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PubMed1998

Baboon/human homologies examined by spectral karyotyping (SKY): a visual comparison.

Baboon (Papio hamadryas) metaphase chromosomes were analyzed using spectral karyotyping (SKY), a technique combining fluorescence microscopy, CCD-imaging, and Fourier spectroscopy. Results from a comparison of SKY analyses using probes derived from human chromosomes on baboon metaphases were consistent with the majority of comparative gene mapping data between the two species. These data were also compatible with earlier studies comparing macaque and human chromosomes. Human (HSA) chromosome 2 was homologous to baboon (PHA) chromosomes 12 (HSA 2q) and 13 (HSA 2p), whereas three baboon chromosomes corresponded to two different human chromosomes: PHA 3 to HSA 7 and HSA 21, PHA 7 to HSA 14 and HSA 15, and PHA 10 to HSA 20 and HSA 22. These results support the retained synteny between the Hominidae and Cercopithecidae genomes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A reappraisal of the locomotion and habitat preference of Theropithecus oswaldi.

The one modern member of the genus Theropithecus, T. gelada (Primates, Cercopithecidae), inhabits grassland and is highly terrestrial. It is often supposed that Theropithecus oswaldi, one of the most common primates of the Plio-Pleistocene of East and southern Africa, was also a highly terrestrial open habitat species. Ecomorphic analysis was used to assess the locomotor strategy and habitat preference of T. oswaldi, and it was found that this species was unlikely to have had a locomotor strategy and habitat preference identical to that of T. gelada, with T. oswaldi possibly using arboreal substrates in a manner similar to some modern baboon groups. Thus, it appears that there has been considerable ecological diversity in the genus Theropithecus over the course of its evolution, mirroring the diversity evident in the hominin fossil record.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Comparative RB1 gene mapping in Homo sapiens, Pithecia pithecia, Macaca sylvana, and Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus.

The chromosomal localization of the gene for retinoblastoma (RB1), which has been mapped to band 13q14 in man, was studied by in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes of selected primates, including Pithecia pithecia, Macaca sylvana, and Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus. The results allowed us to determine the position of the bands homologous to human chromosome band 13q14 in these species. Hybridization analysis corroborated the results of previous studies that defined the chromosome homologous to human chromosome 13 (HSA 13) in these species. By comparing RB1 localizations and banding patterns, it is shown that the rearrangement separating HSA 13 from its homologous chromosome in Cercopithecidae is not a pericentric inversion, as suggested by earlier studies. Since the banding pattern and RB1 localization are not changed, the modification of the centromeric index is explained by a centromeric shift or by two inversions, one pericentric and one paracentric.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Scanning electron microscopy of baboon spermatozoa.

Ejaculated baboon sperm was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The plasma membrane was generally smooth except on the acrosome where it was probably slightly wrinkled. The head was short, oval, paddle-shaped and tapering at its anterior end. The anterior segment of the acrosome was surrounded by a marginal thickening; the postacrosomal region was limited anteriorly by the equatorial segment and caudally by the posterior ring. Subsurface structures were visible in the tail, such as the relatively long and regular helix of mitochondria in the middle piece and the columns and ribs of the sheath in the principal piece. The morphology and dimensions of the baboon sperm was compared with that of other Primates and found very close to that of other Cercopithecidae.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1978

The taste responses in primates to the proteins thaumatin and monellin and their phylogenetic implications.

Electrophysiological and behavioural methods have been applied to 34 species of the primates and, for comparison, to the Madagascan hedgehog to determine their responses to the proteins thaumatin and monellin. These substances elicit an intensely sweet taste sensation in man. All Catarrhina prefer monellin to water. The responses of the Prosimii as well as those of the South American primates to monellin are different, some species show a reaction, other species are not sensitive. In the case of thaumatin neither the Prosimii--including Tupaia and Tarsius--nor the South American primates show any response to this protein. Only the Cercopithecidae, the Hylobatidae and the Pongidae respond to this protein like man and prefer this substance to water. This physiological aspect of taste constitutes a clear dichotomy within the order Primates. This capability to taste thaumatin probably developed as long as 38 million years ago.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cytogenetic study of five species of Cercopithecus.

