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PubMed2003

Clinical coccidiosis in a boar stud.

This report describes an outbreak of coccidiosis in a boar stud. A live, untreated, adult boar with a history of diarrhea was submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA. For a 3-month period, approximately 40% of the boars in this stud had developed gray to brown diarrhea that lasted 1-3 days. Affected boars did not lose condition, and antibiotic therapy did not appear to affect the clinical course ofthe disease. At necropsy, the distal ileum was palpably thickened and covered by a thick, yellow-green, fibrinous exudate. Microscopic changes in the ileum consisted of an erosive enteritis associated with the presence of numerous coccidia within mid to superficial villus enterocytes. The mucosa was covered by a fibrinous exudate admixed with numerous nonsporulated coccidian oocysts. A light growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby was isolated from the small intestine of this animal, but laboratory tests were negative for Lawsonia and Brachyspira spp. Individual or paired fecal samples were obtained from 6 additional boars experiencing similar clinical signs. Numerous Eimeria spinosa oocysts were identified in these samples. Neither Salmonella nor Brachyspira spp. were cultured from submitted fecal samples. Necropsy of a live boar and examination of feces from 6 additional animals confirmed that the mild, sporadic, transient diarrhea in this boar stud was due to coccidiosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Control of an outbreak of mouse coccidiosis in a closed colony.

In 1979 severe coccidiosis occurred within a closed colony of C57bl/6J Bom mice. The coccidiosis caused diarrhoea, weight loss and deaths. Pathogenicity and response to chemotherapy were studied in experimentally infected Bor: CFW1 (SPF) mice. Histological and other studies indicated that infection was caused by more than 1 Eimeria species which have not yet been determined. Treatment with different anticoccidial drugs was unsuccessful, but use of 2 triazinone-derivatives (Bay g 7183, Bay i 9142) added to the food (15 ppm) succeeded in completely eradicating the organisms from the breeding houses. Experimental findings on the sensitivity of the coccidia to other anticoccidial drugs are described.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma.

A cloned Eimeria acervulina gene (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis, both alone and in combination with genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or interferon (IFN)-gamma. Vaccination efficacy was assessed by increased serum anti-3-1E antibody titers, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and enhanced body weight gain following experimental infection with E. acervulina. When used alone, anti-3-1E antibody titers were transiently, but reproducibly, increased at 2 wk and 3 wk posthatching in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, significantly reduced oocyst shedding and increased weight gain were observed at relatively high-dose 3-1E vaccinations (> or =25 microg/egg). Combined immunization with the 3-1E and IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-gamma genes induced higher serum antibody responses compared with immunization with 3-1E alone. Following parasite infection, chickens hatched from embryos given the 3-1E gene plus the IL-2 or IL-15 genes displayed significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with those given 3-1E alone, while 3-1E plus IL-15 or IFN-gamma significantly increased weight gain compared with administration of 3-1E alone. Taken together, these results indicate that in ovo immunization with a recombinant Eimeria gene in conjunction with cytokine adjuvants stimulates protective intestinal immunity against coccidiosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Intestinal coccidiosis in a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris).

Intestinal coccidiosis was diagnosed histologically in the small intestine of a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Numerous intralesional coccidia were present in mucosal epithelial cells. Schizonts, gamonts, and unsporulated oocysts were seen. Schizonts were up to 30 x 20 microm and contained up to 16 merozoites, which measured 10-12 x 2 microm. Unsporulated oocysts were about 9-12 x 8-10 microm. This is the first report of intestinal coccidiosis in a spinner dolphin.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effect of salinomycin on giardiasis and coccidiosis in growing lambs.

An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of salinomycin on Giardia in vitro and on Giardia and coccidia in growing lambs. Concentrations of salinomycin above (3.9 micrograms/mL) reduced the adherence (index of viability) of Giardia S2 trophozoites by more than 50%. This strain did not develop resistance after repeated exposure to sublethal concentrations of salinomycin. Five of 40 lambs escaped natural infection by Giardia, and these were inoculated with > or = 500,000 cysts. Giardiasis (presence of cysts in feces) was confirmed in all lambs before commencement of the experiment. Coccidiosis (presence of oocysts) developed by natural exposure. Lambs were assigned randomly to diets containing 0, 4, 10, or 16 ppm of salinomycin. Giardia cyst and coccidia oocyst excretions were determined on 6 d during the first week and weekly thereafter. Giardia cysts were detected at each sampling date in all treatments (highest release, 2.3 x 10(6) cysts/g feces). The number of Giardia cysts shed in feces was not affected (P > .05) by salinomycin but did decline (P < .05) with time. Average infection rates remained above 50% until d 41 of the experiment and declined linearly (P < .05) with salinomycin concentration and time. The number of coccidia oocysts in feces was low (highest release, 6.8 x 10(4) oocysts/g feces), but shedding occurred in 38 of the 40 lambs. Treatment with salinomycin had a cubic effect (P < .05) on coccidia oocyst excretion, and no oocysts were detected beyond d 28. Treatment effect on average daily gain (P < .002), dry matter intake (P < .02), and final live weight (P < .07) was cubic, whereas carcass weight (P < .003) and dressing percentage (P < .08) were linearly affected by salinomycin concentration. Although a beneficial effect of 10 ppm salinomycin on lamb performance was apparent, the development of natural resistance makes it difficult to attribute this response to the control of coccidiosis or giardiasis.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1976

