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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development?

Women with antibodies against the enzyme thyroid peroxidase [TPO-Ab; formerly microsomal antibodies (MsAb)] are at particular risk for developing postpartum thyroid dysfunction; the latter is significantly associated with postpartum depression. Although the negative effect of postpartum maternal depression on child development is well documented, the consequences of elevated titers of TPO-Ab during pregnancy and subsequent postpartum thyroid dysfunction on child development are not known. In a prospective study of a cohort of 293 pregnant women, the occurrence of TPO-Ab during gestation, thyroid dysfunction, and depression was investigated. Five years after delivery, child development was assessed in 230 children of the original cohort using the Dutch translation of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Children of women with TPO-Ab during late gestation (n = 19, with normal thyroid function) had significantly lower scores (by t test) on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities than antibody-negative women. The difference on the General Cognitive Scale, which reflects IQ scores, was substantial (10.5 points; t = 2.8; P = 0.005). After correction for possibly confounding variables, maternal TPO-Ab during gestation was found to be the most important factor related to the scores on the General Cognitive Scale (odds ratio = 10.5; 95% confidence interval = 3-34; P = 0.003). We conclude that children of pregnant women who had elevated titers of TPO-Ab but normal thyroid function are at risk for impaired development.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The Christchurch Child Development Study: a review of epidemiological findings.

The Christchurch Child Development Study is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children who have been studied over an 11-year period using data from multiple sources including parental interview, medical records, teacher questionnaires and direct testing of children. The article provides a review of the major lines of epidemiological research examined in the Study. These include: breast feeding and child health; parental smoking and child health; the effects of low level lead exposure; childhood asthma; nocturnal bladder control; the effects of early hospital admission; the distribution of child health services; and the consequences of private medical insurance. In addition a number of general topics (sample attrition, measurement error, individual differences and causal inference) relating to longitudinal designs are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the longitudinal design is a powerful and cost-effective method of gathering data for general paediatric epidemiological purposes but that research in this area would benefit from an increased use of emerging methods of statistical modelling.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Parental knowledge of child development and the assignment of tractor work to children.

OBJECTIVES: Many childhood farm tractor injuries occur during the performance of work that was assigned by parents, and some tractor work is beyond the developmental capabilities of children. This has been highlighted recently by a policy statement authored by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The objective of this study was 1) to assess child development knowledge of farm parents who received a new resource, the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT), and 2) to determine whether this knowledge was associated with use of NAGCAT in the assignment of tractor jobs and with compliance with 2 aspects of the NAGCAT tractor guideline. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data collected during a randomized controlled trial that involved 450 farms in the United States and Canada was conducted. Variables assessed included 1) parental knowledge of child development across several age groups and 3 domains of child development (physical, cognitive, and psychosocial), 2) documentation of the most common tractor jobs assigned to each child, and 3) a report of whether NAGCAT was used in assigning these tractor jobs. RESULTS: High parental knowledge of child development was associated with enhanced use of NAGCAT and fewer violations when assigning tractor work to children. However, even in the presence of high knowledge, some farm parents still assigned to their children work that was in violation of NAGCAT. CONCLUSIONS: Educational interventions by themselves are not sufficient to remove many farm children from known occupational hazards. These findings are discussed in light of the recent policy statement on agricultural injuries from the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Summary of the Seychelles child development study on the relationship of fetal methylmercury exposure to neurodevelopment.

