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PubMed2006

Effects of GI and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based evening meals on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of four low-glycaemic index (GI) and one high-GI cereal-based evening meals on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast. DESIGN: Wheat kernels, barley kernels, spaghetti, spaghetti with added wheat bran and white wheat bread (WWB) were consumed in the evening in a random order at five different occasions. At the subsequent breakfast, blood glucose, serum insulin, plasma short chain fatty acid, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and breath hydrogen were measured. SETTING: The study was performed at Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited. One subject was later excluded owing to abnormal blood glucose values. RESULTS: The blood glucose response (0-120 min) to the standardised breakfast was significantly lower after consuming barley kernels in the evening compared with evening meals with WWB (P=0.019) or spaghetti+wheat bran (P=0.046). There were no significant differences in insulin concentrations at breakfast. Breath hydrogen excretion at breakfast was significantly higher after an evening meal with barley kernels compared with WWB, wheat kernels or spaghetti (P=0.026, 0.026 and 0.015, respectively), and the concentration of plasma propionate at breakfast was significantly higher following an evening meal with barley kernels compared with an evening meal with WWB (P=0.041). In parallel, FFA concentrations were significantly lower after barley kernels compared with WWB (P=0.042) or spaghetti evening meals (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The improved glucose tolerance at breakfast, following an evening meal with barley kernels appeared to emanate from suppression of FFA levels, mediated by colonic fermentation of the specific indigestible carbohydrates present in this product, or, to the combination of the low-GI features and colonic fermentation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Seasonal variation in amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the intestine after breakfast in Japanese subjects.

We previously showed that daytime dim-light exposure has a negative effect on the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption in the evening, whereas evening-time dim-light exposure has a beneficial effect. These results suggest that seasonal changes in the environmental light may affect gastrointestinal activity, and that there might, therefore, be seasonal variation in the efficiency of dietary carbohydrate absorption from the intestine. In order to prove this hypothesis, we measured the amount of dietary carbohydrate unabsorbed from the intestine after a breakfast in healthy female Japanese subjects during the four seasons of the year. We estimated the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate by the breath hydrogen test, which measures the amount of hydrogen in exhaled air. A 6 g solution of lactosucrose, an indigestible trisaccharide, was used for comparison. Two groups of subjects, 12 subjects in Osaka and 14 subjects in Nagano, were studied in the winter (January to February), spring (April to May), summer (July to August), and autumn (October to November) of 2004. We found the following results: (1) In no season were there any significant differences between the two subgroups in the orocecal transit time of the breakfast and the lactosucrose solution. Nor were there any significant differences in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the breakfast. (2) Using the pooled data of the total of 26 subjects, there was no significant seasonal variation in the orocecal transit time of the breakfast or the lactosucrose solution. (3) There was a significant seasonal variation in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the breakfast. (4) The amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the breakfast was largest in winter and smallest in autumn. Results in spring and in summer were similar and intermediate between those in winter and autumn. Post hoc multiple comparison tests showed that the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate in winter was significantly larger than in autumn. (5) In winter, the average ratio of the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate to the total amount of carbohydrate in the breakfast was about 12%; in autumn it was about 6%. These results clearly show that there is seasonal variation in the efficiency of intestinal dietary carbohydrate absorption among young female Japanese subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Skipping breakfast is associated with dysmenorrhea in young women in Japan.

To evaluate the effects of breakfast habits on the quality of life in young women in Japan, the relation between breakfast habits and menstrual and intestinal disorders was estimated by responses to a questionnaire. Subjects were recruited from young Japanese female students of Ashiya College ranging in age from 18 to 20 years. Breakfast habits were classified into three groups (group I, having breakfast every morning, n=289; group II, having breakfast one to six times per week, n=106; group III, having breakfast less than once a week, n=44). The intensity of dysmenorrhea was classified into three grades (score 1, free of pain or painful, but without need for analgesic; score 2, painful, requiring analgesic; score 3, painful, not relieved by analgesic). The grades of bowel movement were classified into three groups (score 1, no more than once a week; score 2, two to six times a week; score 3, every day). Group II and group III had significantly higher scores for dysmenorrhea compared with group I. Students in group III showed a tendency toward constipation. Since dysmenorrhea is a risk factor for psychological disorders as well as gynecological diseases, the present study suggests the importance of eating breakfast to the quality of life of young women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Breakfast habits of adolescents in for South African populations.