Coccidiosis: effects of high environmental temperatures on anticoccidial protection.

In a series of nine experiments birds subjected to heat-stress showed decreases of 9 to 61 percent in feed intake. In only one of these experiments, involving E. acervulina and monensin, was there sufficient reduction of anticoccidial intake to partially nullify effects of drug protection. In this case, a 40 percent decrease in monensin intake resulted in significantly higher lesion scores (1.9 vs. 1.0) (P less than or equal to 0.05) in birds maintained at 32 C. for days 1 to 7 postinfection (P.I.) compared to controls maintained at 20C. No other failures due to heat stress occurred with this anticoccidial in three other trials with E. acervulina or or five trials involving E. tenella infection. In one experiment E. tenella coccidiosis (lesion scores 0.7 vs. 1.1) was more severe in the cool environment than in birds under heat-stress from 2 to 7 days P.I. Similarly, less severe lesions of E tenella (0.4 vs. 0.8) occurred during heat-stress (32 C) than in controls maintained at 11 C. in zoalene-fed and unmedicated control birds. No differences in lesion scores occurred in birds in hot versus cool room environments in two experiments involving sulfaquinoxaline or one with robenidene and E. tenella infection. E tenella lesions inunmedicated controls were significantly more severe in the cool than the hot environment in one experiment. Results from these experiments suggest that decreases in feed and anticoccidial intake during heat-stress could seldom be the cause of coccidiosis breaks under field conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

The effect of feeding variable concentrations of monensin on the control of coccidiosis.

Chickens were given concentrations of monensin in the feed which increased at weekly intervals (60 to 121 ppm). This resulted in a fairly constant intake of drug (mg/k body weight). Such chickens consumed less drug than those given monensin at 121 ppm. Chickens given variable concentrations of drug in the food were well protected against coccidiosis judged by the parameters of lesion scores and mortality. Total body weight of these chickens was greater and lesion scores at 28 days were lower compared with chickens given constant levels of monensin, but the differences were not significant. These results suggest that adequate control of coccidiosis in broilers could be achieved by administering a relatively low concentration of an anticoccidial 0 to 3 weeks followed by a high concentration.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1984

Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the development of immunity to coccidiosis in chickens.

Six experiments were conducted using broiler chickens to study the effect of selenium (Se) or vitamin E supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet on the immune response to coccidiosis. Immunized chickens fed diets supplemented with .25 ppm Se or 100 IU vitamin E/kg of diet had increased body weight gain and feed intake and a tendency for lower feed conversion ratio than chickens fed unsupplemented diet after a challenge with 150,000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella. In two experiments, chickens fed .25 and .50 ppm of Se and immunized against E. tenella had higher body weight gain and a tendency for higher feed intake and lower feed conversion ratio than unsupplemented chickens when challenged with 150,000 oocysts of E. tenella. Except for a reduction on cecal lesion scores and blood packed cell volume in Experiments 1 and 4, respectively, no dietary effect was observed on cecal lesion score or blood packed cell volume of immunized chickens. Dietary supplementation with selenium or vitamin E reduced mortality and increased body weight gain of nonimmunized chickens infected with E. tenella in three of four experiments. These studies suggest that immunization of chickens against coccidiosis is enhanced by Se or vitamin E supplementation.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Ea-B and Ea-C cellular antigen genes in Leghorn lines resistant and susceptible to acute cecal coccidiosis.

Alloantigen genes B and C of respective loci Ea-B, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of chickens, and Ea-C were detected in Leghorn lines R and S selected from common ancestry for resistance and susceptibility to acute cecal coccidiosis, Eimeria tenella (ACC). The lines share genes B2 and C1; R line has B5, Br, and C4, and S line has B1, B3, B4, B6, C2, and C3. Haplotype Br is an apparent recombinant of B2 and B5, possibly F2G2-5. Expression of the F2G2- region of B2 and Br is strong in graft-vs.-host reactions but weak on erythrocytes; in contrast, that of F5G5- of B5 is reduced in graft-vs.-host reactions but strong on erythrocytes. Extinction of B4 in R line and B5 in S line occurred in the last stages of selection, and the frequency of B5 in R line increased as a result of intensification of selection pressure for resistance to coccidiosis. The respective C genes of highest frequency in lines R and S are C1 and C3. The latter is a probable recombinant of C1 and C2. Evidence of roles of the B and C systems in resistance and previous similar evidence for the AE system indicates that genes other than the chicken MHC have measurable effects on infectious diseases.

