Tragedy of the commonplace: the impact of addiction on families in the fiction of Thomas Hardy.
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Alcoholism↗
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Results for “Codependency, Psychological”
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Co-twin dependence modifies heritability of abstinence and alcohol use: a population-based study of Finnish twins.
The role of co-twin dependence (twins' closeness or reliance on the co-twin) was examined as a moderator of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use in adolescence and early adulthood in a large longitudinal population-based study of Finnish twins (FinnTwin16). The associations between co-twin dependence and alcohol use were studied first at an individual level in adolescence (n = 3362) and early adulthood (n = 2912). Then, maximum likelihood models were fit to the two waves of data from same-sex twin pairs to assess the differences and changes in genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use (abstinence, drinking frequency, intoxication frequency); N = 1342 pairs in adolescence, and N = 1078 pairs in early adulthood. Overall, no significant associations were found between co-twin dependence and individual alcohol use. However, co-twin dependence importantly modulated genetic effects on drinking habits, especially in adolescence, but also in early adulthood. Co-twin-dependent twins reported greater similarity in their alcohol-related behavior across all alcohol-use measures at both time points, and the role of genes and environments varied according to co-twin dependence. Shared environmental factors explained most of the variation in drinking among co-twin-dependent twins in adolescence and contributed to drinking to intoxication during early adulthood. In contrast, among co-twin-independent twin pairs, genetic variance contributed significantly to all alcohol-use measures at both time-points. An interdependent sibling relationship is an important modifier of drinking habits, and it appears to reduce the impact of inherited liabilities on alcohol-related behavior especially in adolescence.
Adolescent↗
Heightened interpersonal dependency in schizophrenia: associations with graver impairment in neurocognition but not with negative or positive symptoms.
This study sought to clarify how dependency traits may be related to neurocognition and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. Participants were 35 persons diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder who were recruited from a comprehensive day hospital at a VA Medical Center. Neurocognition, symptoms and level of interpersonal dependency were measured. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that greater neurocognitive deficits predicted greater dependency needs. No relationship was found between symptoms and the level of dependency needs.
Affect↗
Adolescent substance use and codependence.
This research evaluated the extent to which parental codependence was associated with adolescent substance use and other adolescent problem behaviors. The sample was comprised of 293 adolescents and their parents who were interviewed by trained intake workers. Using LISREL modeling, we found that the number of adolescent problem behaviors was associated with parental persecuting, suffering, and rescuing behaviors. Net of problem behaviors, adolescent substance use was associated with parental suffering but not with parental persecution or rescuing. As expected, there was a strong association between adolescent problem behaviors and substance use. The associations of substance use and problem behaviors with codependence were not moderated by religious preference or by being a member of a religion that teaches abstinence.
Acting Out↗
Do codependent traits involve more than basic dimensions of personality and psychopathology?
OBJECTIVE: Despite widespread use of the term codependency, empirical evidence regarding its construct validity is generally lacking. This study analyzed the construct validity of codependency as measured by Potter-Efron and Potter-Efron's Codependency Assessment Questionnaire (CAQ). It attempted to determine the CAQ's factor structure and whether there are any unique relations between symptoms of codependency and parental alcoholism after controlling for basic dimensions of personality and psychopathology. METHOD: Participants were 467 (246 male, 221 female) young adult children of alcoholics and controls who contributed complete questionnaire data at the fourth wave of a longitudinal study of factors related to alcohol use and abuse. RESULTS: The CAQ showed reliability and basically a one dimensional structure, and CAQ scores were significantly related to family history. Although much of this relation between family history and codependency was accounted for by neuroticism and symptoms of general psychopathology, a small, but significant, association between family history and codependency remained even after statistically controlling for personality and psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, although there may be unique aspects of the purported codependency syndrome that are related to a family history of alcoholism, most of the relation between codependency and family history appears to be "explained" by general negative affectivity.
Adult↗
Marital quality and congruent drinking.
