SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cognitive functioning”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

Effects of missing breakfast on the cognitive functions of school children of differing nutritional status.

We examined the effects of omitting breakfast on the cognitive functions of three groups of children: stunted, nonstunted controls, and previously severely malnourished. They were admitted to a metabolic ward twice. After an overnight fast half the children received breakfast on their first visit and a cup of tea the second time. The treatment order was reversed for the other half. When breakfast was omitted, both the stunted and previously malnourished groups responded similarly. The malnourished groups had lower scores in fluency and coding whereas the control group had higher scores in arithmetic. The children were divided into wasted and nonwasted groups. Wasted children were adversely affected in the digit span backwards tests, and wasted members of the malnourished groups were adversely affected in efficiency of problem solving and those in the control group in digit span forwards. These results indicate that cognitive functions are more vulnerable to missing breakfast in poorly nourished children.

Child↗

PubMed1990

A comparison of the effect of fluoxetine and trazodone on the cognitive functioning of depressed outpatients.

Tricyclic antidepressants with clinically significant amounts of anticholinergic activity can adversely affect memory and cognitive functioning. The study evaluated the effect of two non-anticholinergic antidepressants, fluoxetine and trazodone, on immediate and short-term memory in clinically depressed outpatients. The results of this study demonstrated that neither drug affected the depressed patients' cognitive skills as measured by the Guild memory test (digit span and paired associations) during their treatment and recovery. The only factor that was useful in predicting an improvement in cognitive functioning was the change in the measures of depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Clinical Global Impression) with time.

Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed1990

Acute alcohol intoxication and cognitive functioning.

Acute alcohol intoxication produces changes in the cognitive functioning of normal individuals. These changes appear similar prima facie to those exhibited by individuals who sustain prefrontal lobe damage during adulthood. In order to test the validity of this observation, and to control for the confounding effects of expectancy, 72 male subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, within the context of a balanced-placebo design. Each subject received one of three widely different doses of alcohol. Analysis of the results of the cognitive test battery demonstrated that a high dose of alcohol detrimentally affects a number of functions associated with the prefrontal and temporal lobes, including planning, verbal fluency, memory and complex motor control. Expectancy does not appear to play a significant role in determining this effect. The implications of this pattern of impairment are analyzed and discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Atenolol compared with nifedipine: effect on cognitive function and mood in elderly hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of atenolol and nifedipine on mood and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. PATIENTS: Thirty-one elderly volunteers (7 women and 4 men) 60 to 81 years of age with mild to moderate hypertension were recruited from the general community and a Veterans Affairs hospital hypertension clinic. Six volunteers withdrew at early phases of the study for reasons unrelated to adverse drug effects. INTERVENTIONS: Participants had 2 weeks of placebo, to 6 weeks of titration with atenolol or nifedipine, and weeks of treatment followed by similar periods with the other drug. MEASUREMENTS: Psychometric tests designed to assess mood and cognitive function. RESULTS: In the group first treated with nifedipine, the summed recall score on the Buschke selective reminding test (a test of verbal learning and memory) decreased by 9.3 words (95% CI, 2.8 to 15.6 words), or 0%, during nifedipine treatment compared with placebo (P = 0.031). The group first treated with atenolol showed no improvement in summed recall scores when results seen during atenolol therapy and placebo administration were compared (P = 0.10); however, this group had an improvement of 16.1 words (CI, 5.6 to 26.5 words), or of 16%, when the atenolol score was compared with the nifedipine score (P = 0.026). In the group first treated with nifedipine, 6 of 11 patients 55%) showed a decrease of 5 words or more during nifedipine therapy compared with placebo, whereas only 1 of the 14 patients (7%) in the group first treated with atenolol showed a similar decrease (P less than 0.01). On the digit symbol test (a psychomotor test), patients treated first with atenolol tended to improve, whereas patients treated first with nifedipine tended to decline. The difference between nifedipine and atenolol, in terms of the change from the score seen during placebo, was 4.3 codings (CI, 0.7 to 7.9 codings) or 10% (P = 0.043). No statistically significant differences were seen between nifedipine and atenolol therapy regarding the other measures of psychomotor ability, sustained attention, motor performance, verbal fluency, or abstract reasoning, and no effects of either drug on mood or psychopathologic symptoms were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Although atenolol and nifedipine are generally free of gross effects on cognition or mood, nifedipine may subtly impair learning and memory in some elderly hypertensive patients.

