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PubMed1990

Formulas predicting the percentile of heart weights by body weight in subjects from birth to 19 years of age.

The values reported by Scholz and his coworkers [Mayo Clin Proc, 63 (1988) 126-136,637] show that distributions of normal heart weights in the period of body growth from birth to 19 years of age are age and sex dependent and actually more dependent on body weight. General formulas are constructed on the basis of the values of Scholz and his coworkers to predict percentile in the population for heart weights by body weight. A mathematical model and a computer program previously published by the author are employed in this study. Analysis of the computer-assisted predicted values and the data on heart weights for specific body weights and percentiles reported by Scholz and his coworkers indicates that the designed computer program for calculating the formula is accurate and reliable. The formulas can determine the mathematical relationship among body weight, heart weight and population percentile. It seems to the author that the computer-assisted predictive formula has limited values in its clinical application since heart weights are to be evaluated practically only in autopsy service in pathology, but that a similar mathematical model as used in this study would be applicable in analysis of other clinical, age- and sex-dependent measurable parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Changes in body weight and body surface area in strain 13 guinea pigs infected with Pichinde virus.

In studying pathogenetic mechanisms of Pichinde virus-induced disease in strain 13 guinea pigs, a large decrease of body weight (approximately 28%) observed within 14 days postinoculation raises a question concerning the validity of standardizing body or organ functions in terms of body weight. This study was to examine changes in body weight and body surface area of Pichinde virus-infected strain 13 guinea pigs after various days postinoculation. Control guinea pigs were also subjected to the same experimental procedures and experimental days. While body weights and body surface areas increased progressively in controls, I observed only slight decreases in body surface areas (4-6%) in the infected guinea pigs, despite large decreases of body weights throughout the 14-day experimental period. In conclusion, Pichinde virus-infected strain 13 guinea pigs demonstrated a small reduction of body surface area within 14 days postinoculation, suggesting that body surface area, rather than body weight, should be used for standardizing body or organ functions for comparison with their own baseline values.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Age, body weight and body composition requirements for the onset of sexual maturity of dwarf and normal chickens.

Comparisons of age, food intake, body weight and body composition at the onset of sexual maturity were made between dwarf and normal chickens from lines selected for high or low juvenile body weight. At the same age birds which had started to lay were significantly heavier and contained significantly more abdominal and carcass fat than those which were not laying. Differences between normal and dwarf pullets within lines varied with genetic background, indicating differences between lines in meeting a body weight or a body composition requirement, or both, for the onset of sexual maturity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Changes in body weight and body mass index among psychiatric patients receiving lithium, valproate, or topiramate: an open-label, nonrandomized chart review.

BACKGROUND: Subsets of psychiatric patients gain excess body weight while receiving mood-stabilizing agents such as lithium carbonate or valproate sodium. Patients who gain excess weight may discontinue therapy, with severe consequences. Among the newer anticonvulsant agents, topiramate is a candidate agent for bipolar disorder and is associated with weight loss when used as adjunctive treatment. OBJECTIVE: This open-label, nonrandomized, chart-review study assessed changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI) in patients receiving topiramate, lithium, or valproate. METHODS: Data were extracted from the medical charts of patients admitted in 1999 and 2000 to a state psychiatric hospital with either schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or other psychiatric diagnoses who were prescribed valproate, lithium, or topiramate and were reviewed for changes in body weight and BMI. The use of concomitant psychotropic medicines was recorded (eg, antipsychotic agents, antidepressant agents, other mood stabilizers such as gabapentin or carbamazepine). Continuous variables were analyzed using a factorial analysis of variance and the Student t test. Contingency statistics were used to analyze categorical variables. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients were included in the chart review (123 men, 91 women; mean age, 39.4 years). Significantly more women than men received topiramate (P = 0.004). Patients receiving either lithium or valproate gained a mean (SD) of 6.3 (9.0) kg and 6.4 (9.0) kg, respectively, whereas patients receiving topiramate lost a mean 1.2 (6.3) kg (F = 11.54, df = 2,198; P < 0.001). Lithium- or valproate-treated patients experienced an increase in BMI (mean, 2.1 [3.0] for both groups), whereas topiramate-treated patients experienced a reduction in BMI (mean, -0.5 [2.4]); this result was statistically significant (F = 11.40, df = 2,198; P < 0.001). Finally, lithium- or valproate-treated patients gained >8% of their baseline body weight (8.2% [11.5%] for lithium-treated patients and 8.5% [11.9%] for valproate-treated patients), whereas topiramate-treated patients lost 0.7% (7.2%) of their body weight (F = 9.93, df= 2,198; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Controlled studies for the efficacy of topiramate therapy in various psychiatric conditions are awaited. These data indicate that patients receiving topiramate experience body weight loss and a reduction in BMI. This advantage of topiramate may promote long-term adherence to treatment among psychiatric patients and possibly decrease the medical risks associated with obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Heel pain and body weight.

