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PubMed1996

[Clear cell chondrosarcoma. Study of 13 clinical cases and review of the literature].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Clear cell chondrosarcoma is a variant of bone chondrosarcoma. These unusual tumors are peculiar by their epiphyseal location in long bones, by their cytology and by their cytology and by their protracted course. Clinical, radiographical and histological features are described before therapeutic approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report a series of thirteen cases of clear cell chondrosarcoma identified and treated between 1965 and 1995 in Cochin Hospital. RESULTS: Clear cell chondrosarcoma represented 5.4 per cent of the whole chondrosarcomas registered in the same period. There was a male prevalence (8 cases). Most patients were in their third decade (8 cases). Clinical course was usually of long duration ranging from three months to nine years. Roentgenographically, the lesion was often indistinguishable from chondroblastoma; this tumor involved the proximal part of the femur in 8 cases, located in the epiphysis. Histologically, cells with clear cytoplasm were always present, and areas of conventional chondrosarcoma were seen in half of cases. All patients underwent surgical treatment: "en bloc" resection was performed in 12 cases, after a curettage with bone grafting in 2 cases; a simple curettage with bone grafting was performed in one case. Two recurrences occurred: a local recurrence after a bone grafting treated by resection with good result, and another recurrence with pulmonary metastasis leading to death within 8 years. DISCUSSION: Clinical, radiographical and histological features are the same in our series and in the series published by Unni et al. in 1976 and by Bjornsson et al. in 1984. Treatment consists in "en bloc" resection because the lesion may recur after curettage. Rarely the tumor may metastasize. Prognosis is good with a five year survival rate similar to grade 1 chondrosarcoma (O'Neal and Ackerman classification). CONCLUSION: These rare bone tumors are characterized by their good prognosis when the treatment is an "en bloc" resection.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Periosteal chondrosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature.

Periosteal chondrosarcoma occurs predominantly in the long tubular bones. The long-term survival rate is better and there are fewer local recurrences than with central chondrosarcoma. A case of periosteal chondrosarcoma is reported with a review of the literature. A 13-year-old girl presented with swelling of the distal right thigh of 3 weeks' duration. Radiographs and computed tomographic scan of the lesion showed a soft tissue mass, measuring 6 x 6 cm, with matrix calcification arising from the surface of the bone. An open biopsy followed by en bloc resection of the tumor was performed. The histologic features were those of a chondrosarcoma. An 8-year follow-up period has shown no local recurrence or distant metastases. The differential diagnosis of periosteal chondrosarcoma includes periosteal (chondroblastic) osteosarcoma and periosteal chondroma. Controversy exists as to whether periosteal chondrosarcoma is an entity distinct from periosteal osteosarcoma. The clinicopathologic features in this case and in the cases reported in the literature support the contention that periosteal chondrosarcoma is indeed distinct.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Radiotherapy of chondrosarcoma of bone.

A retrospective analysis of 31 cases of chondrosarcoma of bone treated by radiotherapy at the Princess Margaret Hospital between 1958 and 1976 is presented. In comparison with other large series, our group of patients were found to have been unfavourably selected with respect to the known prognostic factors: histology (39% mesenchymal and dedifferentiated), site (75% arising in the trunk and head and neck), adequacy of operative treatment (none having had a complete surgical excision), and presenting symptoms (two-thirds presenting with pain). Twelve patients with primary (good, moderate, and unknown differentiation) chondrosarcoma were radically irradiated; 6 of these 12 have been alive and well without tumor for periods ranging from three and half to 16 years and 3 of these are alive and well for 15 years or more following radiotherapy. The other 6 patients responded or disease stabilized following radiotherapy for periods ranging from 16 months to eight years. One poorly differentiated tumor was radically irradiated and did not respond. Eleven patients were irradiated palliatively (5 dedifferentiated and mesenchymal, 4 secondary, and 2 primary chondrosarcomas), generally with low doses of irradiation, and only 4 responded transiently for periods ranging from three to 12 months. Seven patients with mesenchymal and dedifferentiated tumors were radically irradiated. Four responded or disease stabilized, and 1 of these patients was alive and well at 3 years; 3 did not respond. Six died with distant metastasis. It is concluded that chondrosarcoma of bone is a radioresponsive tumor and the place of radiotherapy in the treatment of this disease and the reason for its being labelled a radioresistant tumor are discussed. The problems of assessing response of chondrosarcoma to therapy are also discussed. It is suggested that chemotherapy may have a role in the management of mesenchymal and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma.