The G- and C-banded karyotypes of five species of Cercopithecus are reported. The chromosome numbers are: for C. ascanius katangae 2 n = 66 (XX); for C. petaurista petaurista 2 n = 66 (XY); for C. mona mona 2 n = 68 (XX); for C. pogonias grayi 2 n = 72 (XY) and for C. hamlyni 2 n = 64 (XY). We always found three types of chromosome: metacentric, sub-metacentric and acrocentric. The 'marker chromosomes' typical of the Cercopithecidae are of the last type. The karyotype of C. pogonias grayi shows a characteristic pair of acrocentric autosomes which is again found in the hybrid karyotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Housing and care of monkeys and apes in laboratories: adaptations allowing essential species-specific behaviour.

During the last two decades an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the housing and care of monkeys and apes in laboratories, as has been done with the housing and care of other categories of captive animals. The purpose of this review is to develop recommendations for adaptations of housing and care from our knowledge of the daily behavioural activity of monkeys and apes in natural conditions and in enriched laboratory conditions. This review deals mainly with adaptations of daily housing and care with respect to behaviour, and it is restricted to commonly-used species: Callitrichidae (Callitrix jacchus, Saguinus oedipus); Cebidae (Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, Cebus apella); Cercopithecidae (Macaca fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides, Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephalus); Pongidae (Pan troglodytes).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1977

Physiologic measures of nonhuman primates during physical restraint and chemical immobilization.

The arterial acid-base balance and other selected physiologic measures of physically restrained and chemically immobilized nonhuman primates from the families Callithricidae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, and Pongidae were compared. The physically restrained primates had significantly lower pH, pCO2, and base excess values, but they had significantly higher pO2 values, rectal temperatures, and pulse and respiration rates. Of 56 physically restrained primates, 30 (54%) experienced severe metabolic acidosis, with pH values less than 7.2; 15 (27% of total) had pH values less than 7.1. Two types of behavior were observed during the physical restraint of golden marmosets. Some of the marmosets were excited during restraint, with a great deal of struggling and vocalizing. The other marmosets were quiet and calm, with minimal struggling. The excited group had significantly lower pH, pCO2, and base excess values, but significantly higher pO2 values, rectal temperatures, and pulse and respiration rates. Primates immobilized with ketamine or tiletaminezolazepam had a near normal acid-base balance and were handled more easily than the physically restrained animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Role of chromosomes in evolution: a new interpretation].

The number of possible meiotic segregations of paternal and maternal chromosomes is 2N (N = haploid chromosome number). In eutherian Mammals, where large variations of N exist, 2N may be very different in related species, genes, or families. For instance, in Cercopithecidae, species with the highest value (N = 36) make 2(15) = 32,768 more gametic chromosome combinations than those with the lowest value (N = 21). It is also shown that the number of chiasmata varies from species to species and is proportional to the haploid number of arms NF/2 of the karyotype. Thus, increase or decrease of both N and NF/2, often concomitant, both increase or decrease genetic mixing. The chromosomal phylogeny of Primates, Carnivora and Rodentia shows that pure dichotomic evolution is rare, at contrast with populational (non dichotomic) evolution which seems most frequent. In these Mammals, the few examples of dichotomic evolution are observed in groups with low values of N and NF/2. It is concluded that dichotomic evolution, which should be favoured by the transmission of groups of linked mutant alleles, is prevented, in most instances, by the high recombination rate in karyotypes with high values of N and NF/2. Thus the mode of speciation would depend on karyotype modifications by long term effects on population genetics, in addition to the immediate effects of gametic barriers due to chromosomal rearrangements in the heterozygous state.

Alleles↗
PubMed1975

Spermiation and epididymal maturation of spermatozoa in the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) as viewed by scanning electron microscopy.