Alleles↗

PubMed1990

Prevention of coccidiosis in the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) by medication with sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim (Rofenaid).

Rofenaid (a 5:3 mixture of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim) was effective in preventing coccidiosis of chukar partridges. Levels of .0100 or .0125% sulfadimethoxine, with the corresponding level of ormetoprim in the ration, gave the best results. These levels markedly reduced mortality in severe infections (over 75% mortality in unmedicated chukars) and eliminated mortality in medicated groups when infections produced 52% mortality or less in unmedicated controls. In the latter infections, Rofenaid also protected against the depression in weight gain seen 6 days postinoculation in unmedicated chukars. Studies in uninoculated chukars showed that Rofenaid has a wide safety margin and did not produce adverse effects even at levels of .0300% sulfadimethoxine. Rofenaid should, therefore, be an effective medication for the prevention of coccidiosis in chukars in the field. Data from the present studies are being submitted to the IR-4 Program of the Food and Drug Administration for consideration of approval for the use of Rofenaid in chukar partridges.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria to monensin following the use of a coccidiosis vaccine in broiler chickens.

The sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria to monensin was investigated following the use of a commercial coccidiosis vaccine. Monensin was not effective against isolates from five commercial farms where ionophores had been used for many flocks. Monensin was more effective, however, against isolates obtained from the same farms following the use of a coccidiosis vaccine. No further improvement in drug efficacy was noted after five successive flocks in which the vaccine was used.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effect of dietary raw soybeans on coccidiosis in chickens.

Six battery experiments determined the effect of feeding raw soybeans (RSB) in corn-soybean diets on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. The experimental design represents a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with three dietary levels of incorporation of RSB (0, 50, and 100%), and chickens either infected or uninfected. The coccidial species tested singularly were Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria tenella. With all species of Eimeria a significant diet by infection interaction was demonstrated with a stepwise increase in weight gain and reduction in lesion scores with increasing levels of raw soybeans. To cause the pancreas to become hypertrophied and hyperfunctional, the 100% RSB diet was fed for an extended period. The experimental design represents a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with three feeding regimens [Treatment A: 0% RSB (0 d to termination), Treatment B: (0% RSB: 0 to 12 d then 100% RSB 12 d to termination), and Treatment C: (100% 0 d to termination)] and chickens either infected (E. tenella) or uninfected. There was a significant difference for weight gain between uninfected and infected chicks of Treatments A and C but this difference was absent for Treatment B. Coccidiosis was not reduced by continuously feeding 100% RSB (Treatment C).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Experimental coccidiosis in mule deer fawns.

Five mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) ranging in age from 3 to 6 weeks were given sporulated Eimeria mccordocki oocysts orally. Four of the five fawns developed coccidiosis. Initial clinical signs appeared by 8 to 9 days postinoculation and included elevated body temperature and bloody diarrhea. Dehydration and limited emaciation occurred as the disease progressed. The disease was allowed to run its course in one fawn and oocysts were passed in the feces on the 16th day following inoculation. Oocysts passage continued until the 27th day, at which time the animal appeared to be completely recovered. The remaining animals demonstrated all signs of coccidiosis and were euthanized prior to passing oocysts. Intracellular stages of E. mccordocki in these animals were confined to the last 75 to 100 cm of the ileum. The cytoplasm of each infected epithelial cell contained one to five meronts. The intestinal epithelium was inflammatory and contained many necrotic foci.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Immunization against coccidiosis in fowls.

Immunity plays a major role in the control of coccidiosis. With the presently practised system of "protected exposure" under chemoprophylactic medication, problems are encountered because of seasonal variation in litter moisture and coccidial challenge. The alternative, "controlled exposure" or "vaccination" products a more solid immunity and more reliable results. This was found to be the method of choice in coccidiosis control in replacement pullets in the semi-arid subtropical climate of Rhodesia.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Study of the effect of egg white and thiamine on coccidiosis in chickens caused by E. tenella].

