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PubMedDate not supplied

Reduction in dissociation due to aging and cognitive deficit.

Our objective was to investigate whether dissociative experiences occur less frequently in older psychiatric patients than in younger adult patients, and to examine the role of cognitive deficits in the frequency of dissociative events. Fifty-two outpatients 60 years and older were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). Their scores were compared with those of 50 outpatients 35 to 55 years old. Each group included patients sampled from the Mental Health Center (MHC) and University Medical Center clinics. Older patients showed significantly lower DES and MMSE median scores than younger patients. Cognitive deficit reflected by reduced MMSE scores also was associated with reduced DES scores for younger and older patients. Older patients with little or no cognitive deficit continued to show reduced DES scores. Decreases in dissociativity continue well beyond the fourth decade and do not rely on age-related cognitive deficit. Factors related to the aging process seem to mediate reductions in dissociativity independent of reductions mediated by cognitive deficit. The use of the DES for screening without adjusting for age and cognitive status is questioned.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Sulcal variability in the Alzheimer's brain: correlations with cognition.

We mapped the three dimensional (3D) extents and variability of selected sulci in the Alzheimer's brain and explored the relationship between sulcal pattern and patient's cognitive performance. High-resolution MRIs of 10 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) were linearly transformed into a standard "normalized" 3D atlas (known as the Talairach coordinate system) and, on each relevant slice, contours of the left and right Sylvian fissure, anterior and posterior calcarine, callosal, parietooccipital, and cingulate sulci and the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle were traced. These landmarks were chosen because of their relative invariant location across individuals and because they demarcate functional boundaries relevant in AD. The sulcal contours were resolved into two-dimensional surfaces that cut through a brain volume. All 10 patients' sulcal surfaces were averaged to determine their mean spatial locations in the Talairach coordinate system. The 3D spatial extents of each patient's sulci were compared with their disease severity based on neuropsychological performance. The 3D sulcal variability, within the "normalized" atlas space, ranged from 4.0 mm for the left callosal sulcus to 9.1 mm for the left Sylvian fissure. Significant correlations were found among the spatial extents for the posterior floor of the right temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (r = -0.89, p < 0.001 for vertical extent) and right anterior calcarine sulcus (r = -0.75, p < 0.01 for anterior-posterior extent) with copying ability of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure; the right anterior calcarine also had a significant relationship (r = -0.72, p = 0.02 for anterior-posterior extent) with performance on the Block Design subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Verbal fluency performance measured by the Controlled Oral Word Association Test was significantly related to the left cingulate (r = 0.91, p < 0.001 for anterior-posterior extent, and r = -0.82, p < 0.01 for vertical extent) and right cingulate (r = -0.72, p < or = 0.02 for vertical extent) sulci. This exploratory study is the first to evaluate the relationship between 3D sulcal variability and cognition; our preliminary findings suggest that the 3D pattern of sulci in the AD brain is related to the severity of the disease as reflected by cognitive performance. In the Talairach brain atlas, sulcal variability, within an AD population, approaches 1 cm. This large variability requires correction when functional imaging data are transformed into the Talairach atlas space to "normalize" individual morphologic differences.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Motor and cognitive interference effects on unimanual tapping rates.

Experiments conducted on both normal and disordered populations have led to the hypothesis that the left hemisphere's specialization for language results from its control over motor activities. This control is reflected in the lateralized disruption of manual activity during cerebral time-sharing tasks. Recent studies have challenged this hypothesis, stating that the interference effects reflect both cognitive and motor mechanisms in the left hemisphere. This experiment investigates whether the left hemisphere's control over speech involves both of these components or is purely motor. The question was examined by measuring the effect of concurrent hemispheric activity on single-finger tapping rates. Forty subjects tapped under two conditions: speaking and listening. The data show there may be both motor and cognitive mechanisms involved in left-hemisphere control.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Revealing the distinction between perception and cognition through intra-individual variability of visual evoked responses.