Breakfast habits by using questionnaires, were established in a total of 4717 South African pupils of 16 to 18 yr. In the groups of rural and urban Black, Indian, European-African-Malay, and white pupils studied, respective proportions who had no solid breakfast (both sexes combined) were approximately 21, 19, 13, 13, and 14%. Proportions who had only porridge or bread (or toast) plus drink were 77, 73, 61, 71, and 56%. Such breakfast provided ranges of means of 223 to 345 kcal, 9 to 14 g protein, 7 to 18 g fat, 51 to 185 mg calcium, and 3.2 to 5.1 mg iron. Proportions who had a cooked breakfast (including egg, meat, fish), eaten with or without a cereal food, were 1, 4, 17, 8, and 29%. Such meals contributed means of 495 to 704 kcal, 11 to 26 g protein, 24 to 39 g fat, 110 to 225 mg calcium, and 3.9 to 5.5 mg iron. In the South African groups studied, the issue of breakfast or no breakfast had no clear-cut bearing on weight, height, class position, or frequency of absence from school. The degree by which, in a given community, nutrition in general and breakfast in particular, regulates health and/or academic performance, needs proper research in prospective studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Changes in dietary pattern in 15 year old adolescents following a 4 month dietary intervention with school breakfast--a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies on impact of meals served in school have been published. However, implications of school meals are an actual issue of both public and political concern in several countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate if breakfast served in a lower secondary school could improve dietary habits and school performance among the students. METHODS: All students in 10th grade in a lower secondary school, consisting of two school classes, were invited to participate in a controlled study. The students in one class were offered a free breakfast at the beginning of each school day for 4 months, while the students in the second class were controls. Both classes were educated in the importance of healthy eating, and a data program enabling them to evaluate dietary intake was introduced. The students answered two questionnaires, one on school performance and one short food frequency questionnaire, four weeks before study start and one week after. Body weight and height were measured by the school nurse at the beginning and end of the study. Because of few students in each group, non-parametrical statistic analyses were used. RESULTS: All students in the intervention group had breakfast at school during the intervention. One week after the intervention the students in the class who received breakfast had returned to their normal breakfast pattern. In the control group the frequency of a lunch intake had increase, as compared to before study start (p < 0.01). An improved food pattern was seen among the male students in the intervention group, as measured by a healthy eating index after the intervention (p < 0.01). Body Mass Index increased statistically significant in both males and females in the control group (p < 0,01 for males and p < 0.05 for females), but not in the intervention group. Improvement in school performance following school breakfast was not found, but the males in the intervention group reported a significant increase in school contentment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a lower secondary school class served breakfast for 4 months, dietary intake changed to a more healthy profile and weight gain was reduced.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of breakfast with different calorigenic amounts on blood glucose, insulin and glucagon levels.

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between breakfast and serum glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations in order to establish a model breakfast appropriate for Chinese. Twenty-four volunteers were randomly assigned to four study groups: high carbohydrate breakfast, high fat and protein breakfast, the typical breakfast and fasting. Each subject had serum and urine samples collected while fasting and at 1,2 and 3.5 hours following the meal. The concentration of serum glucose, insulin and glucagon was measured. The levels of serum glucose in group A, B and C differed significantly at 1 and 2 hour after meal compared to those at fasting (P<0.05). The serum glucose in group A increased insignificantly after meal. The serum insulin levels were in group A, B and C significant different compared with control group(P<0.05). Those peaked at 1 hour after meal, with group C rising the furthest. Compared with the fasting group, the serum glucagons rose and maintained the increase after breakfast in group A, B and C (P<0.05). The data suggested that various diets with different calorigenic amounts increased hormone concentration to various extents. We found that a breakfast rich in carbohydrates could maintain proper blood glucose level.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

What do Ontario children eat for breakfast? Food group, Energy and macronutrient intake.