Bone Neoplasms↗

PubMed1981

A comparative ultrastructural study of chondrosarcoma, chordoid sarcoma, and chordoma.

A morphologic and electron microscopic study was made of two chordoid sarcomas. These lesions were compared with two classical chondrosarcomas and two chordomas. These chondrosarcoma cells showed many features common to chondrocytes, such as abundant RER, well-developed Golgi complexes, and microvillous cytoplasmatic membranes. The chordoid sarcomas bore a close morphologic resemblance to the chordomas but the ultrastructural features revealed a close relationship to the chondrosarcomas. The chordoid sarcoma and chondrosarcoma cells had scalloped cytoplasmatic membranes, variable amounts of glycogen, round or oval nuclei and microfibrils, collagen, and electron-dense granules in the ground substance. The chordoma was characterized by the presence of stellate and physalipherous cells, as well as many transitional cells, with varying nuclear morphology; dilated and irregular RER in contact with mitochondria and morphologically varied vacuoles are the main features in the cytoplasm. This study suggests that chordoid sarcoma represents a variety of the chondrosarcoma rather than a form of chordoma. These findings also support the suggestion of Weiss that chordoid sarcoma is an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed2005

Chondrosarcoma of the scapula: long-term oncologic outcome.

BACKGROUND: Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary sarcoma of bone. It often develops within flat bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and scapula. In the current study, the authors reviewed the surgical experience and long-term oncologic outcomes of patients with chondrosarcoma arising in the scapula. METHODS: The medical records of 29 consecutive patients with chondrosarcoma of the scapula were reviewed. The patients were treated between 1954 and 1994. All patients had localized disease at the time of presentation. The tumors were classified histologically as Grade 1 (10 patients), Grade 2 (10 patients), Grade 3 (7 patients), dedifferentiated (1 patient), and mesenchymal (1 patient) (using the criteria of Evans et al.). The mean maximal dimension of the tumors was 11 cm. Twenty-five patients underwent limb-sparing surgical resection and 4 patients underwent forequarter amputations. The median follow-up was 13 years (range, 1-35 years). RESULTS: At last follow-up, 22 patients (76%) were free of disease and 7 patients (24%) had died of their disease. Local recurrence occurred in 4 patients at 7 months, 16 months, 40 months, and 43 months, respectively. The local recurrence-free survival rate was 86% at 5 years, 10 years, and 20 years. Disease-specific survival was 83% at 5 years, 74% at 10 years, and 74% at 20 years. Patients who had low-grade chondrosarcomas had better survival compared with patients who had high-grade chondrosarcomas (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who had localized chondrosarcoma of the scapula had a favorable long-term outcome, most likely due to the unique anatomic features that improved the likelihood of achieving wide surgical margins with limb-sparing surgery, despite the frequent presentation of locally advanced disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

siRNA mediated inhibition of MMP-1 reduces invasive potential of a human chondrosarcoma cell line.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Expression of MMP-1 has been reported as a prognostic predictor of recurrence in human chondrosarcoma, and studies using human chondrosarcoma cell lines indicate that MMP-1 expression levels correlate with in vitro invasiveness. These observations suggest that MMP-1 activity has a central role in cell egress from the primary tumor at an early step in the metastatic cascade. In this study, siRNA was used to investigate whether knock down of the MMP-1 gene could be used to inhibit invasiveness in a human chondrosarcoma cell line. The inhibitory effect of siRNA on endogenous MMP-1 gene expression and protein synthesis was demonstrated via RT-PCR, Northern blotting, Western blotting, collagenase activity assay, and an in vitro cell migration assay. The siRNA inhibited MMP-1 expression specifically, since it did not affect the expression of endogenous glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) nor other collagenases. Most importantly, the siRNA mediated reduction in MMP-1 expression correlated with a decreased ability of chondrosarcoma cells to invade a Type I collagen matrix. The reduction of invasive behavior demonstrated by human chondrosarcoma cells transfected with MMP-1 siRNA and the specificity of this inhibition supports the hypothesis that this metalloproteinase molecule is involved in initiation of chondrosarcoma metastasis.

