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PubMed1980

Effects of fluoride, calcium, and phosphate administration on mineralization in rats.

Seven days before a fluoride injection of 20 mg sodium fluoride per kg body weight, 3-month-old rats grown on a standard pellet diet containing 0.8% calcium and 1.4% phosphate were given a diet of rice with only 0.025% calcium and 0.1% phosphate. Microradiographs of the continuously growing incisors showed a hypermineralized and subsequent hypomineralized zone. Blood analysis demonstrated a decrease and a subsequent reestablishment of plasma calcium concentration. In some experiments calcium and phosphate were administered to compensate the hypocalcemia which prevented the hypomineralized zone from arising. A delay of calcium and phosphate administration led to formation of a mineralized band within the hypomineralized zone. The results are discussed with reference to calcium homeostasis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

The effects of sodium fluoride, calcium phosphate, and vitamin D2 for one to two years on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in postmenopausal women with spinal crush fracture osteoporosis.

Calcium and phosphorus balances and 47Ca turnover studies were performed before and after 12-27 months of daily treatment with sodium fluoride (60 mg), calcium (30-45 mmol), phosphate (29-44 mmol), and vitamin D2 (18,000 IU) in 20 postmenopausal women with spinal crush fracture osteoporosis. Before treatment the mean calcium balance (-1.6 mmol Ca/day) was negative (P less than 0.05), whereas the mean phosphorus balance (-1.6 mmol P/day) did not differ from zero (P greater than 0.10). The treatment induced an increase in calcium absorption (P less than 0.01) with an unchanged renal excretion and dermal loss of calcium and an increase (P less than 0.02) in calcium balance, which became positive (P less than 0.01) (+3.3 mmol Ca/day). This enhancement in calcium balance was obtained by the combined effects of an increase (P less than 0.05) in bone mineralization rate and a decrease (P less than 0.05) in bone resorption rate. The observed increase in net phosphorus absorption (P less than 0.001) was more pronounced than the increase in renal excretion of phosphorus (P less than 0.001), and the phosphorus balance therefore increased (P less than 0.001) and became positive (P less than 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between net calcium and net phosphorus absorption (r = 0.065; (P less than 0.001) in the 32 studies where both calcium and phosphorus balance data were available. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.61; P less than 0.05) was found between the changes in net calcium and net phosphorus absorption during treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Assessment by reflection ultrasound method of the effect of intermittent slow-release sodium fluoride-calcium citrate therapy on material strength of bone.

It has been suggested that fluoride therapy, while increasing bone mass, produces bone with inferior mechanical properties. In the present report this hypothesis was tested using a novel reflection ultrasound technique. Transiliac crest bone biopsies were obtained from 16 patients with osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures (12 women and 4 men, mean age 56 years) before and after approximately 2 years of intermittent slow-release sodium fluoride therapy (25 mg twice a day) combined with continuous calcium citrate supplementation. Samples were analyzed by a reflection ultrasound method, which analyzes ultrasound velocity with a sample site resolution of 200 microns and thus provides a measure of the mechanical property of single trabeculae (material). For the group, mean fractional change in velocity increased 6.1 +/- 2.3% (SEM) from a mean value of 3303 +/- 80 to 3484 +/- 55 m/s (p = 0.028). A total of 13 patients (81%) demonstrated higher velocities after treatment. Thus reflection ultrasound analysis of bone appears to provide a sensitive means of assessing changes in the material property of bone. Furthermore, these results suggest that the treatment regimen utilized in these patients improves strength of bone at the material or trabecular level largely independently of change in bone mass. The combination therapy also increased spinal (L2-L4) bone density for the group as assessed by dual-photon absorptiometry (5.3 +/- 2.0%). There was no significant correlation between the change in ultrasound velocity and bone density (r = 0.0026, p = 0.996).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Copper-, indium-, tin-, and calcium-fluoride admixed amalgams: release rates and selected properties.

A conventional (Minimax), two single-particle high-Cu (Summalloy and Aristaloy CR), and two dispersed-phase (Cluster and Phasealloy) amalgam alloys were each admixed with 0.5 wt% of CuF2, InF3, SnF2, and CaF2, and evaluated for F-, Cu, and Sn release, as well as for corrosion resistance, microstructure, and compressive strength. Over a 43-week interval, only Cluster revealed somewhat of a sustained F- release in artificial saliva. A ranking for F- release was Cluster (highest), Summalloy, Phasealloy, Minimax, and Aristaloy CR. The effectiveness of the F- compounds in releasing F- followed CuF2 (highest), SnF2, InF3 (1.0%), InF3, and CaF2. Amalgams with admixed CuF2 released both the most Cu and increased Sn. For three amalgams, CaF2 admixtures also increased the Cu release. Constant-potential coulometry distinguished among the different fluoride amalgams. Only Minimax revealed a significant reduction in compressive strength with two admixtures. Microstructural analysis revealed an increased pore distribution around the Ag-Cu dispersed particles, and it was assumed that the F- particles were contained within the pores, since SEM, EDS with a low element detector, and ESCA were all unable to detect the F- particles.