This study included 305 children living in Ontario in 1993. Our objective was to determine the proportion of daily energy and macronutrient intake consumed at breakfast, and the major food groups contributing to this meal. Demographic data were obtained in a parent interview that was part of the prevention project Better Beginnings, Better Futures. A single 24-hour recall among parents indicated that breakfast provided a mean of 1,230 (+/- 607) kJ. Although only 4.9% (n= 15) of children ate nothing at breakfast, 26.9% had <837 kJ. Many (59.7%) had amid-morning snack; however, children who consumed <837 kJ at breakfast were not more likely to have a snack than were those who had a greater energy intake. The major sources of energy were foods from the milk (27.4%), cereals (22.1%), and breads (14.1%)groups. Energy intake at breakfast was no different in children whose household income was at or above the low-income cutoff than in children whose household income was below the cutoff. While few children missed breakfast, many needed more energy at this meal, and non-economic as well as economic influences on breakfast consumption need to be identified.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1998

[Survey on breakfast-eating behavior among residents in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai].

A survey of breakfast-eating behavior among residents in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai was carried out in 1994-1995. The results showed that the breakfast-eating rates in three cities were 74.8%-90.5%. Subjects aged below 35 years skipped breakfast more often. "Time limiting" in the morning became the main cause of breakfast-skipping. Nearly half of subjects in three cities got their breakfast out of home. Moreover, compared with two years ago, the present rates of eating outside increased at various levels in three cities. Steamed bun, bread and congee were main foods consumed at breakfast. In addition, 39% to 56% of subjects often drank milk. Through this survey, the authors got an all-round understanding on breakfast-eating rates, eating outside rates and variety of food consumed of residents in 3 cities. This survey will also provide a background for nutrition intervention and education in the future.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Breakfast quality differences among children and adolescents in Croatia.

The aim of this study was to establish nutrient intake from breakfast in children and adolescents in Croatia (n = 1190). A quantified FFQ method was used. The results showed that 1.7% of subjects skip breakfast. Energy intake from breakfast was 26% RDA. Adolescents obtained significantly more energy from carbohydrates and less from fat than children. Children had significantly higher cholesterol and significantly lower dietary fiber intake than adolescents. Intakes of almost all examined micronutrients differed significantly according to age. Milk and dairy products were major energy contributors in children's breakfast whereas most of the adolescents' energy came from cereal products. Breakfasts containing at least one dairy food, one cereal food and fruit/fruit juice were consumed by 13.7% and 21.9% of children and adolescents respectively. A total of 33.3% and 47.6% of subjects respectively consumed milk every day while 15.9% and 10.4% did not consume milk for breakfast at all. Subjects with BMI > 85th percentile had significantly higher energy intake while those with BMI < 25th percentile had significantly lower energy intake than those of normal weight. Education about adequate nutrition and human health and providing breakfast at schools would improve dietary habits of this population.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Breakfast among students of compulsory secondary education].

GOAL: To study the breakfast model of a rural population of obligatory secondary education (ESO) and to analyze the energy and nutrients provided, in connection with established nutritional requirements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized year-stratified distribution of a semi-quantitative questionnaire on the frequency of food intake for breakfast (on rising and mid-morning snack) to 400 ESO students: 188 males (47%) and 212 females (53%), aged between 13 and 16 years. The densities of nutrients have been calculated in proportion to established dietary recommendations (%RDA). RESULTS: 93.2% had breakfast on rising and 83.8% took a mid-morning snack on a daily basis. The most common foods were milk (89.3%) and sweet food (45.7%) for the first breakfast and a sandwich with cold meats an/or cured ham (74.6%) at mid-morning. The mean %RDA of the calorie intake was 30.6% in males and 36.1% in females (n.s.). The mean %RDA of the cholesterol intake was 54.3% in males and 48.6% in females (n.s.). The %RDA for calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin B12 were greater (p < 0.05) in early breakfasts, whereas the %RDA of iron intake, vitamin B1 and niacin were greater (p < 0.05) in the snack. CONCLUSIONS: This breakfast model, while providing an appropriate provision of energy, differs from the prototype of a healthy diet through an excessive consumption of refined sugars (early breakfast) and meat and derivatives (snack) with a deficit in cereals and fruit. It would be necessary to encourage dietary advice in Primary Health Care programmes, as well as to develop food and nutrition programmes within compulsory education.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking, physical activity and breakfast consumption among secondary school students in a southwestern Ontario community.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of smoking, low levels of physical activity, and missing breakfast among students (n=318) in grades 9 through 12 in three schools in southwestern Ontario; to see if these behaviours were associated; and, whether there were gender differences. METHODS: A self-administered survey was conducted in grade 10 English classes. RESULTS: The response rate was 87.1%. The prevalence of smoking was 36.2%; there was no gender difference. Only 42.8% of students ate breakfast daily; 48.8% of boys and 36.1% of girls (chi2 = 5.2; p<0.05). A higher proportion of boys (77.1%) were active for at least 30 minutes > or = 3 times/week compared to girls (66.0%) (chi2 = 4.8; p<0.05). Students who were active > or = 3 times/week were more likely to eat breakfast daily and, among boys, 60.4% of non-smokers ate breakfast daily compared to 31.9% of those currently smoking (chi2 = 13.3; p<0.001). There were no differences among girls. More girls (63.9%) were concerned about gaining weight compared to boys (36.1%) (chi2 = 37.7; p<0.001). Among girls, a higher proportion of those who were concerned about gaining weight were less likely to engage in physical activity or smoke, and more likely to skip breakfast compared to those who were not concerned. DISCUSSION: Weight concern was not associated with frequency of physical activity, smoking, or breakfast consumption among boys. The high prevalence rates for these behaviours suggests that interventions in high schools should include daily physical activity, promotion of breakfast eating (either at home or in the school), and encouragement to quit smoking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The nutritional impact of breakfast consumption on the diets of inner-city African-American elementary school children.