Cell Line, Tumor↗

PubMed1994

Insulin-like growth factor I regulation of Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes in culture.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is anabolic for chondrocytes and is thought to be important in regulating such normal cartilaginous tissues as the epiphyseal growth plate. In the present studies, we have investigated the role of IGF-I in the regulation of neoplastic cartilage. Chondrocytes cultured from a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma were analyzed for responsiveness to IGF-I with respect to DNA and glycosaminoglycan synthesis as determined by labeling with radioactive thymidine and sulfate, respectively. Stimulation of [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate incorporation by IGF-I was two to four times that in serum-free controls, with half-maximal stimulation at 1 x 10(-9) M. The efficacy of IGF-I was approximately one-half of that of serum in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation and was comparable to that of serum for [35S]sulfate incorporation. When Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were cultured in the presence of IGF-I and exposed to graded concentrations of anti-IGF-I antibody, [3H]thymidine incorporation and [35S]sulfate incorporation were attenuated in a dose-dependent fashion to 29 and 25% of antibody-free controls, respectively. Nonspecific antibody not raised against IGF-I was not inhibitory. These observations suggest that the majority of IGF-I action on these cells is susceptible to immunoinhibition. To estimate the contribution of IGF-I to the regulation of these cells by serum, Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were cultured with graded concentrations of either calf serum or fetal calf serum in the presence of anti-IGF-I antibody, nonspecific antibody, or no other additives. Specific antibody attenuated the effect of calf serum on both [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate incorporation with overall inhibition of 52% (P < 0.01) and 48% (P < 0.001), respectively. Nonspecific antibody super-imposed small, variably stimulatory or inhibitory effects on those of calf serum. When chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were incubated with fetal calf serum, anti-IGF-I antibody exerted a minimal inhibitory effect, reducing both [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate incorporation by less than 25%. The immunoinhibition of both pre- and postnatal serum could be overcome in a dose-dependent fashion by increasing serum concentrations. These results suggest that the factors influencing Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes may be developmentally regulated and that the contribution of IGF-I to the action of serum increases between fetal and post-natal life. These data support the hypothesis that chondrosarcoma is a somatomedin-responsive neoplasm and suggest that this tumor may be susceptible to interventions directed toward mechanisms that block insulin-like growth factor action.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Clear-cell chondrosarcoma].

Clear-cell chondrosarcoma is a rare, low-malignant bone tumor. The lesion most commonly occurs in adults, generally in the 3rd or 4th decade. Clear-cell chondrosarcoma has a predilection for the epiphyses of long tubular bones, particularly the femoral head. Radiologically, it is a sharply defined radiolucent lesion. Histologically, it is characterized by large tumor cells with distinct boundaries and a clear cytoplasm. In addition to areas of conventional chondrosarcoma, there are partially mineralized trabecular osteoid formations. On the basis of 16 cases of clear-cell chondrosarcoma, we present the observations of the Hamburg Bone Tumor Register. The cases were examined according to age distribution, location, and radiological and pathomorphological criteria. The proximal femur was the most frequent location; rare manifestations in the rib, os ilium, and distal phalanx of the hand were also present. In 50% of the cases high-malignant osteosarcoma or conventional chondrosarcoma was considered. In addition to the epiphysis of the proximal femur, clear-cell chondrosarcoma can also involve other, rather unusual sites in the skeleton. Knowledge of the histomorphology of this tumor is therefore of crucial importance for the diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Chondrosarcoma of the hand secondary to multiple enchondromatosis; report of two cases.

