glucose utilization of murine peritoneal exudate macrophages by body fluids from cancer patients and identification of the susceptible enzyme.
The glucose consumption of cultured murine (C57BL/6N) peritoneal exudate macrophages is suppressed by pleural effusions, ascitic fluids, and sera from patients with advanced primary lung and gastric cancers. Analysis for the generation of 14C-labeled CO2 after [14C]glucose metabolism revealed the glycolysis pathway to be more susceptible to cancerous body fluids than was the hexose monophosphate shunt. Enzymatic analysis showed that the enzyme susceptible to the cancerous body fluids was D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (PFK), the rate-limiting key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Other enzymes participating in glycolysis were insensitive to the cancerous body fluids. Suppression of PFK may represent a new tumor marker.
Animals↗
Freezing avoidance and the distribution of antifreeze glycopeptides in body fluids and tissues of Antarctic fish.
The distribution of antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGPs) in the body fluids and tissues of antarctic notothenioid fish was determined. In Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman), the peritoneal, pericardial and extradural fluid, like the blood, contained all eight AFGPs and in concentrations sufficient to depress freezing points below that of sea water (-1.9 degree C). Secreted fluids including urine, endolymph and aqueous and vitreous humour either lack all AFGPs or have very low concentrations of only the low molecular weight forms and have freezing points of about -1.0 degree C, and are therefore undercooled with respect to environmental temperature. Fluids with high concentrations of AFGPs also contain high levels of proteins similar to plasma proteins. Systemic administration of tritiated AFGPs in the closely related species Trematomus bernacchii (Boulenger) yielded a distribution pattern similar to that of the native AFGPs in D. mawsoni. This suggests passive distribution of AFGPs into the various fluid compartments following secretion from the liver; a pattern typical of secreted blood proteins. Tissue distribution of AFGPs was determined by comparison with that of the extracellular space marker [14C]polyethylene glycol. AFGPs were found in the interstitial fluid of all body tissues examined except brain tissue. No tissue showed any intracellular accumulation of tritiated AFGPs from the blood.
Animals↗
Distribution of two urinary ribonuclease-like enzymes in human organs and body fluids.
In order to determine the distribution of two human urinary RNase (RNase Us and RNase UL)-like enzymes in human tissues and body fluids, enzyme immunoassay systems were established using rabbit anti-RNase sera. The sensitivity of the assay systems was of similar order to that of radioimmunoassay systems previously reported. In the enzyme immunoassay, the cross reactivities of anti-RNase UL serum towards RNase Us, bovine kidney RNase K2, bovine RNase A, and bovine seminal RNase Vs were less than 1%. The cross reactivity of anti-RNase Us-serum towards RNase UL was less than 0.5% and cross reactivities were minimal for RNase A, RNase K2, and RNase Vs. The RNase levels in human organs and body fluids were measured by enzyme immunoassay. In milk, semen and saliva, only RNase UL-like enzyme was found. Both RNase Us- and RNase UL-like enzymes were found in kidney, stomach, and pancreas and the RNase Us/RNase UL ratios were 0.49, 1.35, and 0.34, respectively. In lung, liver, spleen, and leukocytes, most of the RNase activity was accounted for by RNase Us-like enzyme. The activity of RNase Us-like enzyme was especially high in lung, spleen, and leukocytes. The crude extracts of several tissues and body fluids were separated by phosphocellulose column chromatography and the contents of the two urinary RNase-like enzymes were determined by enzyme immunoassay. In stomach, kidney, pancreas, and serum, both enzymes were present in multiple forms. In spleen and lung, both the major RNase (RNase Us) and minor RNase (RNase UL) existed in two forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of blood and other body fluid stains subjected to contamination and environmental insults.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile results were obtained from bloodstains and other body fluid stains subjected to mixture with other body fluids, environmental insults (sunlight and temperature), different substrates (cotton, nylon, blue denim, glass, aluminum, and wood), and contaminants (gasoline, bleach, sodium hydroxide, soil, motor oil, detergent, phosphate salt, glacial acetic acid, and microorganisms). Of the samples that produced profile results, all had profiles that were consistent with those of untreated control samples.
Blood Stains↗
"Endogenous" benzodiazepine activity in body fluids of patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
Body fluids from patients with hepatic encephalopathy and from controls with no renal or hepatic disease were assayed for benzodiazepine immunoreactivity and benzodiazepine-receptor-binding activity. The subjects had taken no synthetic benzodiazepines for at least 3 months. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly higher in hepatic encephalopathy patients than in controls (210 [SE 50.2] vs 40.7 [7.3] oxazepam equivalents [ng/ml]). The severity of hepatic encephalopathy was directly and significantly correlated with the level of benzodiazepine activity by radioreceptor assay or radioimmunoassay in urine and in plasma. Benzodiazepine activity equivalent to levels of more than 900 ng/ml was found in patients with advanced encephalopathy. Although the chemical identity and source of this substance (or substances) are still unknown, its properties and the estimated levels of activity suggest it may have a role in the pathogenesis of the neural inhibition seen in hepatic encephalopathy.
Benzodiazepines↗
The measurement of endorphins in body fluids.
The measurement of endorphins in body fluids has been an important advance in clinical research attempting to link the endogenous opioid system to psychiatric illness and symptomatology. The consideration of methodologic differences in assay technique and in clinical methods is important in evaluating results of studies. Whereas findings in early clinical studies supported the notion of increased endorphin system function in patients with schizophrenia, cumulative data from the considerable number of studies carried out throughout world centers have been unable to demonstrate a consistent abnormality in levels of endorphins in CSF or plasma of patients with schizophrenia. Among the affective disorders, data suggest the possibility of relative changes in levels of opioids within individual manic-depressive patients when studied across state change from depression to mania. In studies of depressive illness there is accumulating evidence that the endogenous opioid system may relate or contribute to abnormality of the HPA axis. In our work measuring opioids in CSF we have observed relationships between anxiety and CSF opioids in normals and psychiatric patients and changes in CSF opioid activity in patients with anorexia nervosa accompanying weight change. These data are consistent with other evidence linking endorphins to CNS noradrenergic systems and to biologic response to stress.
Anorexia Nervosa↗