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PubMed2007

Adherent leukocytes capture sickle erythrocytes in an in vitro flow model of vaso-occlusion.

Recent in vivo studies suggest that adherent leukocytes bind RBCs and contribute to the microvascular pathology that characterizes sickle cell disease (SCD). A parallel-plate flow assay was used: to investigate the capture of RBCs by adherent neutrophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes; to examine whether RBC capture is elevated in patients with SCD; and to determine whether hydroxyurea (HU) therapy affects these interactions. Four measures of cell-cell adhesion were used: adhesion of leukocytes to TNF-alpha-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), percent of adherent leukocytes that captured RBCs, number of RBCs captured per interacting leukocyte, and duration of RBC capture. Leukocyte subpopulations from sickle patients were more adherent to activated ECs and captured more RBCs per interacting leukocyte than the corresponding subpopulations from healthy controls. While HU did not affect leukocyte adhesion to activated ECs, it reduced the proportion of adherent leukocytes that captured RBCs, as well as the number of RBCs captured per neutrophil. T-lymphocytes demonstrated elevated adhesion in all measures, and may be the leukocyte subpopulation whose behavior is most altered in SCD. Our findings suggest that neutrophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes could all be involved in adhesive interactions with autologous RBCs in patients with SCD.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗

PubMed2006

Modulation and variability of prey capture kinematics in clariid catfishes.

Species with narrow or limited diets (trophic specialists) are expected to be less flexible in their feeding repertoire compared to species feeding on a wide range of different prey (trophic generalists). The ability to modulate prey capture kinematics in response to different prey types and prey position, as well as the overall variability in prey capture kinematics, is evaluated in four clariid species ranging from trophic generalist (Clarias gariepinus) to species with morphological specializations and a narrow diet (Channallabes apus and Gymnallabes typus). High-speed video recordings were made of prey captures on two prey that differ in shape, attachment strength and hardness. While the observed amount of strike-to-strike variability in prey capture kinematics is similar for all species and not influenced by prey type, only the two less specialized species showed the ability to modulate their prey capture kinematics in function of the presented prey types. All species did, however, show positional modulation during the strike by adjusting the magnitude of neurocranial elevation. These results indicate that the narrow dietary breadth of trophic specialists is indeed indicative of functional stereotypy in this group of fishes. Although most studies focussing on prey processing found a similar result, the present study is one of the few that was able to demonstrate this relationship when focussing on prey capture mechanics. Possibly, this relationship is less frequently observed for prey capture compared to prey processing because, regardless of prey type, the initial capture of prey requires a higher amount of variability.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of a surface-sampling probe electrospray mass spectrometry system for the analysis of surface-deposited and affinity-captured proteins.

A combined self-aspirating electrospray emitter/surfacing-sampling probe coupled with an ion trap mass spectrometer was used to sample and mass analyze proteins from surfaces. The sampling probe mass spectrometer system was used to sample and detect lysozyme that had been deposited onto a glass slide using a piezoelectric spotter or murine gamma-interferon affinity captured on a glass slide using surface-immobilized anti-gamma-interferon antibody. The detection level for surface-deposited lysozyme (spot size < or =200 microm) was approximately 1.0 fmol (approximately 100 fmol/mm2) as determined from the ability to measure accurately the protein molecular mass from the mass spectrum acquired by sampling the deposit. These detection limits may be sufficient for certain applications in which protein fractions from a separation method are collected onto a surface. Radiolabeled proteins were used to quantify the surface density of immobilized antibody and the efficiency of capture of the gamma-interferon on glass and higher surface area ceramic supports. The capture density of gamma-interferon at surface saturation ranged from about 23 to 50 fmol/mm2 depending on the capture surface. Nonetheless, mass spectrometric detection of affinity capture protein was successful in some cases, but the results were not reproducible. Thus, improvement of the sampling system, ionization efficiency and/or capture density will be necessary for practical sampling of affinity-captured proteins. The means to accomplish improved sampling system detection limits and to increase the absolute amounts of protein captured per unit area are discussed.

