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PubMed1992

Calculating the prevalence of cancer.

Incidence, prevalence and mortality are commonly used measures to assess the impact of disease on human populations. Prevalence, although regularly assessed for a number of different diseases, has only had recent use to measure the impact of cancer. The calculation of the prevalence of cancer presents several difficulties since there is no reporting mechanism established to measure the proportion of the community that has the disease. In the absence of such a mechanism, mortality data linked to incidence data from cancer registries have been used. The assumption is made that once diagnosed with cancer an individual remains a prevalent case until death. In this paper we present alternatives to this assumption and use them to produce estimates of cancer prevalence. We illustrate the effect of these assumptions on the calculated prevalence of cancer using data from the British Columbia Cancer Registry.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1977

Mammographic parenchymal patterns and the prevalence of breast cancer.

An investigation of the relationship between breast parenchymal patterns and breast cancer prevalence in a large referral population is presented. Mammograms were assigned to one of four categories according to our interpretation of Wolfe's classification. Cancer prevalence for the four patterns was similar when uncorrected for age,, and was very high compared to that in the general population. Under age 50, the prominent duct pattern (P2) was associated with a very high relative cancer risk and DY carried a smaller increased risk. After age 50, prevalences for the patterns were nearly equal. Relationship between these findings and epidemiology of breast cancer are discussed and suggestions made for utilizing parenchymal patterns to guide examination frequency.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Estimate of regional prevalence of colorectal cancer in France].

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer prevalence is an important determinant of the health demand that completes information provided by cancer incidence. Current estimations established from data for the years 1985 and 1995 can be used to establish a precise description of changing healthcare needs for colorectal cancer. METHOD: Prevalence estimates method were based on incidence data computed on the regional scale by the FRANCIM network and mortality data provided by INSERM. We used the relationship that exists between the net risk of cancer, the net risk of dying of the given cancer and the age-specific prevalence of cancer. RESULTS: In 1995, the prevalence of patients who had a diagnosis of colorectal cancer amounted to 200 000 persons. The estimated number of prevalent cases was never lower than 3500 in any region and in 7 regions this number was higher than 10 000. From 1985 to 1995, there has been an increase of 35% in the prevalence rates. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the number of persons who have had a diagnosis of colorectal cancer provides knowledge for health care planning. Such information on the regional scale is very useful for the health organisation (SROS). This geographical level induces difficulties not encountered at the national level.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Prognostic significance of EGFR and Her-2 in oral cavity cancer in betel quid prevalent area cancer prognosis.

Although several studies have found overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proteins EGFR and Her-2 in head and neck cancers, the clinical relevance of the finding varies. We examined the expression and clinical association of these molecules with oral squamous cell carcinoma in an area where betel chewing is prevalent. EGFR and Her-2 proteins were measured in 59 paired (grossly normal and cancer) tissues by an enzyme immunoassy method. The cutoff value for gene overexpression was defined as the level of mean expression in normal tissue plus two s.d. A total of 59% of the patients consumed alcohol, 90% smoked tobacco, and 90% chewed betel quid. Of the patients assayed, 34 (58%) and 24 (41%) had EGFR and Her-2 overexpression, with average 3.5- and 1.5-fold elevations. EGFR overexpression has been shown to be statistically associated with T stage, N stage, overall TMN stage, primary tumour depth, lymph node extra-capsular spread, and poor survival. Her-2 overexpression, however, did not demonstrate a similar association with clinicopathological parameters or therapeutic outcome. On multivariant analysis, EGFR overexpression (P=0.041) and N stage (P=0.024) were the only independent factors for overall survival. These results indicate that the molecular targeting therapy to EGFR may be a treatment for oral cavity cancer in the betel quid-chewing prevalent area.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Broad in vitro efficacy of plant-derived betulinic acid against cell lines derived from the most prevalent human cancer types.

Betulinic acid (BA) is a widely available plant-derived triterpene with reported activity against cancer cells of neuroectodermal origin and leukaemias. Treatment with BA was shown to protect mice against transplanted human melanoma and led to tumor regression. In contrast, cells from healthy tissues were resistant to BA and toxic side-effects in animals were absent. These findings have raised interest in the chemotherapeutical anti-cancer potential of BA. A comprehensive assessment of the efficacy of BA against the clinically most important cancer types is currently lacking. Therefore, we tested the in vitro sensitivity of broad cell line panels derived from lung, colorectal, breast, prostate and cervical cancer, which are the prevalent cancer types characterized with highest mortalities in woman and men. Multiple assays were used in order to allow a reliable assessment of anti-cancer efficacy of BA. After 48 h of treatment with BA, cell viability as assessed with MTT and cell death as measured with propidium iodide exclusion showed clear differences in sensitivity between cell lines. However, in all cell lines tested colony formation was completely halted at remarkably equal BA concentrations that are likely attainable in vivo. Our results substantiate the possible application of BA as a chemotherapeutic agent for the most prevalent human cancer types.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2005