The Seychelles Child Development Study is examining the association between fetal methylmercury exposure from a maternal diet high in fish and subsequent child development. The study is double blind and uses maternal hair mercury as the index of fetal exposure. An initial cross-sectional pilot study of 804 infants aged 1 to 25 months suggested that mercury may affect development. A follow up of 217 pilot children at 66 months of age also suggested that neurodevelopmental effects might be present, but the result was dependent on outcomes in a small number of children. On the basis of initial results in the pilot study a prospective, longitudinal main study with more covariates and expanded endpoints was begun on a new cohort of 779 children. No association with neurodevelopment was seen at 6 1/2, 19, or 29 months of age, but there was an inverse relationship at 29 months in boys only between mercury level and activity as judged by the examiner. Adverse neurodevelopmental effects from fetal mercury exposure in the pilot study are highly dependent on how the data are analyzed and no definite effects have been detected through 29 months of age in the main study. In a related study, 32 brains were obtained at autopsy from Seychellois infants. These were examined histologically and analyzed for mercury. No clear histological abnormalities were found. Mercury levels ranged from a background of about 50 ppb up to 300 ppb, and correlated well between brain regions. For 27 brains maternal hair from delivery was available and hair mercury correlated well with brain mercury.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child development and the PITS: simple questions, complex answers, and developmental theory. Person in the Street.

The enormous popular interest in the field of child development makes it incumbent upon developmental scientists to convey with care the complexity of development lest oversimplified popular accounts gain credibility. Recent attempted models of development do include the range of variables and complexities that need to be accommodated in accounting for development. A model is presented here that incorporates many of the elements of recent models but elaborates on the role of experience in relation to the constitutional, cultural, economic, and social factors that contribute to advantages and disadvantages in children's development. The importance of accommodating data from prior theoretical perspectives and the importance of the contributions from neuroimaging studies are discussed as they are critical for successful theory building in the field of child development.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Tokyo Child Development Schedule. I. Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity.

The Tokyo Child Development Schedule (TCDS) consisting of 140 items divided into seven areas--gross motor, fine motor, self-help, play, socialization, speech and comprehension-cognition--was developed. Each item is checked by a caretaker of a child with a three-point scale: pass, sometimes pass and fail. All of the seven areas and the entire portion of the TCDS exhibited a high grade of test-retest reliability. All but two of the items showed good agreement between the results of the two-time ratings. In 53 children with or without autistic features, the total scores on the TCDS and mental ages on the Japanese version of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale demonstrated the value of correlation coefficient (r) of 0.779.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

The Minnesota Child Development Inventory: validity and reliability for assessing development in infancy.

The concurrent validity and reliability of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) was assessed by comparing the MCDI general development index score, and each of the seven subscale scores, with the mental and psychomotor age equivalents achieved on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. In addition, the co-positivity, co-negativity, positive and negative predictive values of the MCDI in identifying infants with a mental development index (MDI), or psychomotor development index (PDI) of greater than 2 SD below the mean were assessed. Subjects were 101 infants (8 to 19 months old) who were seen at a neonatal developmental follow-up clinic after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Correlations were obtained for the entire sample as well as for the two chronological age groups (i.e., 8 to 10 months and 17 to 19 months) within the sample. A strong correlation between the MCDI scales and the Bayley Mental and Psychomotor Scales was documented for the entire population as well as for the individual age groups. The overall validity of the MCDI in identifying infants with a MDI or PDI of greater than 2 SD below the mean was limited due to relatively poor co-positivity and positive predictive value. Although the MCDI may yield consistent information about the development of an infant's skills, this research suggests the MCDI has limited capacity to discern infants having delayed development.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1989

Exposure to passive cigarette smoking and child development. A critical review.

Past studies relating smoking during pregnancy (and afterwards) and later child development are critically reviewed. There are consistent deficits among offspring of smokers in stature, cognitive development and educational achievement, as well as more frequent problems of temperament, adjustment, and behavior, particularly abnormally high levels of activity and inattention. The meaning of these relationships remains obscure, since it cannot be assumed that these abnormalities of child development are caused by parental cigarette smoking. In most studies there has been relatively little attention paid to the potential confounding by social, demographic, and psychological differences between smokers and nonsmokers. It is thus essential to carefully balance the comparative impact of social and environmental influences that may be different between families of smokers and nonsmokers, versus the toxic effects of tobacco.

Adolescent↗