Calcium Fluoride↗
PubMed1979

Calcium fluoride containing granules produced in vitro in rat bones.

Femurs and tibias of normal rats were fixed in 4% unbuffered solutions of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde containing 1% NaF. Following washing, radiographically controlled demineralization was performed in 3.25% HNO3. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of so-called fluoride granules in bone trabeculae, cartilage, cartilage remnants, bone cells, chondrocytes and in the bone marrow. Selected area diffraction indicated that the fluoride granules contained CaF2. X-ray diffraction analysis of non-demineralized NaF-fixed bones were negative for CaF2. The results are discussed and related to precipitation artifacts reported in demineralized hard tissues and to similar CaF2-containing granules observed in demineralized bones and incisors of rats given high doses of NaF in diet or drinking water.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Fabrication of calcium fluoride capillary electrophoresis microdevices for on-chip infrared detection.

In this paper, we demonstrate microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (CE) devices made in CaF2 , for optical detection in a broad spectral range. We have designed methods for micromachining and enclosing capillaries in CaF2. The utility of these microdevices has been shown through CE analysis of fluorescently labeled amino acids. We have also performed infrared spectroscopy for analyte identification in microfluidic CaF2 channels. These CaF2 microdevices open the door to microchip separations with optical detection in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectral regions.

Calcium Fluoride↗
PubMed1993

Calcium fluoride formation in enamel from semi- or low-concentrated F agents in vitro.

The formation of CaF2 was measured on sound enamel and in artificial, standardized (acidified gelatin, pH 4.5) caries-like enamel lesions after exposure to: (a) dentifrice/saliva slurries adjusted to relevant F-concentrations of approximately 100 or 8 ppm by appropriate addition of 1,000 ppm F NaF or Na monofluorophosphate (MFP) dentifrice, respectively, or (b) a mixture of saliva with a 0.2% NaF solution obtained by a usual 1-min rinse procedure or an aqueous solution of 0.2% NaF. CaF2 was determined after extraction with KOH and fluoride analysis by gas chromatography. Only negligible amounts of CaF2 were produced on sound enamel ranging from (mean +/- SEM) 0.76 +/- 0.14 micrograms F/cm2 with the 0.2% NaF solution to as little as 0.04 +/- 0.06 with the MFP dentifrice slurry. In caries-like enamel lesions, the CaF2 production with the 0.2% NaF solution/saliva mixture corresponded to 3.7 +/- 0.4 micrograms F/cm2 and corresponding amounts obtained with the dentifrice/saliva slurries were 1.5 +/- 0.19 micrograms F/cm2 with NaF, but only 0.19 +/- 0.04 with MFP. It was suggested that the deposition of CaF2 in the micropores of early lesions can be expected to be an important mechanism with F rinses, probably to some extent with NaF dentifrices, but barely with MFP dentifrices. The formation of CaF2 on sound enamel is unlikely to play a significant role in the caries-reducing effect of F rinses and F dentifrices.

Calcium Fluoride↗
PubMed2005

The effect of calcium fluoride (CaF(2)) on the chemical solubility of an apatite-mullite glass-ceramic material.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of varying CaF(2) on the chemical solubility of apatite-mullite glass-ceramic (G-C) materials in both the glassy and crystallized states. METHODS: Apatite-mullite forming glasses used in this study are ionomer cement derivatives based on the general formula (4.5SiO(2)-3Al(2)O(3)-1.5P(2)O(5)-3CaO-XCaF(2)). Six glass formulations were produced where X=0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3, and called HG1-6, respectively. Batches were melted in covered silliminite crucibles in a furnace overnight at 1050 degrees C, then at 1450 degrees C for 2h, before quenching in water. The six glass compositions were analyzed using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Thirty discs (2mm thick and 12 mm diameter) were produced per glass using the lost wax casting technique. Ten were left as cast and 10 heat treated to either apatite or apatite-mullite. Solubility testing was carried out according to International Standard BS EN ISO 6872 1999 and the mass difference in solubility calculated as mug/cm(2). A lithium disilicate G-C system was used as a control material. RESULTS: All compositions formed glasses and on heat treatment could form apatite and apatite-mullite. The as-cast glass samples were the most soluble followed by the apatite samples. The apatite-mullite G-C was significantly less soluble than the other two phases (p<0.05) for all six compositions. The control material was significantly less soluble than all the HG glass-ceramic compositions for every phase (p<0.05). Decreasing the CaF(2) content (3-0.5 mol%) led to a decrease in solubility, without affecting the ability of the material to form apatite and apatite-mullite phases. SIGNIFICANCE: Increasing the CaF(2) content increases the chemical solubility for the glass, apatite G-C and apatite-mullite G-C phases. The solubility values obtained show that all the compositions, as cast and heat treated would be suitable for use as core ceramics.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1989

Treatment of bone weakness in patients with femoral neck fracture by fluoride, calcium and vitamin D.