Studied was the effect of tiamin at the rate of 50 mg/kg mixture and white of egg in ratios of 25 and 50 per cent to the feed on the course of coccidiosis in chickens caused by Eimeria tenella. It was found that those of the birds that were offered 25 per cent white of egg and tiamin in a dose of 100 mg per kg exhibited more severe signs of coccidiosis had more pronounced morphologic changes with a higher mortality rate and the amount of the oocysts shed was higher than the same indices in birds having received the vitamin at the rate of 50 mg per kg and white of egg in a ration of 50 per cent to the feed. The increase of white of egg up to 50 per cent led to a lower oocyst production, however, still the latter was higher than in the control birds that were not given white of eggs and vitamin. Cyclicity was observed as well as explosive shedding of oocysts, which was associated with the physiology of the caecal intestines and with the biology of the parasite.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A recombinant Eimeria protein inducing interferon-gamma production: comparison of different gene expression systems and immunization strategies for vaccination against coccidiosis.

A rabbit antiserum against an 18- to 27-kD native protein fraction (F3) from Eimeria acervulina merozoites identified a cDNA (3-1E) containing a 1086-base pair insertion with an open reading frame of 170 amino acids (predicted molecular weight, 18,523). The recombinant 3-1E cDNA expressed in Escherichia coli produced a 60-kD fusion protein and a 23-kD protein after factor Xa treatment of the fusion protein. Both proteins were reactive with the F3 antiserum by western blot analysis. A rabbit antiserum against a synthetic peptide deduced from the amino acid sequence of the 3-1E cDNA reacted with a 27-kD recombinant 3-1E protein expressed in Sf9 insect cells and a 20-kD native protein expressed by E. acervulina sporozoites and Eimeria tenella sporozoites and merozoites. By immunofluorescence staining, a monoclonal antibody produced against the recombinant 3-1E protein reacted with sporozoites and merozoites of E. acervulina, E. tenella, and Eimeria maxima. Spleen lymphocytes from E. acervulina-immune chickens showed antigen-specific proliferation and interferon (IFN)-gamma production upon stimulation with the recombinant 3-1E protein, indicating that the protein activates cell-mediated immunity during coccidiosis. Immunization of chickens with either the E. coli- or Sf9-expressed recombinant 3-1E protein with adjuvant, or direct injection of the 3-1E cDNA, induced protective immunity against live E. acervulina. Simultaneous injection of the recombinant 3-1E protein, or the 3-1E cDNA, with cDNAs encoding chicken IFN-gamma or interleukin (IL)-2/15 further enhanced protective immunity. These results indicate that the recombinant E. acervulina 3-1E cDNA or its polypeptide product may prove useful as vaccines against avian coccidiosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Diarrhea, pup mortality and Cystoisospora species (coccidiosis)].

A review of coccidiosis in dogs is given on the basis of an autopsy of a puppy from a kennel in which other puppies had diarrhoea and stunted growth. Coccidiosis especially affects puppies from kennels and leads to poor growth, diarrhoea, and even death. Its occurrence is probably underestimated.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[beta-D-glucosidase in the microvillous zone of small intestine enterocytes in experimental coccidiosis in suckling piglets].

In the small intestine mucosa of 24 gnotobiotic farrows experimentally infected with the oocysts of coccidiosis of Isospora suis (infection administration--100,000 oocysts) on the first day after the delivery, we carried out the microdensitometric evaluation of the activity of beta-D-glucosidase (phlorizin-hydrolase; hetero-beta-galactosidase; lactase-beta-glucosidase complex; EC. 3.2.1.21). Great attention was paid to the topochemistry of enzyme, deposited in a microvillous zone of enterocytes. We studied likewise the activity of beta-D-glucosidase in the striped fringe of enterocytes of the four control gnotobiotic farrows, in the age from 2 to 5 days. We found out that in healthy farrows the reaction product of studied disaccharidase is located in high concentrations in the microvillous zone of absorptive cells of the whole small intestine. We proved a topographic gradient at which the beta-D-glucosidase activity decreases in control farrows the duodenum mucosa in the aboral direction. When using the choice substrate for beta-D-glucosidase (5-Br-4-Cl-beta-indolyl-3-D-glucoside) we did not prove the enzyme deposition in the small intestine wall. The negative enteral effect of coccidiosis I. suis was provable in the farrows experimentally infected already on the first day after the infection (DPI) when the beta-D-glucosidase activity decreased within the whole small intestine by 15% (ileum) and even by 23% (middle jejunum). The activity reduction had been deepening since the first after the infection and it reached its maximum on the 9th day after the infection when the enzyme concentration in the microvillous zone of absorptive cells reached only 11% of the activity level found in control farrows. On the 10th and 11th day after the infection we registered the increase of the density of beta-D-glucosidase reaction product, however the microvillous zone was even in that final stage of experimental infection significantly deficient (31% of intestine mucosa activity of control farrows).

Animals↗