Affect↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive function in hypertensives treated with atenolol or propranolol.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test reports that beta blockers, particularly lipophilic forms, impair cognitive function and cause psychiatric disturbances. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial with eight-week treatment periods. PATIENTS: Sequential sample of 42 male veterans, with untreated diastolic blood pressures (DBP) between 90 and 110 mmHg, aged 35-64 years. INTERVENTIONS: Propranolol-LA, 80-mg tablets, or atenolol, 50-mg tablets, were given daily, incremented by one tablet at weekly intervals until DBP less than or equal to 90 mmHg. Hydrochlorothiazide was added, if necessary. MAIN RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed on all cognitive tests. Cognitive test performance was not affected by beta blocker therapy in seven of nine tests and was enhanced on Trail Making Test. Performance was impaired only on Digit Cancellation. Neither Speilberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory nor the Beck Depression Inventory was affected by either beta blocker. CONCLUSIONS: Atenolol or propranolol therapy does not impair cognitive function or contribute significantly to psychiatric side effects.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1987

Effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions.

The effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions was studied by asking a patient suffering from a manic-depressive disorder to repeatedly recognize a given series of digits delivered dichotically while varying the dosage of lithium carbonate intake. The data showed that, whereas digit recognition from the right ear (left hemisphere) was about the same across tests, recognition from the left ear (right hemisphere) varied systematically with dosage variations. Specifically, it was found that an increase in dosage of lithium carbonate was associated with a decrease in recognition from the left ear. These data might indicate unilateral hemispheric effects of lithium carbonate on the dysfunctional right hemisphere of patients suffering from bipolar affective disorders. Clinical implications of the findings of the present case study are also discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in patients with chronic liver disease.

Subtle impairments of cognitive function may be an important cause of occupational and psychosocial morbidity in patients with chronic liver disease. Correlation of structural brain abnormalities with cognitive deficits has yielded inconsistent results. 10 patients with cirrhotic liver disease were compared with 10 age, education, and intelligence matched control subjects. Neuropsychological assessment revealed significant overall cognitive impairments in cirrhotic patients compared with controls (p = 0.02). Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPET or SPECT) and showed increased uptake of radiotracer in the right and left posterior parts of the basal ganglia and right occipital lobe, together with reduced uptake in the right anterior cingulate region. The degree of cognitive impairment was directly correlated with functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia and limbic cortex (p less than 0.05). Our results suggest that impaired cognitive status may be associated with abnormalities of regional brain function in patients with chronic liver disease. Since these deficits are clinically inapparent, our findings have important implications for identification and management of patients with chronic liver disease.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1987

Social drinking and cognitive functioning in college students: a replication and reversibility study.

The purposes of this study were to replicate a previous study of the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in college students and to investigate the reversibility of negative effects of social drinking on cognitive functioning when randomly assigned subjects abstained from drinking for 2 weeks. The previous study was replicated by administering the same battery of neuropsychological tests to 170 subjects (103 women) during the first testing session. Like the original study, the present study demonstrated several significant predicted inverse relationships between drinking and cognitive performance, but specific relationships between various drinking and cognitive variables were not replicated. As in the original study, some significant nonpredicted relationships also occurred. At the end of the first testing session, subjects were randomly assigned either to abstain from drinking or to maintain their usual drinking patterns for 2 weeks. They were then administered a different neuropsychological battery designed to assess functions similar to the original battery. Consumption the previous 2 weeks was significantly lower in the abstain group than in the maintain group, but there were no significant differences in the predicted direction between groups on the cognitive variables. Several significant predicted inverse correlations between drinking variables and cognitive performance occurred, but some nonpredicted relationships occurred also. Problems and implications for research in social drinking are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Decreased cognitive function in aging non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine whether normal, age-related declines in cognitive function are accelerated in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. Study participants ranged in age from 55 to 74 years. Results indicate that cognitive function is inferior in the patients with type II diabetes compared with a comparably aged, nondiabetic control group. On the basis of a series of cognitive tests, it appears that the cognitive impairment is due to a deficiency in memory retrieval rather than to an attentional or encoding deficit. Cognitive performance is poorer in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy or elevated hemoglobin A1c levels. The apparent cognitive impairment in aging patients with type II diabetes may complicate adherence to medical regimens.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of cognitive functioning at difference glucose levels in diabetic persons.