To determine the contribution of breakfast-eating behavior to dietary adequacy among low-income African-American children, 1151 children attending grades two through five at four elementary schools in East Orange, New Jersey were studied. Results of a 4-day eating behavior survey and a 24-hour dietary recall reveal that on any given day, 12% to 26% of children attend school without having eaten anything. Thirty-six percent of the children were obese, which did not vary with breakfast-eating behavior. A significantly greater proportion of the children who skipped breakfast compared to those who ate breakfast failed to achieve dietary adequacy for nearly every nutrient studied. More than one third of breakfast skippers consumed < 50% of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamins A, E, B6, and folacin, and nearly one fourth consumed < 50% of the recommended dietary allowance for calories, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. Not eating breakfast results in substantial deficits in dietary intake of a variety of essential nutrients among low-income African-American school children. Efforts to improve the nutritional status of children should include nutrition education to promote breakfast.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1997

The effect of breakfast on minor anal complaints: a matched case-control study.

With the objective of exploring the association between breakfast and minor anal complaints, an age, sex and pregnancy matched case-control study was carried out in the out-patient clinics at Birmingham Heartlands Hospital. Patients were selected after personal interviews using a structured questionnaire in out-patient clinics. Information on age, sex, occupation and breakfast habits, as well as on haemorrhoids and anal fissure, was obtained. Patients who had haemorrhoids or anal fissure were placed in the case group; the remainder were controls. Any patient with diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer or bowel resection for any reason was excluded from the study. The main outcome measures were the odds of developing haemorrhoids or fissure in patients who did not eat breakfast. The results are based on 47 cases that were age, sex and pregnancy matched. Of the case group, 36% did not eat breakfast, compared with 11% in the control group. The analysis demonstrated a 7.5-fold increase in the odds of suffering from haemorrhoids or anal fissures in matched subjects who did not eat breakfast, with a very high level of significance (P = 0.0036). This indicates that there is a very strong association between failure to eat breakfast and haemorrhoids or anal fissure. It is anticipated that educating the public to eat breakfast would lead to a long-term fall in the incidence of anal complaints, in the attendant morbidity for the patients and in the cost to the health service.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Adolescent breakfast skipping: an Australian study.