Affinity Labels↗

PubMed1998

Capture of single-stranded DNA assisted by oligonucleotide modules.

Real-time biospecific interaction analysis was employed to monitor direct capture of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) derived polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product by nucleic acid hybridization. Different formats for hybridization were used to study the interaction between a single-stranded HCV PCR product and capture oligonucleotides immobilized on a sensor chip via streptavidin-biotin chemistry. By employing a prehybridization step in solution with nonbiotin oligonucleotides complementary to the single-stranded target and adjacent to the immobilized probe, a significant capture was achieved in comparison to the low capture efficiency obtained using single immobilized probes (9-36 mer). High capture efficiencies were also observed when shorter immobilized probes were used in combination with strings of adjacently positioned prehybridized probes (i.e., modules). Interestingly, the introduction of single nucleotide gaps between prehybridized and/or immobilized probes dramatically reduced the capture efficiency. These results suggest that flexible systems for capture could be designed from libraries of short oligonucleotides (9 mers) used in module fashion, taking advantage of stacking interactions between the oligonucleotides. The potential applications of such oligonucleotide-assisted capture systems are discussed.

DNA Primers↗

PubMed2004

Differences in prey capture in grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, collected along an environmental impact gradient.

The waterways and associated salt marshes along the western border of Staten Island, New York (Arthur Kill) have long been under environmental duress. Environmental threats include industrial and municipal discharges, oil spills, and possible leachate from landfills. These impacts are compounded due to the low flushing of this body of water. Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, inhabiting the Arthur Kill are, therefore, potentially at risk of exposure to metal and organic pollutants. Successful prey capture (of live brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana) was used to compare the relative health of shrimp collected from three sites along an environmental impact gradient. Study sites included a relatively unimpacted harbor (Great Kills Harbor, GK) and two creeks adjoining the Arthur Kill (Nassau Creek, NC, and Richmond Creek, RC). Shrimp originating from GK exhibited a rate of prey capture (6.3 prey h(-1)) that was about two times greater (p < 0.05) than that of shrimp originating from a creek behind a series of landfills (RC, 3.2 prey h(-1)). The rate of prey capture for shrimp collected from a creek impacted by historic smelting activities (NC) was intermediate (5.4 prey h(-1)). Laboratory studies with shrimp from a pristine site (Tuckerton, NJ) exposed to RC conditions (i.e., sediment and water) for eight weeks indicate that reduced prey capture can be induced in healthy shrimp. Finally, video analysis suggests that reduced prey capture in RC shrimp may not be the result of less effort, but rather the combination of (1) 80% fewer (p < 0.05) prey being captured with a lunge type of attack and (2) a greater reliance (p < 0.05) on a less efficient grab type of foraging behavior (64% success rate for RC versus 87% success rate for GK; p = 0.058). These results indicate that sublethal toxicity in environmentally impacted populations can occur and that prey capture may be used to assay the relative health of field specimens. Additionally, impaired prey capture may have important implications for the energy flow within impacted environments.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Motion capture changes to induced motion at higher luminance contrasts, smaller eccentricities, and larger inducer sizes.

In the stimulus configuration for "motion capture" phenomenon, we varied luminance contrast of the center disk (target), eccentricity and stimulus size. The subjects had to judge the direction of perceived target motion. We found that motion capture changed to induced motion (the direction of illusory motion was reversed) at smaller eccentricities and larger stimulus sizes. At intermediate eccentricities, motion capture changed to induced motion with increasing luminance contrast of the target. By using magnitude estimation, we also found that even a luminance-defined target was captured ("homochromatic motion capture") and that a moving target was captured by a stationary inducer ("position capture"). Both motion and position capture effects were commonly observed at lower luminance contrasts of the target, larger eccentricities and smaller sizes. From these results, we propose a model of center-surround antagonistic motion contrast detectors in motion processing.

Contrast Sensitivity↗

PubMed2005

Does double electron capture lead to the formation of biradicals? An ECD-SORI-CID study on lacticin 481.