[Hereditary predisposition of colorectal cancer and prevalence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in general population of colorectal cancer patients in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze hereditary predisposition of CRC and the prevalence of HNPCC in general population of CRC patients in China. METHODS: CRC patients were from two sources. One is that we consecutively investigated 594 patients by ourselves. They were proved to be colorectal cancer by histology. The following data of all patients should be registered: sex, age diagnosed colorectal cancer, site, number and histological type of primary cancer. The other was the published Chinese and foreign literatures related to Chinese HNPCC prevalence, and there were cumulatively 3596 patients in all. Hereditary predisposition of CRC (or malignant tumors) is that CRC patients have two or more first- or second-degree relatives (or both) with CRC (or malignant tumors). HNPCC was diagnosed by Amsterdam Criteria I (AC I) or Amsterdam Criteria II (AC II), Japanese Criteria of HNPCC (JC). RESULTS: Hereditary predisposition of both malignant tumors and CRC were 17.2% and 5.2% in 594 patients with CRC, respectively. Multiple primary cancers and multiple CRC were 13.1% and 10.1% , respectively. Among them, multiple primary cancers and multiple CRCs without familial history were 9.1% and 6.7%, respectively. There was a correlation between familial history of malignant tumors and multiple primary cancers and multiple CRCs (both P < 0.01). Patients with familial history of malignant tumors had more frequently multiple primary cancers and multiple CRCs than patients without history of malignant tumors. Younger patients (< or = 50) were 21.4% in all CRC patients. there was a correlation between younger patients (< or =50) and familial history of malignant tumors and familial history of CRC (both P < 0.05). When CRC was diagnosed, patients with familial history of malignant tumors and familial history were younger than patients without them. In the population of CRC patients in China, prevalence of HNPCC diagnosed AC I, AC II and JC were 1.24%, 2.15% and 2.93%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hereditary predispositions of malignant tumors and CRC were 17.2% and 5.2% in CRC patients, respectively. Familial history of malignant tumors, multiple primary cancers and younger patients with CRC (< or =50) were the clinical markers of hereditary predisposition of malignant tumors including CRC. Multiple primary cancers and younger patients with CRC (< or =50) were all correlated with familial history of malignant tumors. The prevalence of HNPCC in China was similar to that in Western countries.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Fatigue and cancer: causes, prevalence and treatment approaches.

Fatigue is the most prevalent cancer-related symptom and has a significant adverse impact on patients' functional ability and quality of life. Hypotheses regarding the aetiology of cancer-related fatigue are discussed, and clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of oncology patients with fatigue are reviewed. Both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies for the management of fatigue are summarised.

Fatigue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence and geographic distribution of cancer in the health area of Guadalajara].

BACKGROUND: The total cancer prevalence falls within the range of 2%-3% of the population. Some data suggests differences in terms of whether the environment is urban or rural, other geographical factors and in the area surrounding nuclear power plants. This study is aimed at ascertaining said prevalences and the distribution thereof in the different geographical areas of the Guadalajara Healthcare District. METHODS: Point prevalence study in 1999 based on a systematic review of cases at primary and secondary sources in the Guadalajara Health District, including invasive malignant tumors among individuals over age 14. The overall and specific distribution in terms of the place of residence, region and proximity to nuclear power plants is analyzed, raw and adjusted prevalences/100,000 inhabitants and CI 95% prevalence index. RESULTS: A total of 2,717 cases were detected (raw prevalence: 2034.6/10(5)), there being a 50%-50% ratio between the urban and rural environments. The adjusted prevalence (worldwide population) is 1295.2/10(5), being greater in the urban environment (1479.9/10(5)) than in the rural environment (1136.3/10(5)). With regard to the geographic regions, solely thyroid cancer is more prevalent among women in the most depressed, mountainous areas, although involving a low-level casuistic. CONCLUSIONS: The cancer prevalences found are similar to those published and, following an age-based adjustment, are greater in the urban than in the rural environment. The differences among regions are related to the demographic and geographical characteristics and to the environment being urban.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of psychopathology in patients suffering from breast and gastrointestinal cancer.

Prevalence of psychopathology in 107 in- and outpatients suffering from cancer was assessed by means of self-rating inventory (Symptom Check List (SCL-90)) and an interview. There were 86 women with breast cancer and 21 patients with gastrointestinal cancer (9 women and 12 men). Inventory was administered once after surgery. Psychopathology exceeding so called mean borderline values derived from control samples ranged from 2% to 33% of the patients in particular dimensions of the inventory. Maximal mean values of the psychopathology were found in the dimensions of somatisation, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, hostility and of items not included, reflecting mostly sleep and eating distortions. Mean values of the psychopathology were insignificantly lower in patients after mastectomy, compared with gastrointestinal cancer patients. No significant differences between initial (I and II) and advanced (III and IV) stages of the illness were achieved in the patients from both investigated samples. Screened patients are suitable for psychiatric or psychologic therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The prevalence of cancer. Estimates based on the Connecticut Tumor Registry.