Twenty-three of 46 patients, aged 56 to 95 years, with fracture of the femoral neck (FNF) completed the first trial of 10 months treatment with oral sodium fluoride 60 mg and calcium 1800 mg on alternate days and 1 micrograms of vitamin D1 daily. Pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsy specimens and microradiographs of the iliac crest and metacarpal and spinal radiographs were evaluated together with biopsy material from seven untreated age-matched controls with FNF. In 17 patients the treatment improved the amount and quality of trabecular bone. Cortical thickness increased in nine patients and there were no losses of amount or mineralisation. The treatment was well tolerated by most patients and there were no major side-effects or signs of bone demineralisation. The study also revealed an unexpected rapid post-fracture deterioration of bone tissue in untreated FNF patients; thus there is an increased risk of further fractures which calls for the use of an effective treatment to increase bone mass.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Increases in fluoride, calcium, and phosphate in dental plaque resulting from the use of a mineralizing mouthrinse containing urea and monofluorophosphate.

A mouthrinse used ten times over a four-day period increased the concentration of acid-extractable fluoride in immature plaque by 320%, calcium by 190%, and phosphate by 97%. Corresponding increases in mature plaque were smaller, yet significant. Diffusion of the ions from plaque was restricted, and hence a prolonged caries-inhibitory effect can be expected.

Calcium↗
PubMed2004

[Living conditions of deer in the provinces of Western Pomerania and Lubuskie as revealed by mandibular content of fluoride, calcium and magnesium. II. Detailed statistical analysis with the statistica neural networks software].

Animals from areas contaminated by industrial emissions containing fluoride may accumulate it predominantly in hard tissues. The stable composition of the mandible makes it suitable for the study of accumulation of fluorides and other elements (Mg, Ca). It is also possible to determine the extent of pollution with fluorine compounds around industrial plants and to reveal some of the features of the natural habitat of wild animals. We applied the advanced technique of neural networks to investigate the simultaneous influence of multiple parameters on the accumulation of fluorine, magnesium, and calcium in the mandible of deer and possible interactions between these elements. The first step involved the generation of a neural network. In the present work, networks were created with the Intelligent Problem Solver (IPS). Input data were divided into three sets. One was used for training (Tr) of the network, another for validation (Ve) and control over the training process and the last one for testing (Te). Network quality was checked with the following parameters: Data Mean--average value of variable; Data SD--standard deviation of variable; Error Mean--average value of error; Abs. Mean--average error modulus; Error SD--standard deviation of error; SD Ratio--ratio of standard deviation of error to standard deviation of variable (Error SD/Data SD); Correlation--Pearson's correlation coefficient. For the model to be satisfactory, Pearson's correlation coefficient should be close to 1. In the case of complex problems with an unclear influence of parameters on the process, an analysis of parametric sensitivity must be performed. This task was accomplished automatically with the computer program. It was found that the effect of the same parameters on the accumulation of fluorine, magnesium and calcium varied. The results suggest interactions between the examined elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Marrow space star volume in the iliac crest decreases in osteoporotic patients after continuous treatment with fluoride, calcium, and vitamin D2 for five years.

Iliac crest biopsies in osteoporotic patients were obtained before and after five years of continuous treatment with sodium fluoride (40-60 mg/d), vitamin D2 (18,000 IE/d), and calcium phosphate (45 mmol/d). Star volume of marrow space and trabeculae, mean trabecular thickness, and fractional amount of trabecular bone were estimated on so-called vertical sections before and after treatment. Results showed a significant decrease in marrow space star volume after five years of treatment (35 mm3 versus 19 mm3) (2p less than 0.02). No significant changes were observed in trabecular star volume (0.149 mm3 versus 0.104 mm3) (2p greater than 0.50) or mean trabecular thickness (85 microns versus 79 microns, 2p greater than 0.30). A slight but insignificant increase in the fractional amount of trabecular bone was found (9.7% versus 10.4%, 2p greater than 0.50). A rather close inverse correlation was obtained, however, between individual changes in trabecular bone volume fraction and marrow space star volume (r = -0.72, 2p = 0.011). The findings suggest that the large marrow "cavities" had been split into two or more "cavities" by some newly generated trabecular structures leading to increased trabecular connectivity. The strength of trabecular bone may be increased due to this beneficial effect of fluoride on trabecular bone structure.

Aged↗