OBJECTIVE: This research considered whether changes in marital quality over the early years of marriage were related to patterns of alcohol use among three groups of couples: congruent nondrinkers, congruent drinkers who usually drank with their spouses and congruent drinkers who usually drank apart from their spouses. METHOD: Newlywed couples (N = 418) were assessed for marital satisfaction and drinking behaviors and then were reassessed at their first and second anniversaries. Cross-sectional analyses compared couples at each assessment and multilevel modeling assessed changes in marital satisfaction over time. RESULTS: At each assessment, husbands and wives who usually drank with their partners reported greater levels of marital satisfaction. Over time, marital satisfaction declined for both husbands and wives. When we assessed changes in marital quality based on the three groups, husbands in each group experienced similar declines in marital quality. Among wives, however, the rate of decline was not the same. Although wives in the nondrinking group and wives who usually drank with their husbands had similar initial marital satisfaction, the nondrinkers experienced a greater decline in marital satisfaction than the wives who drank with their husbands. The rate of change for the wives in the nondrinking group was quite similar to wives who more often drank apart from their spouses. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that alcohol use may be a part of the couple's socializing and may increase interaction, thereby increasing marital satisfaction.
Adult↗
Test-retest reliability of the Holyoake Codependency Index with Australian students.
The Holyoake Codependency Index is a 13-item self-report measure of three aspects of codependency: External Focus, Self-sacrifice, and a sense of being overwhelmed by another person's problematic behavior (termed Reactivity). Previous studies have supported internal validity and the internal consistency and construct validity of the subscales. The present scores for 59 students indicate full scale test-retest reliability of .88 and for subscales (.76 to .82) over a 3-wk. interval.
Adult↗
The role of work for wives of alcoholics.
The family has increasingly been recognized as an important component in the development, maintenance, and treatment of alcoholism. Few empirical studies, however, have examined alcoholism within a family context. Questionnaire and interview data were collected from women whose husbands received inpatient treatment for alcoholism. Since wives now typically work outside the home, this article focuses on the 60 employed wives. Employment was examined as a source of stress as well as social support. The majority of working wives reported minimal negative impact of their husbands' drinking on all areas of their work functioning, with a small subset indicating impairment attributable to the drinking. These wives were very satisfied with their current positions and described work as a positive experience. However, unobtrusive measures that alcoholism in a family member intrudes into the workplace were apparent, including changing jobs, absenteeism, and discussing husbands' drinking at work. Further, these women scored closer to a sample of depressed women than a community sample on measures of physical and mental health, depressed mood, and smoking symptoms. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between subjective reports and objective indicators are discussed.
Adult↗
Dextropropoxyphene addiction--a drug of primary abuse.
In order to establish a profile of the abuser of dextropropoxyphene (DPX) in our community, we reviewed all the records from the Detoxification Unit in the Mental Health Institute in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. A total of 209 records were reviewed, and 73 were included in our study. Those included had a diagnosis of DPX dependence according to DSM-III-R and no associated psychiatric pathology. Most of them were single, unemployed males, with a history of at least 4 years of continuous DPX abuse. They were consuming an average dose per day 3.5 times higher than the maximum therapeutic dose recommended. The onset of generalized seizures associated with the DPX abuse was confirmed in 53% of the cases. The drug most frequently abused along with DPX was a benzodiazepine (p < .01), followed by marijuana, heroin, alcohol, stimulants (cocaine and amphetamines), and inhalants; 17% of the cases were pure DPX abusers. DPX was the first opiate ever abused in 67% of the cases, 19% had abused heroin before DPX, and 14% started the use of both at the same time. The difference among these groups (p < .01) suggests DPX as an opiate of primary abuse and not as secondary to heroin dependence.
Adult↗
Are daughters of alcoholics more likely to marry alcoholics?
This study evaluates the relationship between having an alcoholic (i.e., alcohol-dependent) parent and the presence of a spouse with a similar diagnosis. Data relating to 708 men and 708 women, the parents of the questionnaire respondents, revealed that even after controlling for the increased rate of alcohol-dependent spouses among alcoholics, assortative mating appears to be associated with positive family histories of alcoholism. Within this sample, nonalcoholic daughters of alcoholics were more than twice as likely to marry an alcoholic as nonalcoholic daughters of nonalcoholics, irrespective of the alcoholic parent's gender. In contrast, in the same sample daughters of alcoholics did not demonstrate a higher rate for having a spouse with another of the more common psychiatric syndromes, a major depressive episode. In this sample, sons of alcoholics did not demonstrate an increased rate for marrying an alcoholic when compared to sons of nonalcoholics.