Eating breakfast is important for the health and development of children and adolescents. This paper reports on the findings of an Australian survey of 699 thirteen-year-olds concerning the extent of skipping breakfast. Results indicated that approximately 12% of the sample skipped breakfast. Gender was the only statistically significant sociodemographic variable, with females skipping at over three times the rate of males. Skippers were more likely to be dissatisfied with their body shape and to have been on a diet to lose weight than were those who ate breakfast. However, in a follow-up telephone survey, the reasons given for skipping breakfast were almost exclusively lack of time and not being hungry in the morning. While North American school nutrition programs have considered poverty to be a key issue in breakfast skipping, these findings suggest that, for Australian adolescents, skipping breakfast is a matter of individual choice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Differences in food patterns at breakfast by sociodemographic characteristics among a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Eating breakfast is considered an important determinant of a healthy lifestyle. This study explores the different food patterns of breakfast for adults aged 18-65 in the United States. METHODS: Data are from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, n = 15,641. Dietary assessment method used was the 24-h recall. Nutrient differences among the breakfast food patterns as well as the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals following each eating pattern are examined. RESULTS: The primary food patterns were based on consumption of eggs (15.3% of adults), ready-to-eat cereals (17.4%), bread (21.7%), cooked cereal (4.4%), fruit and fruit juice (5.5%), and coffee, soft drinks, and high-fat desserts (15.1%). Seventeen and three-tenths percent of the adults skipped breakfast. These food patterns provide remarkably different nutrient profiles adjusting for energy intake. The egg pattern is highest in total fat, lowest in fiber density, and low in iron and calcium density. In contrast, the ready-to-eat cereal pattern is high in fiber, highest in calcium density, and very low in fat. Breakfast food patterns differ markedly by various sociodemographic factors such as gender, ethnicity, and educational level. CONCLUSION: Different segments of our population consume different types of foods at breakfast, contributing to differences in their nutrient intakes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The effect of protein or carbohydrate breakfasts on subsequent plasma amino acid levels, satiety and nutrient selection in normal males.

Normal subjects were fed protein or carbohydrate breakfasts. Both meals were in the form of a chocolate pudding and had similar sensory qualities. At lunchtime subjects were allowed to select from a buffet. The protein breakfast had a greater satiating power than the carbohydrate breakfast, but there was no difference in overall selection of protein or carbohydrate at lunchtime. However, the carbohydrate breakfast did decrease selection of apple, the only pure carbohydrate food available at lunchtime. In a second experiment changes in plasma amino acid levels were studied after subjects received carbohydrate breakfasts containing 0, 4, 8 or 12% protein, or a danish pastry. Only the 0% protein breakfast increased tryptophan availability to the brain. These experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that alterations in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, brought about by dietary alterations in brain tryptophan, regulate selection of protein and carbohydrate. The results suggest that this mechanism was not operating in our experiments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of breakfast and bedtime administration of insulin glargine in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration time of insulin glargine (IG) on glycemic control in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 children and adolescents (15 F and 16 M) with Type 1 diabetes on intensive therapy (bedtime NPH and premeal insulin aspart) were randomized to receive once-daily IG either at breakfast (breakfast group, n=15) or bedtime (bedtime group, n=16) while continuing insulin aspart premeals for 6 months. Blood glucose levels were measured fasting, preprandially and bedtime. Total daily insulin dose (TDD), body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), and frequency of hypoglycemia in the preceding 3 months were assessed at recruitment, third month and sixth month. RESULTS: The dose of IG, TDD, and fasting blood glucose levels were similar in both groups during the study period. The only significant difference in blood glucose levels between breakfast and bedtime groups was found for dinnertime at 6 months (135+/-26mg/dl versus 161+/-33mg/dl, respectively, p=0.035). In the breakfast group, the mean HbA(1c) level was significantly lower than that of baseline at month 6 (9.4+/-2.5% versus 8.0+/-0.9%, respectively, p=0.022), whereas there was no significant change in the bedtime group (9.2+/-2.1% versus 8.9+/-2.2%, respectively). The frequency of hypoglycemia was lower with IG than NPH (2.7+/-2.8/6 months versus 6.4+/-6.7/6 months, respectively, p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily IG at breakfast in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes on intensive therapy is more efficacious than bedtime administration to improve metabolic control. Also, the number of hypoglycaemic events decreased with both breakfast and bedtime administrations of IG.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Relationship between breakfast and obesity among school-aged children.

Breakfast models among children are an issue of public health concern given the association between breakfast and school performance and its potential relationship with obesity. Food intake, energy, and nutrients in the breakfast of 32 school aged children (11-years olds) and its relationship with body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) were examined. The analysis was made by means of anthropometric measurements and a record of weekly food intake using the accurate weighed amount method. The percentage of studied children with overweight/obesity reached 46.9 (weight for height > 90 percentile). The proportional calorie intake in breakfast was lower than that recommended (16.6%). The association observed between caloric percentage of breakfast regarding daily energy and BMI was not significant. Nevertheless, significant correlations were found between fruit group (Pearson r = 0.6286) and protein foods (Pearson r = -0.7653) with BMI. The amount of total lipids (34.4%) and saturated lipids (19.4% in breakfast exceed the recommendations. Further studies are necessary to confirm these data and serve as basis for the design of nutritional education programs.

Body Mass Index↗