We studied lacticin 481, a small lantibiotic with three lanthionine bridges, by electron capture dissociation (ECD) in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Following electron capture, very little fragmentation was observed, but species formed by nondissociative single and multiple electron capture were abundant. Ions formed by double electron capture were subjected to sustained off resonance irradiation collision induced dissociation (SORI-CID) to determine whether stable biradicals were formed. In the SORI-CID spectra of the ions formed by double electron capture, some, but minor, H* radical loss was observed, which was not observed at all for regularly protonated ions. A small part of the ions formed by double electron capture are thus long-lived biradicals. Apart from the observed H* loss, the SORI-CID spectra of ions that captured two electrons was similar to that of regularly protonated ions and quite different from the SORI-CID spectra of radical ions formed by single electron capture. This implies that recombination of the two radical sites is the dominant process in biradical lacticin 481 ions, at least on the time scale of our SORI-CID experiments.

Bacteriocins↗

PubMed2004

Intraocular lens optic capture.

A continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) provides a tear-resistant opening that allows use of a technique of capturing the intraocular lens (IOL) optic through the capsulorhexis opening when the opening is at least 1.0 to 2.0 mm smaller than the optic diameter. The technique provides stability and long-term centration of the IOL and prevents vitreous from extending anterior to the IOL. This paper reviews the current variations of optic capture including (1) haptics in the sulcus and IOL optic capture through a CCC, (2) haptics in the sulcus and IOL optic capture through an anterior capsule opening and a posterior CCC (PCCC), (3) haptics in the capsular bag and IOL optic capture through a PCCC, (4) haptics in the capsular bag and IOL optic capture through an anterior CCC, (5) haptics in the sulcus and IOL capture through a capsular membrane opening, and (6) haptics posterior to the capsular bag and IOL capture through a capsular membrane opening.

Capsulorhexis↗

PubMed2006

Seeing trees OR seeing forests in simultanagnosia: attentional capture can be local or global.

Patients with simultanagnosia often demonstrate 'local capture', meaning that they identify only the local elements of stimuli that contain a hierarchy of both local and global structures. Recent studies, however, have found that these patients may implicitly process the global form. We examined the general applicability of the concept of local capture, and specifically whether the global level of stimuli can be explicitly reported by patients with simultanagnosia. We tested a patient with simultanagnosia with globally biased stimuli such as hierarchical Arcimboldo faces and small, dense Navon letters. With Arcimboldo faces our patient often reported only the face and not the local elements--the first demonstration of global rather than local capture. With Navon letters, the patient's ability to report the global letter varied with stimulus density and inversely with stimulus size, so that local capture was found only with large and sparse stimuli. With both faces and letters, the likelihood of global capture by the patient was related to the ease of global reporting in controls, as indexed by their reaction times. This suggests that the patient's global perception is influenced by the same factors operating in healthy individuals. We conclude that attentional capture in simultanagnosia can be either global or local. Capture likely occurs because of a pathological restriction and/or rigidity of attention, but the type of capture depends upon the competitive balance between global and local salience.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Antibody responses against avian reovirus nonstructural protein sigmaNS in experimentally virus-infected chickens monitored by a monoclonal antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Crude antigen preparations from avian reovirus (ARV)-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (sigmaNS) or from bacterially expressed protein sigmaNS (esigmaNS) were captured by monoclonal antibody 1E1(MAb 1E1) against ARV nonstructural protein sigmaNS immobilized on the ELISA plates and were used as the MAb capture ELISA for antibody detection. Sixty one-week-old specific pathogenic free (SPF) chickens were divided into six groups and were vaccinated with live or inactivated ARV vaccine preparations in different combinations or inoculated with a virulent ARV strain. Sera collected from the birds were tested for their antibody responses to ARV nonstructural protein sigmaNS. Using the MAb capture ELISAs, the level of nonspecific binding reactions was tested on the serum samples obtained weekly from mock-infected SPF chickens from 1 to 25 weeks and compared to the results tested by the conventional ELISA. The results indicated that both MAb capture ELISAs had lower nonspecific bindings than those in the conventional ELISA, even in older birds. Antibody responses against ARV sigmaNS of the birds which received the inactivated vaccine twice (group I), inactivated vaccine followed by a live vaccine (group II), or a live vaccine followed by boosting with an inactivated vaccine (group III) were detected by MAb captured ELISA with sigmaNS crude antigens. The absorbance values increased rapidly at 1-2 weeks after boosting, approximated a peak at 5-6 weeks of age, and maintained this throughout the length of the experiment. The absorbance values of the MAb capture ELISA showed a good correlation to the SN titers ( r value > 0.85). On the other hand, serum samples from the birds which received the live vaccine twice (group IV) or were inoculated with a virulent ARV (group V) did not show antibody responses to sigmaNS, similar to those from the mock-infected birds (group VI), as the absorbance values maintained at a low level (below 0.5) throughout the length of the experiment. Similar results were obtained in the sera detected by MAb capture ELISA with crude esigmaNS antigens, except that the absorbance values in the sera from the birds in group III were gradually increased and later approximated a peak at 11 weeks of age and maintained this throughout the length of the experiments. The results suggest that MAb capture ELISAs can be readily used to detect antibody responses of the birds against ARV nonstructural protein sigmaNS which may reflect an immune status of a chicken flock, receiving ARV vaccine as long as including an inactivated vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Gumfooted lines in black widow cobwebs and the mechanical properties of spider capture silk.

