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PubMed2002

Adaptive and phylogenetic influences on musculoskeletal design in cercopithecine primates.

Broad allometric studies of the musculoskeletal system have frequently sought to explain how locomotor variables have been influenced by body mass. To examine animals that vary widely in body mass, these studies have included taxa that differ in their locomotor adaptations and phylogenetic relatedness. Because these sources of diversity could obscure the effects of body mass, this study was designed to test the effects of adaptive differences in limb proportions and phylogeny, as well as body mass, on locomotor kinematics and extensor muscle mechanical advantage. More specifically, two hypotheses were tested in a sample of closely related animals: (i) that, among animals with similar body mass, those with longer limb segments should adopt more extended limb postures to moderate the joint and midshaft bending moments that they experience, and (ii) that body mass will have similar influences on joint posture and joint moments in closely related and diverse mammalian samples. Three-dimensional kinematic and synchronous force-platform data were collected for six individual cercopithecine monkeys ranging in mass from 4kg to 24kg and at a range of walking speeds. Comparisons among three monkeys with similar body mass but different limb segment lengths reveal a significant effect of limb proportion on posture. That is, animals with longer limbs frequently use more extended limb postures and can have correspondingly lower joint moments. The scaling of locomotor variables across the entire sample of closely related monkeys was generally similar to published results for a diverse sample of mammals, with larger monkeys having more extended limb postures, lower joint moments and greater effective mechanical advantage (EMA) for their limb extensor musculature. Ankle EMA, however, did not increase with body mass in the primate sample, suggesting that clade-specific adaptive differences (e.g. the use of arboreal supports by primates) may constrain the effects of body mass.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Genetic substructuring within Oesophagostomum bifurcum (Nematoda) from human and non-human primates from Ghana based on random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to study genetic variation within Oesophagostomum bifurcum in Ghana. Four different decamer primers were used for the amplification of DNA from individual O. bifurcum adults (n = 41) from humans and non-human primates (including the Mona monkey, Patas monkey and Olive baboon) from different geographic regions. Analysis of the amplicons from all 41 nematodes by high resolution, denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis defined a total of 326 informative RAPD bands. Cluster analysis of the RAPD data (based on pairwise comparison of banding profiles) showed that O. bifurcum from humans was genetically distinct from O. bifurcum from the Mona and Patas monkeys, and from the Olive baboon. These findings clearly demonstrate the existence of population genetic substructuring within O. bifurcum from different primate hosts in Ghana, and raise interesting questions about host specificity, epidemiology (e.g., zoonotic transmission), and ecology of the different genotypes of O. bifurcum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Frequency of feeding enrichment and response of laboratory nonhuman primates to unfamiliar people.

Although environmental enhancement plans for nonhuman primates vary between facilities, feeding enrichment represents a component of most programs. As part of a facility's feeding enrichment program, offering hand-fed food items by trained staff provides an opportunity for positive human interaction. We hypothesized that increased implementation of such enrichment would be associated with increased likelihood of a monkey accepting a hand-fed treat from a stranger. Several species of monkeys were tested at the Tulane National Primate Research Center. In 2002 and 2005, we recorded the number of caged monkeys that accepted a treat tablet from an unfamiliar person within 10 s. We compared the frequency of caretaker-implemented feeding enrichment documented for each animal room during the month proceeding data collection with the proportion of animals within the room that accepted the treat from the stranger. In 2002, 29.8% of the 500 subjects accepted the treat from the unfamiliar person. The proportion of animals that accepted the treat was significantly correlated with the number of days during which feeding enrichment had been implemented. In 2005, feeding enrichment frequency had increased by 76%, and 53.4% of the 676 subjects accepted the treat. These findings suggest that this simple form of enrichment may improve monkeys' responses to unfamiliar people, and that it holds promise as a method for mediating the stress imposed by human activity in animal rooms. In addition, a stranger's treat-feeding attempts may be a useful indicator of an institution's implementation of their environmental enrichment program.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2006

Vitamin A toxicity in wild-caught African green vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) after 2 years in captivity.

Primate lab diets typically contain high vitamin A concentrations when compared with human recommended intakes. In this study, we analyzed the vitamin A contents of liver and serum from 13 adult female African green vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). These monkeys were wild-caught and held in captivity for 2 y, during which time they consumed a standard primate diet. Liver vitamin A concentration (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) was 14.6 +/- 2.3 micromol retinol/g liver; subtoxicity in humans is defined as at least 1 micromol/g liver. The serum retinol concentration (0.93 +/- 0.21 microM) was not elevated. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of hepatic stellate cells were present which, in conjunction with elevated hepatic vitamin A concentrations, are evidence of toxicity. Although the ramifications of chronically toxic vitamin A status in experimental monkeys have not been defined, this state may influence nonhuman primate research outcomes and confound data interpretation. The validity of bone mineral research using nonhuman primates is of greatest concern, in light of the association between vitamin A toxicity and compromised bone health.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Enteric viruses of nonhuman primates.

The phylogenetic relationship of nonhuman primates to man implies that many of these animals could serve as surrogates for studies of diseases of man. Many nonhuman primate species are susceptible not only to viruses of human origin but also to nonhuman primate viruses that are counterparts of viruses of man. All monkeys and great apes do not respond similarly to an antigenic stimulus. Some agents are highly pathogenic for one species and completely innocuous for another. For example, poliovirus causes disease and fatalities in great apes, but picornaviruses given orally cause few lesions in most nonhuman primates. Other enteroviruses (coxsackie-, echoviruses) have caused disease in nonhuman primates. It is difficult to separate viruses into distinct categories according to their anatomic affinities. Many viruses not considered to be enteric may be recovered from the intestinal tract. Adenoviruses, both human and nonhuman strains, which are not considered enteric viruses, nonetheless are recovered frequently from the intestinal tract. Adult animals show little evidence of disease, with the possible exception of diarrhea, after adenovirus infection. Newborns, however, may respond with a fatal pneumoenteritis. Adenovirus may be associated with diseases in organs other than the intestines. The reoviruses, which may be recovered from the intestinal tract, also are generally innocuous. Rotaviruses as pathogens in nonhuman primates are presently under study, and it is suspected that rotaviruses of man may produce experimental disease in nonhuman primates. Production of diabetes by several of the enteric viruses has been suggested but not demonstrated conclusively.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A morphological study of blastocysts in lower monkeys using light microscopy].

The paper shows a high infection of some species of nonhuman primates with blastocysts. Lower rates of infection with this pathogen were observed in younger animals. The blastocysts isolated from Macaca mulatta were microscopically analyzed. The findings indicate a great morphological similarity between the blastocysts of primates and those of man (Blastocystis hominis).

Animals↗