Searching for a method to objectively detect the cognitive activity of the brain, the variability of visual evoked responses (ER) was analysed in 75 human subjects and 10 animals. The individual ERs of a normal subject were found typically very scattered in the first approx. 120 ms after stimulation, converging at 160-220 ms and then diverging again progressively. This variability pattern (VP) is event-related and is not attributable to background noise. On the other hand, statistically significant correlation showed that in most patients, with anatomically intact visual structures but with pronounced mental troubles, the VP is absent and the ERs are randomly scattered. Based on these results we consider that the event-related variability reflects the cognition function of the subjects and that it is instrumental in evidencing the distinction between cognitive and perceptive processes. The results are further consistent with the idea that cognition implies the chaotic activity of certain neural populations and that the VP reflects this chaotic, non-repetitive, non-linear and impredictable but effective neural activity.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease has been widely observed. One factor that may influence the expression of dementia in Alzheimer's disease is premorbid intellectual ability. It has been hypothesized that premorbid ability, as measured by educational experience, reflects a cognitive reserve that can affect the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease. The authors investigated the relation between estimates of premorbid intellectual function and cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease to test the effect of differing levels of premorbid ability on neurophysiological dysfunction. METHOD: In a resting state with eyes closed and ears occluded, 46 patients with Alzheimer's disease were evaluated with positron emission tomography and [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose to determine cerebral metabolism. Premorbid intellectual ability was assessed by a demographics-based IQ estimate and performance on a measure of word-reading ability. RESULTS: After the authors controlled for demographic characteristics and dementia severity, both estimates of premorbid intellectual ability were inversely correlated with cerebral metabolism in the prefrontal, pre-motor, and left superior parietal association regions. In addition, the performance-based estimate (i.e., reading ability) was inversely correlated with metabolism in the anterior cingulate, paracentral, right orbitofrontal, and left thalamic regions, after demographic and clinical variables were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that higher levels of premorbid ability are associated with greater pathophysiological effects of Alzheimer's disease among patients of similar dementia severity levels. These findings provide support for a cognitive reserve that can alter the clinical expression of dementia and influence the neurophysiological heterogeneity observed in Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use.

This study examined whether indicators of drug-related memory associations predicted drug use prospectively. The predictive effects of outcome expectancies, sensation seeking, and other variables also were investigated. The results revealed that the memory association measures significantly predicted subsequent drug use. Outcome expectancies and sensation seeking predicted alcohol use, but not marijuana use. The findings suggest 2 possibly different aspects of cognition involved in drug use motivation: (a) a memory activation or implicit cognition component, representing the effects of memory associations that are prompted relatively spontaneously by the prevailing motivational and situational circumstances and (b) an outcome expectancy component, which is more likely to reflect explicit cognitions involved in introspection and deliberate decision-making processes.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Introduction to special section: theoretical developments in the cognitive psychotherapies.

The cognitive psychotherapies have developed and substantially differentiated since their inception in the 1950s. Six major themes in their theoretical development are discussed: (a) the differentiation of rationalist and constructivist therapies and metatheories of knowing; (b) the acknowledgement of social, biological, and embodiment processes in therapy; (c) the recognition of unconscious processes; (d) an increasing focus on self-organizing and self-protective processes in life span personality development, with such processes being embedded in interpersonal and social system dynamics; (e) a shift toward different views of emotionality and the incorporation of experiential techniques; and (f) a synergistic involvement in the psychotherapy integration movement. The cognitive psychotherapies reflect remarkable activity, a point illustrated and elaborated in the articles that constitute this special section.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1986

An examination of the relation of individual difference variables to loneliness.

This study investigated the relation of five individual difference variables (extroversion, depression, self-esteem, neuroticism, and attitude toward others) to loneliness. The relative contributions of two different models that might explain these relations were examined. One model suggests that individual difference variables are related to loneliness through the mediation of social network variables; that is, individual difference variables may reduce people's motivation and/or ability to build and maintain social relationships, which in turn leads to loneliness. The second model, the cognitive bias model, states that both the individual difference variables and loneliness are influenced by the same intrapersonal, cognitive processes. Some people are prone to negative affect and tend to evaluate themselves and their relationships negatively. The relations of self-esteem, neuroticism, and depression to loneliness were hypothesized to reflect the cognitive bias model, while extroversion and attitudes toward others were hypothesized to be related to loneliness through the mediation of social network variables. Eighty-two female and 42 male adults completed measures of loneliness and the five individual difference variables, as well as an instrument assessing their social networks. The results indicated partial support for both models for each of the individual difference variables. Together, the two models did a good job of explaining the correlations of the individual difference variables and loneliness. The implications of these findings, as well as their relation to previous research, are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Some cognitive correlates of schizophrenic illnesses.