Orb-weaving spiders produce webs using two types of silk that have radically different mechanical properties. The dragline silk used to construct the supporting frame and radii of the web is stiff and as strong as steel, while the capture spiral is much weaker but more than ten times as extensible. This remarkable divergence in mechanical properties has been attributed to the aqueous glue that coats the capture spiral, which is thought to decrease capture spiral stiffness and increase its extensibility. However, discerning the effect of the aqueous glue on fiber performance is complicated because dragline silk and the capture spiral are assembled from different proteins, which may also affect mechanical performance. Here, we use the sticky gumfooted lines of black widow cobwebs to test the effect of the addition of aqueous glue on the mechanical properties of dragline silk. We also surveyed orb-webs spun by a broad range of species for bundles of looped silk. Such bundles, termed windlasses, have been thought to increase capture spiral extensibility by "paying out" additional lengths of silk. Our results suggest that neither plasticization of silk by aqueous glue nor excess silk in windlasses can by themselves account for the remarkable extensibility of orb-weaver capture silk compared to other spider silks. This argues that the unique amino acid motifs of the flagelliform fibroins that constitute the core of the capture spiral play an essential role in capture silk's extreme extensibility.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed2003

Interactions between ecology, demography, capture stress, and profiles of corticosterone and glucose in a free-living population of Australian freshwater crocodiles.

In this study we examined three aspects pertaining to adrenocortical responsiveness in free-ranging Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni). First, we examined the ability of freshwater crocodiles to produce corticosterone in response to a typical capture-stress protocol. A second objective addressed the relationship between capture stress, plasma glucose and corticosterone. Next we examined if variation in basal and capture-stress-induced levels of plasma corticosterone was linked to ecological or demographic factors for individuals in this free-ranging population. Blood samples obtained on three field trips were taken from a cross-sectional sample of the population. Crocodiles were bled once during four time categories at 0, 0.5, 6, and 10h post-capture. Plasma corticosterone increased significantly with time post-capture. Plasma glucose also significantly increased with duration of capture-stress and exhibited a positive and significant relationship with plasma corticosterone. Significant variation in basal or stress induced levels of corticosterone in crocodiles was not associated with any ecological or demographic factors including sex, age class or the year of capture that the crocodiles were sampled from. However, three immature males had basal levels of plasma corticosterone greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean. While crocodiles exhibited a pronounced adrenocortical and hyperglycaemic response to capture stress, limited variation in adrenocortical responsiveness due to ecological and demographic factors was not evident. This feature could arise in part because this population was sampled during a period of environmental benigness.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1997

Capture-ELISA: a new assay for the detection of immunoglobulin M isotype antibodies using Chlamydia trachomatis antigen.