Body weight has been implicated as a factor in plantar heel pain. In this study, a statistically significant correlation between heel pain and increased body weight is documented in a series of consecutive plantar heel pain patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

QTLs for pre- and postweaning body weight and body composition in selected mice.

In an intercross between the high-body-weight-selected mouse line NMRI8 and the inbred line DBA/2, we analyzed genetic effects on growth during the suckling period and after weaning during the juvenile phase of development. QTL mapping results indicated that a switch of gene activation might occur at the age of three weeks when animals are weaned. We found QTLs for body weight with major effects at the age of two and three weeks when animals are fed by their mothers, and QTLs with highest effects after weaning when animals have to live on their own under ad libitum access to food. Specific epistatic effects on body weight at two and three weeks and epistatic interaction influencing growth after weaning support this finding. QTL effects explained the greatest variance during puberty when animals grow fastest and become fertile. In the present study, all except one QTL effect for early body weight had dominance variance components. These might result from direct single-locus-dominant allelic expression, but also from the identified epistatic interaction between different QTLs that we have found for body weight at all ages. Beside body weight, body composition traits (muscle weight, reproductive fat weight, weight of inner organs) were analyzed. Sex-dimorphic QTLs were found for body weight and fat deposition. The identified early-growth QTLs could be the target of epigenetic modifications which might influence body weight at later ages.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

The interaction of strain of Holstein-Friesian cows and pasture-based feed systems on milk yield, body weight, and body condition score.

Interactions between genotype and environment are becoming increasingly important as cattle genotypes are being managed in a diverse range of environments worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate if there is an interaction of strain of Holstein-Friesian cows (HF) by grass-based feed system that affects milk production, body weight, and body condition score. Three strains of HF were compared on 3 pasture-based feed systems over 3 consecutive years. The 3 strains of HF were: high production North American, high durability North American, and New Zealand. The 3 grass-based feeding systems (FS) were: a high grass allowance system (MPFS), a high concentrate system (HCFS), and a high stocking rate system (HSFS). There was a separate farmlet for each FS and a total of 99, 117, and 117 animals were used in yr 1, 2, and 3 respectively, divided equally between strains of HF and FS. The high production cows produced the highest yield of milk, the New Zealand the lowest, and the high durability animals were intermediate. Milk fat and protein content were higher for the New Zealand strain than for the high production and high durability strains. The New Zealand strain had the lowest body weight and the highest condition score, whereas the high durability strain had the highest body weight, and the high production strain had the lowest condition score. There was a strain x FS interaction for yield of milk, fat, and protein. The milk production response to increased concentrate supplementation (MPFS vs. HCFS) was greater with both the high production and high durability strains (1.10 kg of milk/kg of concentrate for high production; 1.00 kg of milk/kg of concentrate for high durability) than the New Zealand strain (0.55 kg of milk/kg of concentrate). The results indicate that the optimum strain of HF will vary with feed system.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-sectional growth standards for captive baboons: II. Organ weight by body weight.

We present the first cross-sectional organ weight by body weight reference standards for captive baboons (Papio hamadryas). Organ weight data were obtained from necropsy reports for 634 healthy, pedigreed, captive female and male baboons. From summary statistics we calculated and fit cross-sectional sex-specific percentile curves for: adrenals, brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, liver plus gall bladder, lungs, pancreas, pituitary gland, spleen, and thyroid gland in three kilogram body weight intervals and cross-sectional summary statistics by sex for each organ in one kilogram body weight intervals.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Body height, body weight and body mass index of German military recruits. Historical retrospect and current status].

Surveys of conscripts give a chance to pursue the somatic development and the nourishment situation of young men over long times. At the beginning a historical view is given of the organization and methodological basis of medical examinations of German recruits since the introduction of the general conscription at the beginning of the 19th century. Secular changes of the body height are sketched out for selected regions of Germany until the middle of the 20th century. Data of the body weight hardly exist for this time. Until now the greatest continuous documentation of data for body height and body weight is available for West Germany since 1957 and for East Germany between 1973 and the reunion in 1989. The body height of German conscripts has nearly permanently increased since 1957 and reached in 1994 a maximum with 180.0 cm. In general East German conscripts have body height data which are smaller on an average than those of West German conscripts. But in the last years a catch-up in body height could be seen. The body weight of German conscripts also shows an increase apart from some short-time exceptions. The data of West German conscripts are also higher than those of the East German conscripts. Until the reunion the West-East-differences could partly be due to the different mustering age. But the differences also continue in the nineties despite the now identical mustering age. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the German conscripts (calculated from the average values of body height and body weight) is characterized by increments in the last years. This indicates greater changes in body weight than in body height. The BMI also shows marked West-East-differences. There is no uniform tendency in differences between urban and country side regions for body height and body weight. On the other hand until now differences between selected professional groups are existing. Especially the over-proportional increase of the number of conscripts in the higher body-weight-classes requires a further continuous analysis of the available mustering data.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Body weight and body composition of male rats following hypothalamic lesions.