Adolescent↗
Codependence: contextual variables in the language of social pathology.
The concept of codependence is examined. The history of the term is reviewed, and definitions from the current literature are given. Characteristics of codependence are listed, including denial, control, difficulty in trusting, low self-esteem, weak boundaries, and overreponsibility. Theories concerning the genesis of this condition are described. Problems with the concept are detailed, and questions for further study are generated. The conclusions support the need for caution in labeling and for recognizing the potential for misusing concepts that are in the early stage of development.
Codependency, Psychological↗
Does the codependent encourage substance-dependent behavior? Paradoxical injunctions in the codependent relationship.
It is argued that the paradoxical nature of the power structure within the codependent relationship places limits on the types of control strategies that codependents can utilize in their attempts to extinguish their partner's substance-dependent behavior. From a social exchange and learning theory perspective, it is argued that the types of control strategies that codependents utilize are not only ineffective, but they actually operate to strengthen the likelihood that substance misuse will be repeated in the future. Types of communication behaviors that codependents utilize in order to control are considered, along with ensuing implications for intervention.
Codependency, Psychological↗
New developments in social interdependence theory.
Social interdependence theory is a classic example of the interaction of theory, research, and practice. The premise of the theory is the way that goals are structured determines how individuals interact, which in turn creates outcomes. Since its formulation nearly 60 years ago, social interdependence theory has been modified, extended, and refined on the basis of the increasing knowledge about, and application of, the theory. Researchers have conducted over 750 research studies on the relative merits of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts and the conditions under which each is appropriate. Social interdependence theory has been widely applied, especially in education and business. These applications have resulted in revisions of the theory and the generation of considerable new research. The authors critically analyze the new developments resulting from extensive research on, and wide-scale applications of, social interdependence theory.
Codependency, Psychological↗
Codependency in nursing: using a simulation/gaming teaching method.
Practicing nurses can benefit by learning to differentiate their caretaking (potentially destructive) from their caregiving (constructive) behaviors, and by learning strategies to facilitate caregiving. A new simulation/game was developed to assist nurses to recognize codependent behaviors in themselves and others and to practice some alternative patterns of behavior. This team-based simulation/game, "The Climb," uses the metaphor of a mountain-climbing expedition. The experiences of the journey promote dynamic insights into the consequences of codependency in the professional and personal lives of the nurse.
Caregivers↗
A psychoeducational codependency support group for older adults who reside in the community: friends supporting friends.
Older adults with loved ones who are dependent on alcohol or drugs often experience the adverse effects of a codependent relationship. Many experience anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, and suicidal thoughts. A pilot psychoeducational codependency support group was developed to promote well-being and reduce the adverse effects of codependency among older persons. The study participants were a voluntary convenience sample of 22 older adults (ages 65 and older) residing in the community. A pretest and posttest were administered. Six 90-minute group sessions based on a curriculum developed by the authors were held during a 2-month period. Yalom's Therapeutic Factors were used to evaluate the group process. Results indicated that older adults benefit from a psychoeducational support group format and that codependency issues can be reduced.
Aged↗
Conflicting views about codependency.
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Aged↗
Empowering versus enabling in academia.
The literature endorses empowered nurses as essential to changing not only the nursing profession but also the current health care system. Nurse educators have embraced the concept of empowering students. However, faculty frequently enable students rather than empower them in both clinical and classroom settings. This article describes the difference between enabling and empowering. Collegiality, communication, accountability, and autonomy are components of a model used to compare empowering versus enabling in the academic setting. Nurse educators will become aware of behaviors that sabotage the empowerment of students. Strategies designed to facilitate students' development of empowering behaviors will be provided throughout the article.
Codependency, Psychological↗
Codependency.
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Child of Impaired Parents↗