A battery of tests was developed to assess verbal, non-verbal and mixed cognitive functions. Interest was based on pattern of response rather than absolute scores. The subjects were 167 men held in prison on criminal charges or in a maximum security hospital after conviction. The present paper deals exclusively with two subgroups: the 61 schizophrenic men and the 41 men with no psychiatric disorder. The schizophrenic group as a whole presented a very different cognitive pattern from the 'normal' men. First, with the exception of the vocabulary subtest of the WAIS, the schizophrenics were inferior on all tests, whether verbal, non-verbal or mixed function. Secondly, they showed considerably more variation within subtests. The schizophrenic sample was therefore subdivided into four clinical groups. Each showed a distinctive cognitive profile. It is argued that these cognitive differences reflect real differences in the disorder and type of illness being experienced by members of these subgroups.

Cognition Disorders↗

PubMed1976

Reflection-impulsivity and need for achievement in emotionally disturbed children.

Reflection-impulsivity is the cognitive dimension proposed by Kagan and his colleagues to describe the differences in children's resolution to response uncertainty. Impulsive children tend to respond quickly without considering all of the available alternatives and consequently make many mistakes. Reflecttive children consider all of the available alternatives, withhold responding until they have a high probability of being correct, and consequently make few mistakes. The primary dynamic underlying a reflective cognitive style is hypothesized to be a fear of making a mistake: the greater the fear, the more reflective the child is and the more cautiously he performs. On the other hand, minimal anxiety over a potentially inaccurate answer is likely to result in an impulsive performance.

Achievement↗

PubMed1994

Cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized features of schizotypal personality.

While two factors are currently thought to underlie individual differences in schizotypal personality, three factors may best explain schizotypal traits. This study used confirmatory factor analysis to assess five competing models of schizotypal personality in the general population: null model, one-factor model, simple two-factor model, Kendler two-factor model, and three-factor model. The computer program LISREL was used to analyze Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire subscale scores that reflect the nine traits of schizotypal personality. The scores were obtained from (1) a sample of 822 undergraduates and (2) a replication sample of 102 subjects drawn from the community. Results indicate replicable support for a three-factor model reflecting cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized latent factors. Low intercorrelations between the first two factors and the lack of fit by a one-factor model are partially inconsistent with recent notions that a single vulnerability dimension underlies schizotypal personality. It is argued that future investigations should assess the correlates of all three schizotypal factors in clinical and nonclinical samples in addition to the two more traditional factors. It is hypothesized that three factors of schizophrenic symptomatology observed in recent studies may reflect an exaggeration of three analogous factors found in the general population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Reflection-impulsivity and short-term memory in emotionally disturbed children.

In an investigation of the relationship between the reflection-impulsivity cognitive dimension and short-term memory in emotionally disturbed children, 42 Ss were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Visual-Aural Digit Span Test. Analysis of covariance indicated that on all memory tasks the reflective Ss were better than the impulsive subjects.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1995

Dopamine D1 receptor ligands modulate cognitive performance and hippocampal acetylcholine release in memory-impaired aged rats.

The possible modulation by D1 drugs of learning abilities of a population of aged memory-impaired animals was investigated in the present study. The level of D1/[3H]SCH 23390 receptors was first examined by quantitative autoradiography to ascertain if cognitive deficits seen in these animals could be related to alterations in the levels of these receptors. No significant differences in [3H]SCH 23390 binding were observed in any of the brain areas examined between young, and aged memory-unimpaired and aged memory-impaired animals. However, the cognitive deficits of the aged-impaired rats were modulated by D1 drugs. The D1 agonists SKF 38393 and SKF 81297 (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the latency period to find a hidden platform in the Morris Water Maze, reflecting improved cognitive functions, while the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) had no overall significant effect. Moreover, the D1 agonist SKF 38393 increased, whereas the antagonist inhibited, in vivo hippocampal acetylcholine release. Taken together, these results suggest that functional hippocampal acetylcholine-dopamine interactions exist in aged memory-impaired rats. More importantly, the cognitive deficits seen in the aged-impaired rats can be attenuated by stimulations of D1 receptors, hence suggesting an alternative approach to alleviate the cognitive deficits seen in the aged brain.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗

PubMed1997

Aerobic capacity and cognitive performance in a cross-sectional aging study.