Although malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma may occur in some patients with multiple enchondromatosis, this event rarely occurs in the hand. We encountered two patients with chondrosarcoma of the hand secondary to multiple enchondromatosis. One patient was a 27-year-old man and the other, a 76-year-old man. Both patients manifested multiple osteolytic lesions in the hand on the plain radiographs. Severe bone destruction associated with a large soft-tissue swelling of the proximal and middle phalanges of the little finger was seen in case 1. In case 2, tremendous expansion and bone destruction of the middle phalanx of the ring finger was seen. Magnetic resonance images of the tumour in both patients showed low signal intensity on T1-weighted and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Amputation was performed in each patient. Histological examination revealed that the tumour was a grade 2 chondrosarcoma in case 1 and a grade 1 chondrosarcoma in case 2 accompanied by enchondromata. From these findings, the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma secondary to multiple enchondromatosis was made. Because quite a few patients with multiple enchondromatosis develop secondary chondrosarcoma, although rarely in the hand, the enchondromata should be curetted, unless impractical, before malignant transformation occurs.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Recurrent aggressive chondrosarcoma of the middle phalanx of the index finger: excision and reconstruction with an osteocartilaginous allograft.

INTRODUCTION: Chondrosarcomas are malignant tumours and need to be treated aggressively including ablative surgery. Bovée et al. and Mankin have recently drawn attention to a less aggressive behaviour of chondrosarcomas of the phalanges compared with those of other localizations including the metacarpals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An 12 year follow-up of a patient with a chondrosarcoma of the middle phalanx of the index finger is presented. The lesion was curetted initially, and a repeat curettage was performed 4 years later. Finally, 8 years later the phalanx was excised and reconstructed with an osteocartilaginous allograft. Histologically, the lesion changed from a chondrosarcoma grade I to grade II. RESULT: The patient continues to be free of recurrence and metastases 4 years after the final resection. CONCLUSION: The potential for systemic disease of chondrosarcomas of the phalanges is probably much lower than in chondrosarcomas of other localizations, and therefore digit-sparing techniques may be considered rather than ablative procedures.

Bone Transplantation↗

PubMed2006

Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene deletions are frequently detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in conventional chondrosarcomas.

Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Chemotherapy for conventional chondrosarcomas is generally ineffective. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a ubiquitous enzyme, essential in the salvage pathway of adenine and in methionine synthesis. MTAP-deficient cells are more susceptible than wild-type cells to pharmacologic inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. Homozygous deletions of MTAP have been reported in hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Based on these observations, we investigated the frequency of MTAP deletions in conventional, grade II chondrosarcomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis: 23 conventional, grade II chondrosarcoma patient samples from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation were analyzed for MTAP deletions. Nuclei were successfully extracted from 14 of 23 samples (61% evaluable) for FISH analysis: 7 of 14 samples (50%) showed either homozygous or hemizygous deletion of the MTAP gene, 6 of 14 (43%) failed to show deletion, and 1 of 14 (7%) was inconclusive. These findings suggest that approximately one-half of conventional, grade II chondrosarcomas may be preferentially sensitive to pharmacologic inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. The present study led to development by the Intergroup Coalition Against Sarcomas of a phase II trial of pemetrexed, a multitargeted anti-folate, for advanced chondrosarcomas.

Chondrosarcoma↗

PubMed2006

ADAMTS1 is regulated by interleukin-1beta, not by hypoxia, in chondrosarcoma.

Angiogenesis is characteristic of cartilage tumors, not of normal cartilage tissue. In addition to our previous report on differential expression of proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in cartilage tumors, we analyzed the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1 (ADAMTS1), which has been identified as a potent inhibitor of VEGF-A. We further used a chondrosarcoma cell line to study the effect of interleukin (IL)-1beta and hypoxia on the regulation of ADAMTS1 and VEGF-A expression. ADAMTS1 was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in all analyzed samples from enchondromas, conventional chondrosacromas, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas without exception. In contrast to previous reports on other cancers, we did not detect a consistent decrease in ADAMTS1 expression in chondrosarcomas. Interleukin-1beta stimulation, not hypoxia, transcriptionally downregulated ADAMTS1 in chondrosarcoma cells, whereas VEGF-A expression was upregulated either by hypoxia or IL-1beta. We conclude that ADAMTS1 and VEGF-A in chondrosarcoma cells are regulated independently from each other. We believe that IL-1beta has a stronger impact on vascularization in chondrosarcomas than hypoxia, as both factors, ADAMTS1 and VEGF-A, are regulated in a way that favors angiogenesis.