Carcass analyses were performed on 160 male rats maintaining reduced, normal, or elevated levels of body weight following lateral hypothalamic (LH), sham (control), or ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions, respectively. Extracted body lipid (ranging from 26 to 738% of the control mean) correlated highly (r = +0.95) with the level of maintained body weight (which ranged from 67 to 191% of control). Neither the nonfat solids (which ranged from 60 to 123% of control) contributed significantly to the variance in body weight (r = +0.01 and +0.06, respectively). Fat thus accounted for approximately 90% of the overall variance in body weight among LH, control, and VMH animals. Consideration of only the LH data, however, revealed a breakdown of this close covariance of body fat and weight. Fat mass correlated significantly with body weight in LH rats maintaining weight 0-12% below normal; but, at maintained body weights below 88%, the correlation between weight and fat in LH rats was only +0.07. Variation in lean body mass then better accounted for differences in body weight. The implications of these observations for existing lipostatic theories of weight regulation are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Macro- and micromineral composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight.

Body mineral composition was determined in 81 pigs killed at birth, weaning (28 d), and at approximately 15-kg intervals to 145 kg of BW. Total body components, including internal tissue, whole blood, and hair, were wet-ashed and analyzed for their mineral contents with the inductive coupled plasma method, except for Se, which was determined by fluorometric analysis. The results demonstrated that the body protein:ash ratio increased from birth to 20 kg BW, remained constant to 125 kg, but then declined to 145 kg BW (P < .01). The K:Na ratio increased from birth to 105 kg BW and then reached a plateau (P < .01). The Ca:P ratio decreased from birth to 20 kg then remained relatively constant to 90 kg BW, whereupon it increased (P < .01). These ratios reflected the rate of development of muscle and bone tissue and the higher soft tissue requirement for P and K during early growth. When expressed on a fat-free tissue basis, body Na was higher than K at birth, but thereafter body K increased linearly (P < .01) and Na content declined (P < .01). When Mg, Mn, Mo, and Cr were expressed on a fat-free empty body weight basis, each increased from birth but they maintained the same relative concentrations from 20 to 145 kg BW (P < .01). Body Fe increased from birth to 20 kg BW but then gradually declined to 145 kg BW (P < .01), whereas Zn increased to 145 kg BW (P < .01). Selenium increased from birth to weaning and again after 105 kg BW (P < .01). The amount of Co in the fat-free empty body increased linearly (P < .01) with increasing pig weight, and body Cu decreased to 75 kg BW and then reached a plateau (P < .01). The nonessential elements Al, Sr, and Sn increased dramatically from birth to weaning with a low rate of increase from 8.5 to 145 kg BW (P < .01), but Sn decreased after weaning (P < .01). The nonessential elements generally had a more variable concentration than the dietary essential trace minerals. There was a quantitative increase (P < .01) in all macro- and microelements from birth to 145 kg BW.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Birth weight, current body weight, and blood pressure in late adolescence.

Objective--To study the effect of birth weight and body weight on blood pressure in late adolescence. Design--Analysis of data on weight, height, and blood pressure at age 17 of subjects from the Jerusalem perinatal study, according to their birth weight. Data for men and women were analysed separately. Setting--Jerusalem, Israel. Subjects--32,580 subjects (19,734 men and 12,846 women) born in the three major hospitals in Jerusalem during 1964-71 and subsequently drafted in to the army. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Correlations between birth weight and blood pressure at age 17 and weight and height at age 17 and blood pressure. Results--Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were associated with birth weight in both young men and young women, but the correlation coefficients were low. A high body weight at age 17 (greater than 66 kg for women, greater than 75 kg for men) rather than a low birth weight (less than 2500 g) was linked with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both men and women (p less than 0.01). Conclusions--Intrauterine environment, as reflected by birth weight, has little effect on blood pressure in young men and women. Modification of factors which lead to excess weight during adolescence may have a major role in preventing hypertension in adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Relationships between heart score, heart weight and body weight in Greyhound dogs.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between heart score (mean QRS interval), heart weight and body weight in Greyhound dogs. Highly significant correlations between these measurements have been observed and distinct sex differences have been demonstrated. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 66% of the variation in heart weight was due to variation in heart score and body weight. From the regression analysis, a formula for heart weight prediction with a standard deviation of 27.1 g was derived. The implications of these findings have been discussed briefly and emphasis has been placed on the need for good electrocardiographic technique, if the procedures outlined are to be used successfully. The positive correlation between heart score and heart size demonstrated here in Greyhounds is in accord with similar correlations reported previously in racehorses and human athletes.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Body weight and body water in chronic cor pulmonale.