Cancer incidence and mortality do not fully reflect the effect of cancer. To estimate the number of persons alive who have a history of cancer, we derived prevalence rates based on data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. We did not attempt to distinguish between people who had been cured of cancer and those who still had the disease. In 1982 the age-adjusted prevalence rates of cancer among males and females were 1,789 and 2,222, respectively, per 100,000. Age-specific prevalence rates were highest among the elderly; 12 percent of men and 11 percent of women over 70 had previously been given a diagnosis of cancer. Breast cancer in females and prostate cancer in males were the two most prevalent malignant diseases. We estimate that about 5 million persons alive in the United States today have at one time received a diagnosis of cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Influence of immunosuppression on the prevalence of cancer after kidney transplantation.

The prevalence of cancer in renal transplant patients is greater than in the general population. It is influenced by demographic and ethnic characteristics. We performed a retrospective study of 793 patients who received 872 kidney transplants at our center during 23 years. The age at transplantation was 41.4+/-14.0 years, the follow up 75.4+/-69.4 months. The cohorts include 203 patients treated with azathioprine-prednisone; 510, cyclosporine-based therapy; and 159, tacrolimus-based therapy. There were 95 patients (10.9%) who developed at least one neoplasm with 9 having more than one type of tumor. The incidence was of 17.3 cases per 1000 patients-years. Forty-four (46.3%) had skin cancer, 8 (8.4%) Kaposi sarcoma and 43 (45.3%) a non-skin cancer. Seven of eight patients with Kaposi sarcoma were on CsA therapy. The risk of developing a neoplasm at 5, 10, and 15 years was 8%, 17%, and 30% respectively. In a multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with neoplastic diseases were older age (OR=1.061; 95% CI 1.039-1.084; P=.000), male sex (OR=2.658; 95% CI 1.536-4.599; P=.000), length of follow-up (OR=1.121; 95% CI 1.073-1.172; P =.000), and immunosuppression with CsA (OR=4.448; 95% CI 1.334-14.764; P=.015). Cancer was the cause of death in 26 patients, the fourth most common cause after cardiovascular disease, infection, and liver failure. We conclude that malignancies are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among transplant patients. Special attention must be devoted to older male patients with a long-term follow up to develop preventive and surveillance strategies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low dose CT in early lung cancer diagnosis: Prevalence data.

PURPOSE: Lung cancer has a high mortality rate and its prognosis largely depends on early detection. We report the prevalence data of the study on early detection of lung cancer with low-dose spiral CT underway at our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since the beginning of 2001, 519 asymptomatic volunteers have undergone annual blood tests, sputum tests, urinalyses and low-dose spiral CT. The inclusion criteria were age (=/> 55 years old), a history of cigarette smoking and a negative history for previous neoplastic disease. The diagnostic workup varied depending on the size and CT features of the nodules detected. RESULTS: At baseline, the CT scan detected nodules > 5 mm in 22% of subjects; the nodules were single in 42 and multiple in 71. In 53% of cases the findings were completely negative, while in 122 (23.4%) nodules with a diameter < 5 mm were detected. Six cases of lung cancer were identified, of which four were stage I, one stage was IIIB and one was stage IV with adrenal metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data on spiral CT as a potential new diagnostic tool for lung cancer screening, although less promising than the Japanese and ELCAP results, confirm the feasibility of the technique. Additional validation is, however, required.

Early Diagnosis↗
PubMed2002

Increasing 'active prevalence' of cancer in Western Australia and its implications for health services.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the active and total prevalence of cancer in Western Australia from 1990-98 and to examine trends in utilisation of hospital services by prevalent cancer patients. METHOD: Longitudinal analysis of linked cancer registrations, hospital separations and death registrations in Western Australia in 1990-98 using a population-based record linkage system. RESULTS: There was an estimated total of 53,450 patients ever-diagnosed with cancer in Western Australia at 30 June 1998 (29.7 per 1,000 population), an increase of 51% since mid-1990 (21.9/1,000). Patients with active disease accounted for 25% of the total prevalence, and the active prevalence of cancer increased from 5.1/1,000 in 1990 to 7.4/1,000 in 1998. In patients with active cancer, hospital admission rates for procedures other than chemotherapy and radiotherapy were stable or declining, but admission rates for chemotherapy and radiotherapy increased. The annual average cumulative length of stay decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: There has been a rapid increase in the number of prevalent patients requiring health care services for cancer during the 1990s. Most of the increase is due to improved survival, population growth and ageing. Further strain on Australian health care expenditure seems inevitable.

Female↗