ADAM Proteins↗

PubMed2004

Hypoxia induces HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression in chondrosarcoma cells and chondrocytes.

Like other tumors, chondrosarcoma must induce neovascularity as they grow. Recent studies have demonstrated that chondrosarcoma are vascular. Since normal cartilage is a hypoxic, yet avascular tissue and since chondrosarcoma bears some phenotypic relation to cartilage, it is not clear if hypoxic pathways remain intact in these tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is the inducible subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor that regulates genes involved in the response to hypoxia, some of which promote neovascularity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the genes upregulated by HIF-1 and is the primary cytokine related to angiogenesis. In this study we examined the response of chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cell lines to hypoxia. We found that both normal and malignant chondrocytes increased HIF-1alpha protein expression in an oxygen concentration dependent manner and also increased VEGF mRNA expression in response to hypoxia. HIF-1alpha protein and VEGF mRNA decreased when chondrosarcoma cells were transfected with siRNA targeting HIF-1alpha prior to hypoxia exposure, suggesting that HIF-1alpha expression resulted in increased VEGF expression. The role of the HIF-1alpha/VEGF pathway in angiogenesis in chondrosarcoma in vivo and its usefulness as a target for antiangiogenic treatment strategies for this tumor requires further investigation.

Bone Neoplasms↗

PubMed1993

Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base.

Review of the clinical features of 48 patients with chordoma and 49 patients with low-grade chondrosarcoma of the skull base disclosed overlapping clinical profiles but distinctive features. Both tumors occurred at all ages but chondrosarcoma tended to occur in the third and fourth decades. Twenty-five (52%) of the patients with chordoma and 24 (49%) of the patients with chondrosarcoma had ocular symptoms (diplopia or visual impairment) as the initial manifestation of the disease. Of the 59 patients (both groups) with diplopia, the diplopia was initially intermittent in 25 (42%). Headache and diplopia from an insidious abducens nerve palsy was most common in both groups. Abducens nerve palsy occurred in 22 (46%) of the patients with chordoma and 23 (47%) of the patients with chondrosarcoma. Normal examination results were more common in patients with chordoma, whereas visual loss, facial numbness, and multiple cranial neuropathies were more common in patients with chondrosarcoma. The similarities in the clinical features of these tumors reflect their common origin at the central skull base and the vulnerability of the abducens nerves at that site. The differences reflect the tendency of chordomas to originate from the clivus and chondrosarcomas to originate from the temporal bone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cell differentiation and matrix gene expression in mesenchymal chondrosarcomas.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas are small-cell malignancies named as chondrosarcomas due to the focal appearance of cartilage islands. In this study, the use of in situ detection techniques on a large series of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma specimens allowed the identification of tumor-cell differentiation pathways in these neoplasms. We were able to trace all steps of chondrogenesis within mesenchymal chondrosarcoma by using characteristic marker genes of chondrocytic development. Starting from undifferentiated cells, which were negative for vimentin and any other mesenchymal marker, a substantial portion of the cellular (undifferentiated) tumor areas showed a chondroprogenitor phenotype with an onset of expression of vimentin and collagen type IIA. Cells in the chondroid areas showed the full expression panel of mature chondrocytes including type X collagen indicating focal hypertrophic differentiation of the neoplastic chondrocytes. Finally, evidence was found for transdifferentiation of the neoplastic chondrocytes to osteoblast-like cells in areas of neoplastic bone formation. These results establish mesenchymal chondrosarcoma as the very neoplasm of differentiating premesenchymal chondroprogenitor cells. The potential of neoplastic bone formation in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma introduces a new concept of neoplastic (chondrocytic) osteogenesis in musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms, which qualifies the old dogma that neoplastic bone/osteoid formation automatically implies the diagnosis of osteosarcoma.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed1998

Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) expression in chondrosarcoma cells and its regulation by basic fibroblast growth factor.