1. Body weight was measured through forty consecutive illnesses in seventeen patients with oedema in association with chronic bronchitis and hypoxia. All patients were taking diuretic drugs at the time. 2. Body weight increased little as peripheral oedema and a raised jugular venous pressure appeared. The subsequent weight-loss during treatment was usually greater than the pre-treatment weight-gain. Body weight increased slowly in convalescence to equal or exceed hospital admission weight without a deterioration of general health or reappearance of oedema. 3. Total body water, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable potassium were measured in patients after treatment of the acute illness and clearance of oedema and again in six patients of the group 2-3 months later in convalescence. Total exchangeable sodium was normal or slightly reduced after treatment of oedema and in convalescence between recurrent acute illnesses. Even when gross oedema was present exchangeable sodium was substantially increased in only one of three patients studied at this stage. Total exchangeable potassium was invariably severely depressed. 4. Large changes of body tissue weight without comparable change in exchangeable sodium support previous evidence that oedema in hypoxic bronchitis is not simply a further form of congestive cardiac failure. 5. It is suggested that at least some of the tissue loss in acute exacerbations is a direct result of hypoxaemia and similar to that observed at high altitude. Part of the oedema fluid is thought to be derived from intracellular water released during dissolution of tissue matrix.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Body weight, total body water and hematocrit in diarrheic piglets.

Piglets aged 12 to 72 h in which diarrhea had been induced by enteric Escherichia coli infection or sucrose gavage were studied with respect to body weight, total body water concentration (determined by tritiated-water dilution) and hematocrit. Sucrose-induced diarrhea reduced body weight by 13 to 17%, and E. coli diarrhea, by 8 to 9%. Neither age nor diarrheal treatment affected total body water concentration, although diarrheic piglets tended to have higher hematocrit values at all ages. There was a significant daily cycle in the piglets' hematocrit values, so hematocrit might be a less valid reflector of neonates' whole body hydration status than of adults'. It was concluded that diarrheic neonatal piglets lose body water and dry matter in a ratio similar to that of normal body water and dry matter concentrations, thus their bodies have normal total body water concentrations and normal average specific heat values.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Tamoxifen mimics the effects of estradiol on food intake, body weight, and body composition in rats.

Treatment of ovariectomized rats with the nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen mimicked the effects of estradiol and caused significant decreases in food intake and body weight. The decreases in body weight were reflected mainly in a decreased body fat content, although tamoxifen treatment did suppress linear growth too. Similar to the effects of estradiol, tamoxifen decreased parametrial white adipose tissue wet weight and lipoprotein lipase activity. When given concurrently with estradiol, tamoxifen showed no evidence of antiestrogenic activity on any of these measures. As reported previously, tamoxifen acted as a partial agonist/antagonist for uterine weight. The effective dose of tamoxifen for suppression of food intake, body weight, and body fat content fell between 10 and 50 micrograms/day. Therefore, tamoxifen behaves like other nonsteroidal antiestrogens and mimics but fails to antagonize the actions of estradiol on many aspects of physiological and behavioral regulation of energy balance.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

A computer program for calculation of doses and prices of injectable medications based on body weight or body surface area.

A computer program (CalcAnesth) was developed with Visual Basic for the purpose of calculating the doses and prices of injectable medications on the basis of body weight or body surface area. The drug names, concentrations, and prices are loaded from a drug database. This database is a simple text file, that the user can easily create or modify. The animal names and body weights can be loaded from a similar database. After typing the dose and the units into the user interface, the results will be automatically displayed. The program is able to open and save anesthetic protocols, and export or print the results. This CalcAnesth program can be useful in clinical veterinary anesthesiology and research. The rationale for dosing on the basis of body surface area is also discussed in this article.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights.

More than 20,000 autopsy reports from several general hospitals were surveyed for the purpose of selecting brains without a pathological lesion that had been weighed in the fresh condition. From this number, 2,773 males and 1,963 females were chosen for whom body weight, body height, and cause of death had been recorded. The data were segregated into 23 age groups ranging from birth to 86+ years and subjected to statistical evaluation. Overall, the brain weights in males were greater than in females by 9.8%. The largest increases in brain weights in both sexes occurred during the first 3 years of life, when the value quadruples over that at birth, while during the subsequent 15 years the brain weight barely quintuples over that at birth. Progressive decline in brain weight begins at about 45 to 50 years of age and reaches its lowest values after age 86 years, by which time the mean brain weight has decreased by about 11% relative to the maximum brain weight attained in young adults (about 19 years of age). Computed regression lines for brain weights versus body heights and body weights and for ratios for brain weights to body heights and weights versus age groups show clearly differential rates of change in brain weights which are less affected by sex.

Adolescent↗