In a population unselected for aerobic fitness status, aerobic fitness (VO2max) and its interaction with age were used to predict performance on several cognitive measures known to be affected by chronological age. It was hypothesized that, in particular, cognitively demanding tasks would be sensitive to aerobic capacity. Healthy subjects between 24 and 76 yr of age (N = 132) were recruited from a larger study into determinants of cognitive aging (Maastricht Aging Study-MAAS). All participants took part in a submaximal bicycle ergometer protocol and an extensive neurocognitive examination, including tests of intelligence, verbal memory, and simple and complex cognitive speed. Participants engaged more hours a week in aerobic sports and felt healthier than the nonparticipants of the same age did. No group differences were found in the basic anthropometric characteristics height, weight, and BMI. Two of four subtasks that reflect complex cognitive speed (Stroop color/word interference and Concept Shifting Test) showed main and interaction effects with age of aerobic capacity in a hierarchical regression analysis, accounting for up to 5% of variance in parameter score after correction for age, sex, and intelligence main effects. These findings fit well within a moderator model of aerobic fitness in cognitive aging. They add to the notion that aerobic fitness may selectively and age-dependently act on cognitive processes, in particular those that require relatively large attentional resources.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Formal thought disorder in offspring of schizophrenic parents.

OBJECTIVE: We examined potential early markers of schizophrenia using measures of formal thought disorder in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, other mental illness and no mental illness. METHODS: Two blind raters coded formal thought disorder in adolescent/early adult offspring of 42 schizophrenic, 39 other mental illness, and 36 no mental illness parents. In addition to parental diagnosis, we compared the individual offspring diagnosis with severity of formal thought disorder. Within the schizophrenia, other mental illness and no mental illness offspring groups, we examined the relationship between severity of formal thought disorder and performance on cognitive and motor tasks. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in formal thought disorder by parent or offspring diagnoses. Within the offspring group of parents with schizophrenia, the subjects with higher formal thought disorder scores performed significantly worse on the cognitive battery than those with lower formal thought disorder scores. Offspring of the other mental illness group with higher formal thought disorder scores, however, showed more deficits on motor tasks than those with lower formal thought disorder scores. CONCLUSION: Formal thought disorder may reflect underlying cognitive dysfunction in the offspring of parents with schizophrenia. Motor dysfunction in the offspring of parents with other psychiatric illness might be associated with formal thought disorder.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

A method for identifying short-latency human cognitive potentials in single trials by scalp mapping.

Studies of scalp-recorded brain event-related potentials in humans currently depend on the electronic averaging of many responses to the stimulus. In non-averaged single responses, it is sometimes possible to see late components such as the so-called P300, but not the shorter latency components that are much smaller and masked in background noise. We tried to identify short-latency cognitive potentials evoked by finger stimulation by comparing single trial responses that are concomitantly recorded at the contralateral and ipsilateral parietal scalp respectively. We developed a single trial topographic mapping method that proved important for assessing whether any left-right difference at short latency indeed reflected genuine cognitive electrogeneses. These results make it possible to analyze on a trial-by-trial basis the short latency cognitive processing in somatic perception.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Sensory and cognitive event related potentials in workers chronically exposed to solvents.

To obtain objective measures of possible impairment due to organic solvents, auditory, visual and somatosensory evoked potentials and cognitive event related potentials were recorded in a group of 13 workers occupationally exposed to a mixture of various solvents. The patients were compared to healthy subjects and to chronic alcoholics seen during post-alcohol withdrawal. Auditory and visual evoked potentials were almost normal but somatosensory evoked potentials showed a slight decrease of peripheral conduction velocities and an increase of central conduction times more marked in the solvent exposed workers who were also alcoholics. The late "cognitive" components reflecting attention processes (N2 and P3) were normal. Solvent-exposed workers and alcoholics were both characterized by some difficulty in modulating their attentional resources according to task demands, as reflected by a tendency to responses (N1, N2 and P3) of similar amplitudes whether the stimulus was or was not the target. These findings support the presence, in solvent exposed workers, of minor dysfunction of the nervous system at both peripheral and cortical levels potentiated by alcohol as well as of mild cognitive impairments concerning attention processes.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

A cognitive perspective applied to emancipation problems.

A cognitive theoretical perspective toward emotional distress and behavior disorders is described and then applied to developing both a classification of emancipation problems and a plan for intervention. Problems described include over-dependency, vacillation about dependency, and resistance to authority. The plan for intervention minimizes complications that a vigorously confrontive method often intensifies with adolescents. Instead, it entails accurate reflection of cognitions and thereby capitalizes on anti-expectation.

Adolescent↗