We present here a new method of IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-Capture-ELISA) for the diagnosis of recently acquired infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. For this analysis, plates were coated with goat IgG anti-human Fc mu. The capture of serum IgM antibodies was revealed indirectly by the sequential addition of biotinylated chlamydial proteins and peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin. In chlamydial extracts, cysteine-rich proteins are preferential antigenic targets for the humoral response. 3-(N-maleimidopropionyl)-biocytin (MPB), which binds biotinylated moieties to sulfhydryl groups, was used for the labeling procedure. The preservation of the antigenic specificity of labeled proteins was controlled by a blotting of these proteins, which were, respectively, probed either with specific IgM antibodies or with streptavidin. This analysis revealed that, after labeling, recognized epitopes are more particularly present on the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis. The validation of IgM-Capture-ELISA was assessed by using 170 selected sera from patients suspected of being infected by Chlamydia. Results were respectively compared to conventional indirect immunofluorescence assays (MIF-IgM assays) and to Western blotting. Sixteen sera were found to possess IgM antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis with IgM-Capture-ELISA. Among these 16 sera, 14 and 15 were, respectively, positive with MIF-IgM assays and in Western blotting. Data obtained with IgM-Capture-ELISA reveal the absence of false-positive results in sera containing rheumatoid factor, which has been shown to interfere in the two other methods. IgM-Capture-ELISA value was then confirmed using sera from patients consulting for genital or pulmonary diseases, from patients with confirmed chlamydial infections, and from patients with other pathologies. IgM-Capture-ELISA appears as an alternative simple semi-quantitative assay for the detection of early chlamydial infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Triage of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance with hybrid capture II: colposcopy and histologic human papillomavirus correlation.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effectiveness of Hybrid Capture II to predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) from a cytological cervical sample. Evidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) was also determined from biopsy samples using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for women referred with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) Papanicolaou smears. METHODS: We screened 8170 women with Papanicolaou smears, of whom 278 (3.4%) returned ASCUS. All ASCUS cases underwent colposcopy and Hybrid Capture II testing. High-grade CIN biopsy specimens were tested for high-risk HPV by PCR. RESULTS: Nearly 30% of ASCUS cases had CIN biopsy results (11.9% showing CIN II or CIN III and 17.6% showing CIN I). Hybrid Capture II positive rates were 93.3% for cases with CIN III, 72.2% for CIN II, and 51.0% for CIN I (P <.001). ASCUS-Premalignant Process Favored cases showed a 28.1% high-grade biopsy rate and a 100% Hybrid Capture II positive rate. For ASCUS-Undefined and ASCUS-Reactive Process Favored cases, Hybrid Capture II returned positive in 90.9% of CIN III and 61.5% of CIN II cases (P <.001). Sixty-nine of 178 (38.8%) patients with no evidence of CIN tested positive for Hybrid Capture II. Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) high-risk subtypes were detected by PCR in the tissue of all high-grade CIN cases with negative Hybrid Capture II results. CONCLUSION: Hybrid Capture II returned negative in 25% of cases with biopsy-proven high-grade CIN with associated high-risk HPV DNA by PCR (non-Premalignant ASCUS subset), and positive in 39.3% of cases with normal results; this limits its clinical utility.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Role of optic capture in congenital cataract and intraocular lens surgery in children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of optic capture in eyes having cataract extraction, anterior vitrectomy, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for congenital cataract. SETTING: Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 40 eyes of 28 children, whose mean age was 26.08 months (range 4 to 55 months). Primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, anterior vitrectomy, and IOL implantation were performed in all eyes. Eyes were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups of 20 each: in 1 group, optic capture would be used and in the other, the noncapture technique. Permanent optic capture was achieved in 14 eyes, and 26 eyes had no optic capture. Mean follow-up was 16.53 months (range 5 to 24 months). A Student t test and chi-square test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: All eyes in both groups maintained a clear visual axis. One eye in the optic-capture group developed a membrane in front of the IOL that required a secondary procedure. Posterior synechia formation was significantly greater in the optic-capture group (P =.04), as were deposits on the IOL optic (P =.0086). Although all eyes in both groups maintained a clinically centered IOL, geometric decentration was more common in the no-capture group (P =.0000). CONCLUSION: Optic capture resulted in better IOL centration but predisposed the eye to an increased uveal inflammatory response.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2004

