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The paper represents the 4th part of a series about agents acting on the central nervous system. This time the antidepressants are surveyed. As previously, the material is divided into chapters of hystory, preparation; structure-properties-activity; therapeutical use; analysis.
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This paper reviews recent progress in the resolution of two-way data obtained from hyphenated instruments. Special emphasis is placed on the solution of practical problems. Methods for estimating the number of chemical components both statistically and visually (the first step in solving the resolution problem) and methods for resolving the pure profiles (the second step in solving the resolution problem) are discussed in detail. To deal with real-world problems, pitfalls in the chemometric analysis of the two-way data from the instrumental measurements are also pointed out. Applications of methods for solving some difficult practical problems in environmental chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and physical chemistry will be discussed in the second part of this paper.
Pharmacy technician training in the U.S. Army is described. The training program, officially titled the pharmacy specialist course, is conducted at the U.S. Army Academy of Health Sciences on Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. The 17-week program is conducted six times a year, accommodating up to 75 students per class. Before entering the course, the soldiers must complete basic combat infantry training and a general medical orientation course. Standardized examinations are given to ensure the students have the basic prerequisite knowledge. The curriculum emphasizes psychomotor skills with laboratory requirements supported by didactic instruction. During the first seven weeks of the course, the students receive instruction in pharmacy administration, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical calculations, and pharmaceutical preparations. The last nine weeks of instruction focus on pharmacology, physiology and pathology, and hospital pharmacy practice. The laboratory simulates a hospital pharmacy and is used exclusively for the training program. The students are continually evaluated and provided with individualized supportive counseling by the faculty. Overall attrition has remained at approximately 22% for fiscal years 1981, 1982, and 1983. Following graduation and assignment to a medical-treatment facility, the technicians have several opportunities for advanced training and continuing education. The proficiency and competency of the graduates are continually monitored by an annual skill qualification test. The pharmacy specialist course conducted by the U.S. Army, accredited by ASHP, can serve as a standard for the comprehensive vocational and technical training of pharmacy technicians.
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An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry related journals has been conducted and the instrumental analytical methods which were developed and used for determination of COX-2 inhibitors in bulk drugs, formulations and biological fluids have been reviewed. This review covers the time period from 1995 to 2004 during which 138 analytical methods including all types of spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were reported. HPLC with UV detection was found to be the technique of choice for many workers and more than 100 methods were based on LC and UV. A critical analysis of the reported data has been carried out and the present state-of-art of the analytical techniques for determination of celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, etodolac, nimesulide and meloxicam has been discussed.
Developments in techniques of pharmaceutical chemistry are poised to revolutionize the design of drugs beyond previous expectations. But what are our current expectations and what does the future hold?
Novel, economic and environmentally friendly one-pot three-component Knoevenagel/hydrogenation (K/H) and four-component Knoevenagel/hydrogenation/alkylation (K/H/A) reactions of ketones, CH-acids, dihydropyridines and alkyl halides using proline and proline/metal carbonate catalysis, respectively, have been developed. Many of the products of these K/H and K/H/A reactions have direct applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.
The pharmacist, chemist and food analyst Maximilian Ehrenstein prepared his doctoral thesis at the Georg-August-University Göttingen under the supervision of the later Nobel Prize winner Adolf Windaus. He has been a postdoctoral fellow with the two later Nobel Prize winners Paul Karrer at Zurich and Heinrich Wieland at Munich and worked in Berlin with Carl Mannich to obtain his habilitation for pharmaceutical chemistry. After his emigration to the United States he prepared the ground for the development of oral active progestational hormones, which finally led to the anti-baby pill by Carl Djerassi. He received the honorary doctorates from the Free University of Berlin (Dr. rer. nat. h. c.) and the University of Hamburg (Dr. med. h. c.).
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The paper is the first part of an extensive investigation about the development of pharmaceutical science at a university. The major purpose of this research is to show separately aspects of scientific organisation, the personel structure, the material-technical premise, teaching and research. Studies of the development of scientific organisation structures have carried out about several centuries, from the first teaching in the medical faculty in 1559, from the establishment of the section of pharmaceutical chemistry in the chemical institute in 1903, the foundation of the Institute of pharmaceutical chemistry in 1946 up to the "Department of Pharmacy Greifswald" in 1968.
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