Spermiation and epididymal maturation of spermatozoa were studied in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) by light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, location, and release of residual body were observed during spermiation. Along the epididymal duct, the shape of spermatozoa changed, the constriction at the anulus disappeared, the marginal thickening diminished in length, and the cytoplasmic droplet regressed and moved toward the posterior end of the middle piece. Mature spermatozoa were very similar to those of other Cercopithecidae, and they showed a forward motility and a drop in eosin stainability.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phylogenetic development of brain and brain sulci in primates.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic development of the cerebrum and cerebral sulcus in primates. The species selected were Macacus, Hylobates, Pan and Homo sapiens. These samples are classified as old world monkeys (Cercopithecidae), anthropoid apes (Pongidae), and Man (Hominidae). Although these four species divided up and went their separate ways from about the Oligocene era, the pattern of the cerebral sulci is similar. Of various cerebral sulci, the cingulate and calcarine sulci were selected, because they run on the medial surface of the cerebrum. The length of these sulci and fronto-occipital (FO) length were measured by a "cotton-thread" method. With the increase of size (FO-length) and weight of the brain, these sulci became longer, but there were no significant differences in the ratio of the calcarine sulcus to the FO-length among these four species. On the contrary, the ratio of the cingulate sulcus to the FO-length in Pan and Homo sapiens was significantly higher than in the other species, indicating that this ratio becomes higher with the phylogenetic development. The results of the present study suggest that the ratios of these sulci to the FO-length can be used as good indices to assess the degree of the phylogenetic development of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Brief communication: new primate remains from the Miocene of Namibia, southern Africa.

Miocene primates from southern Africa are extremely rare. For this reason we wish to place on record several interesting new fossil primate specimens recently recovered from the Miocene sites of Berg Aukas and Harasib in the Otavi Mountain region of northern Namibia. The new finds consist of a virtually complete atlas vertebra from Berg Aukas attributable to the hominoid Otavipithecus namibiensis and two teeth and four postcranial fragments from Harasib referrable to Cercopithecoidea. The atlas vertebra exhibits anatomical characteristics intermediate between those of modern cercopithecoids and hominoids which may be indicative of a transition from pronograde to orthograde postures. The cercopithecoid remains show that the earliest Old World monkeys known from southern Africa were small, approximately the size of vervet monkeys. These new specimens are important because they provide the first evidence relating to possible positional behaviors of Otavipithecus and the earliest fossil record of cercopithecoids from southern Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Skull of Catopithecus browni, an early tertiary catarrhine.

Fossil crania from quarry L-41, Fayum, Egypt, representing Catopithecus browni, a primate similar in size to callitrichids but with a catarrhine dental formula, provide the geologically earliest record of an anthropoidean skull. Catopithecus had postorbital closure developed to the stage seen in extant anthropoideans, with direct contact between zygomatic plate and maxillary tuber, isolating an anterior orbital fissure from the inferior orbital fissure. The auditory region also resembles that of later anthropoideans: The posterior carotid foramen is placed adjacent to the jugular fossa; a large promontory canal crosses the promontorium; and the annular ectotympanic is fused ventrally to the bulla. The incisors and canines show an assemblage of features found only among modern anthropoideans and adapoids. The face is characterized by a relatively deep maxilla, broad ascending wing of the premaxilla, and long nasal bones, yielding a moderate muzzle similar to that of Aegyptopithecus. The small braincase bears an anteriorly broad frontal trigon and a posteriorly developed sagittal crest. The mandibular symphysis is unfused even in mature adults. The encephalization quotient (EQ) probably falls within the range of Eocene prosimians, much lower than the EQs of Neogene anthropoideans.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Allometric patterns of cranial bone thickness in fossil hominids.

The interspecific allometry of five measures of total cranial bone thickness is examined in 10 extant catarrhine genera and two fossil hominid samples representing A. africanus and Asian H. erectus. Analysis of the modern sample shows that most interspecific variation in vault thickness can be accounted for by variation in body size. Correlation values are moderate to high (r = 0.75-0.98), and all variables exhibit positive allometry. The bone thickness: body mass relationship of modern humans broadly conforms with that of other primates. However, in the distribution of relative thickness throughout the skull, H. sapiens is distinguished by relative thickening of the parietal and extreme relative thinning of the temporal squama. The bone thickness: body mass relationship in the two early hominid species is examined using published mean body weight estimates generated from post-cranial predictor variables. A. africanus exhibits great similarity to modern humans in its relation to the catarrhine regression data and in the distribution of relative thickness throughout the skull. H. erectus also shows a modern human-like pattern in the distribution of its relative thickness; however, its bone thickness: body mass relationship is dissimilar to that displayed by all other taxa, including the other hominid species. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the published body weight estimate assigned to H. erectus greatly underestimates actual mean body size for Asian members of this species.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Cercopithecid locomotion, support use, and support availability in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast.

