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Theoretical calculation of product contents: battery and cathode ray tube examples.

Most product environmental assessments are based on manufacturer-supplied data on the material content of the product. This paper explores the potential for the material content of key components to be estimated with theoretical calculations. Two examples, the amount of cadmium in a nickel-cadmium battery and the amount of lead in a TV or computer CRT monitor, are developed. Both an upper and a lower limit on the amount of cadmium in a nickel-cadmium battery are calculated on the basis of the battery's chemical reaction. The amount of lead shielding needed in a TV or CRT computer monitor is estimated on the basis of the potential difference through which electrons are accelerated and the absorption length of photons in lead. Such calculations can be used as benchmarks in product environmental assessments, providing validation of manufacturer-supplied data and providing insight into the composition and design of products.

Benchmarking↗

Working with cathode-ray tube based visual display units.

Eye strain when working with visual display units might be due to bad ergonomics but also to eye functions not meeting the demands. If the symbol on the screen has a 4 mm height and the working distance is 60 cm, a visual acuity of 0.4 is required. However to read with ease in the long run a visual acuity of 0.7 is needed. Therefore the employee's visual acuity and refraction must be examined when newly employed, at the age of forty, then every fifth year and when having problems. Other eye dysfunctions could be revealed from questionnaires.

Asthenopia↗