Human collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes that was originally identified in breast carcinomas and subsequently detected during fetal ossification and in arthritic processes. In this work, we have found that collagenase-3 is produced by HCS-2/8 human chondrosarcoma cells. An analysis of the ability of different cytokines and growth factors to induce the expression of collagenase-3 in these cells revealed that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2) strongly up-regulated the expression of this gene. By contrast, other factors, including interleukin-1beta and transforming growth factor-beta, previously found to induce collagenase-3 expression in other cell types, did not exhibit any effect on the expression of this gene in chondrosarcoma cells. Further analysis of the bFGF-induced expression of collagenase-3 in human chondrosarcoma cells revealed that its effect was time and dose dependent, but independent of the de novo synthesis of proteins. Western blot analysis revealed that the up-regulatory effect of bFGF on collagenase-3 was also reflected at the protein level as demonstrated by the increase of immunoreactive protein in the conditioned medium of HCS-2/8 cells treated with bFGF. Immunohistochemical analysis of the presence of collagenase-3 in a series of 8 benign and 16 malignant cartilage-forming neoplasms revealed that all analyzed malignant chondrosarcomas stained positively for collagenase-3, whereas only 2 of 8 benign lesions produced this protease. In addition, the finding that bFGF was detected in all analyzed chondrosarcomas, together with the above in vitro studies on HCS-2/8 cells, suggest that this growth factor may be an in vivo modulator of collagenase-3 expression in these malignant tumors. These results extend the pattern of tumor types with ability to produce this matrix metalloproteinase and suggest that collagenase-3 upregulation may contribute to the progression of human chondrosarcomas.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Chondrocytic cell differentiation in clear cell chondrosarcoma.

Clear cell chondrosarcoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of unclear differentiation. Besides having a chondrogenic nature, an osteogenic differentiation was also proposed. In this study, expression analysis of extracellular matrix genes, which are specific for different mesenchymal cell differentiation pathways, were used to get a better understanding of origin and differentiation pattern of the clear cell chondrosarcoma tumor cells. Our in situ analysis of two cases shows that (1) chondrocytic cell differentiation as marked by the expression of cartilage collagen type II and proteoglycans is a characteristic feature within the development of the neoplasm, (2) multifocal chondrocyte hypertrophy as shown by the expression of type X collagen does occur, and (3) no significant expression of collagen type I, the main gene product of osteoblastic cells, is found by the neoplastic cells. Thus, our study indicates that clear cell chondrosarcoma shows a chondrogenic, but not osteogenic, differentiation and represents a true chondrosarcoma. The unusual scarcity of its extracellular and the multifocal expression of type X collagen marks clear cell chondrosarcoma as a chondrosarcoma tumor entity of a particular cell differentiation pattern. The expression of cartilage type collagens represents a distinct marker from bone metastases of clear cell neoplasms of other origins.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Expression and significance of cell cycle-related proteins Cyclin Dl, CDK4, p27, E2F-l and Ets-1 in chondrosarcoma of the jaws.

To elucidate the expression and significance of cell cycle-associated proteins in chondrosarcoma of the jaws, Cyclin Dl, CDK4, p27, E2F-l and Ets-l expressions were examined in chondrosarcoma and osteochondroma of the jaws by immunohistochemical ABC method. The results demonstrated that Cyclin Dl, CDK4, p27, E2F-1 and Ets-1 were positive 75% (15 of 20), 60% (12 of 20), 25% (5 of 20), 65% (13 of 20) and 60% (12 of 20) in chondrosarcoma of the jaws, respectively. There was no remarkable difference in the expression of these proteins among histological grades of the chondrosarcoma (P>0.05). In osteochondroma of the jaws, CDK4 and E2F with an equal positivity of 12.5% (1 of 8), whereas p27 was positive 75% (6 of 8). None of the osteochondroma cases was immunohistochemically positive for Cycin Dl and Ets-1. In addition, the positive rate of Cyclin Dl, CDK4, E2F-l and Ets-1 proteins was significantly higher, whereas p27 was lower in chondrosarcoma than in osteochondroma of the jaws (P<0.05). These data show that the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins is altered in chondrosarcoma of the jaws: cyclin Dl, CDK4, E2F-1 and Ets-1 are over-expressed and p27 is low-expressed.

Adolescent↗