Habitat heterogeneity is widely theorized to be important in the evolution of Old World monkeys, yet the impact of architecturally distinct forest types on the positional repertoires of African monkeys is largely unknown. As part of a wider project, this study investigates how the locomotor behavior of five sympatric cercopithecids varies in structurally distinct forest areas. Fieldwork took place in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast, from June 1993 to August 1994. Data were collected on Colobus badius, C. polykomos, C. verus, Cercopithecus diana, and C. campbelli ranging throughout a common forest mosaic. The behavior of adult females was sampled using an instantaneous time point scheme at 3 min time intervals. Vegetative differences within each 100 x 100 m grid cell used by all species were quantified. Further, the relative numbers of different sized substrates at 10 m intervals within the canopy were recorded in each cell sampled. Data indicate that consistency of locomotor behavior across forest types is maintained because most monkeys select the same set of preferred supports in both forest types. The conservative nature of Tai monkey locomotor behavior is discussed within the context of additional proximate and ultimate influences and constraints.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evolution of human growth spurts.

This study investigates subadult growth spurts in a large sample of anthropoid primates, including humans. Analyses of body mass growth curves show that humans are not unique in the expression of female and male body mass growth spurts. Subadult growth spurts are observed in both New World and Old World anthropoid primates and are more common in males than in females. Allometric analyses of growth spurts indicate that many aspects of primate growth spurts are strongly correlated with species size. Small species tend not to exhibit growth spurts. Although male and female scaling patterns for velocity and size measures are comparable, scaling relations of variables that measure the timing of growth spurts differ by sex. These patterns can be related to sexual differences in life histories. Scaling analyses further show that humans do not depart substantially from patterns that describe other anthropoid primates. Thus, in relative terms, human growth spurts are not exceptional compared to this sample of primates. The long absolute delay in the initiation of the human growth spurt may be of substantial evolutionary importance and serves to distinguish humans from other primates. In essence, humans exhibit growth spurts that are comparable to other primates in many respects. However, human growth spurts are shifted to very late absolute ages.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Fluorescene in situ hybridization establishes homology between human and silvered leaf monkey chromosomes, reveals reciprocal translocations between chromosomes homologous to human Y/5, 1/9, and 6/16, and delineates an X1X2Y1Y2/X1X1X2X2 sex-chromosome system.

We employed in situ hybridization of chromosome-specific DNA probes ("chromosome painting") of all human chromosomes to establish homologies between the human and the silvered lead monkey karyotypes (Presbytis cristata 2n = 44). The 24 human paints gave 30 signals on the haploid female chromosome set and 34 signals on the haploid male chromosome set. This difference is due to a reciprocal translocation between the Y and an autosome homologous to human chromosome 5. This Y/autosome reciprocal translocation which is unique among catarrhine primates has produced a X1X2Y1Y2/X1X1X2X2 sex-chromosome system. Although most human syntenic groups have been maintained in the silvered leaf monkey chromosomes homologous to human chromosomes 14 and 15, 21 and 22 have experienced Robertsonian fusions. Further, the multiple FISH signals provided by libraries to human chromosomes 1/9, 6/16 indicate that these chromosomes have been split be reciprocal translocations. G-binding analysis shows three different forms of chromosome 1 (X2) which differ by a complex series of inversions in the 10 individuals karyotype. Comparisons with the hybridization patterns in hylobatids (gibbons and siamang) demonstrate that resemblances in chromosomal morphology and banding previously taken to indicate a special phylogenetic relationship between gibbons and colobines are due to convergence.

Animals↗