Electrophoretic capture and detection of nanoparticles at the opening of a membrane pore using scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Stochastic electrophoretic capture of individual nanometer-scale particles at the small opening of a conically shaped nanopore in a synthetic membrane is described. Particle capture is sensed using a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) to measure the decrease in the transport rate of a redox-active molecule through the pore. The SECM tip is positioned at the larger backside opening of pore and used to amperometrically monitor the transport rate prior, during, and after particle capture. Following capture, the particle is released by electrophoretically driving it out of the pore opening and back into the solution. The capture and release method is demonstrated by detection of charged polystyrene spheres (43-150-nm diameter) using a polycarbonate membrane with conically shaped pores, the small opening of the pore having a diameter of 60 nm. The inverse of the time to capture polystyrene spheres increases with particle concentration over the range 10(8)-10(10) particles/mL. Selective detection based on nanoparticle charge and size is also demonstrated. A quantitative theoretical description of the rate of particle capture is presented, and the physical mechanism of particle capture, based on the balance of electrostatic and entropic forces, is considered.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Effect of the method of capture on the haematology and blood chemistry of red deer (Cervus elaphus).

Haematological and plasma biochemical constituents can be affected during capture and handling operations in wildlife. The present study compares the blood constituents of 40 red deer (Cervus elaphus) captured using two different methods: 20 were captured by physical means, using long nets and box traps, and 20 by chemical means, using a mixture of xylazine and ketamine. Significant differences were found in the haemogram: red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and total leukocyte counts were higher in animals captured by physical means. Conversely, the eosinophil count was higher in deer captured using anaesthetic. The plasma activity of alanine amino transferase, and the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, alpha-2 globulins, total proteins, sodium and chloride, were significantly higher in the group captured by physical means. With the exception of the eosinophil count, all the blood constituents which presented higher values were in the group of physically captured deer, and thus it is necessary to take into account the method of capture when interpretation or establishment of reference values is performed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Shotgun glycopeptide capture approach coupled with mass spectrometry for comprehensive glycoproteomics.

We present a robust and general shotgun glycoproteomics approach to comprehensively profile glycoproteins in complex biological mixtures. In this approach, glycopeptides derived from glycoproteins are enriched by selective capture onto a solid support using hydrazide chemistry followed by enzymatic release of the peptides and subsequent analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. The approach was validated using standard protein mixtures that resulted in a close to 100% capture efficiency. Our capture approach was then applied to microsomal fractions of the cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line IGROV-1/CP. With a Protein Prophet probability value greater than 0.9, we identified a total of 302 proteins with an average protein identification rate of 136 +/- 19 (n = 4) in a single linear quadrupole ion trap (LTQ) mass spectrometer nano-LC-MS experiment and a selectivity of 91 +/- 1.6% (n = 4) for the N-linked glycoconsensus sequence. Our method has several advantages. 1) Digestion of proteins initially into peptides improves the solubility of large membrane proteins and exposes all of the glycosylation sites to ensure equal accessibility to capture reagents. 2) Capturing glycosylated peptides can effectively reduce sample complexity and at the same time increase the confidence of MS-based protein identifications (more potential peptide identifications per protein). 3) The utility of sodium sulfite as a quencher in our capture approach to replace the solid phase extraction step in an earlier glycoprotein chemical capture approach for removing excess sodium periodate allows the overall capture procedure to be completed in a single vessel. This improvement minimizes sample loss, increases sensitivity, and makes our protocol amenable for high throughput implementation, a feature that is essential for biomarker identification and validation of a large number of clinical samples. 4) The approach is demonstrated here on the analysis of N-linked glycopeptides; however, it can be applied equally well to O-glycoprotein analysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