Cognitive functioning was assessed in diabetic patients during hypoglycemia (60 mg/dl), euglycemia/control (110 mg/dl), and hyperglycemia (300 mg/dl). Blood glucose levels were set and maintained to within 4% of targeted levels by an artificial insulin/glucose infusion system (Biostator). Attention and fine motor skills, assessed by visual reaction time, was slowed at altered glucose levels. Performance was less impaired during hyperglycemia than hypoglycemia when a longer interstimulus interval was used, although it was still slower than normal. The time required to solve simple addition problems was increased during hypoglycemia, although reading comprehension was not affected. The possibility that some automatic brain skills are disrupted at altered glucose concentrations is discussed, while associative or inferential skills may be less affected.

Attention↗

PubMed1990

Children with epilepsy: the effect of seizures, syndromes, and etiological factors on cognitive functioning.

Overall, children with epilepsy have poorer concentration and mental processing and are less alert than age-matched controls. The relationship between cognitive functioning and epilepsy is complex, however, with widely differing degrees of intellectual impairment--ranging from minimal to severe and progressive--related to diverse types of epileptic seizures, syndromes, and etiological factors. Prolonged and frequently repeated seizures are typically associated with more severe effects on cognitive functioning, particularly if epilepsy is symptomatic, i.e., secondary to a demonstrable brain lesion. A combination of such factors may contribute to the mental deterioration seen in many children suffering from severe epilepsy.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive function and time-of-day variation in serum carbamazepine concentration in epileptic patients treated with monotherapy.

Different parameters of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment have been shown to affect cognitive function. The drug, dose, and duration of treatment have been studied. The present study assessed cognitive function in relation to time-of-day variation in serum carbamazepine (CBZ) concentration in epileptic patients treated with monotherapy. We studied 10 males and 12 females with a mean age of 36 years and a mean duration of CBZ-therapy of 4.4 years. Patients had been seizure-free for at least 1 month and took two daily CBZ doses. The test battery included tests of motor speed, reaction time, attention, and memory. In the experimental design, the subjects were tested twice at times close to expected daily maximum and minimum serum CBZ concentration. They were studied in two balanced blocks (block 1 tested at 8 a.m. and noon, block 2 tested at noon and 8 p.m.). Blood samples were collected every 2 hr from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. The subjects showed significant differences in serum CBZ concentration between testing times, with suggested maximum concentration between 10 a.m. and noon. The test battery showed no consistent differences between performance at times of high versus low serum concentration. A supplementary analysis of correlations between mean performance level on cognitive tests and variables related to CBZ treatment did not show consistent trends.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

The effect of oral contraceptive pills on levels of oxytocin in plasma and on cognitive functions.

Millions of healthy women use combined oral contraceptives (o.c.) for decades. In spite of that, little is known about their possible effects on cognitive functions. In this open cross-over study, 20 women were examined twice at four-week intervals at a fixed period of the menstrual cycle when they were and when they were not taking o.c. They were examined with a test-battery to assess cognitive functions. Blood samples were taken before and after breakfast to assess levels of oxytocin and prolactin. A significant increase in levels of oxytocin was registered when the women were on o.c. There was no significant difference in performance on the psychometric tests when the participants were on o.c. compared to when they were without o.c.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Effects of valium and librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions.

Research on the effect of the benzodiazepines, Valium, and Librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions is reviewed. Benzodiazepines which are the most important antianxiety medications also have anticonvulsant, hypnotic-sedative, and muscle-relaxant properties. Research on the benzodiazepine hypnotic "hangover" effects on cognitive and motor behavior is cited. The benzodiazepines Valium and Librium probably interact with neurotransmitters, especially GABA and very likely have specific receptors in the brain and central nervous system. Absorption and elimination rate vary with dosage, method of administration, and age. Valium and Librium have no gravely harmful side effects, little addictive potential; danger from overdosage is minimal. Although controlled studies of the impact of psychoactive drugs on psychomotor and cognitive performance are relatively recent, Valium and Librium apparently have little, if any, adverse effect on well established higher mental functions and may affect the speed with which simple repetitive motor actions are performed. None of their effects are irreversible. Benzodiazepines (BZ) have been remarkable drugs. They have virtually replaced all other forms of antianxiety medications (48, 95, 109, 225). All the BZ drugs additionally have anticonvulsant, sedative-hypnotic, and muscle-relaxant properties (4, 77, 88, 112, 252). Two of the BZ drugs, Valium (diazepam) and Librium (chlordiazepoxide) have been the best sellers of the BZ drug family and the most frequently prescribed drugs in the world (7, 15, 17, 77, 110, 137, 215, 257). The impact of Valium and Librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions is the focus of this review of research. Since millions of people are using these drugs, how do Valium and Librium affect alertness and responsiveness, for example, in driving a car to work, or operating a machine in a factory (240)? Tranquilizing drugs like Valium and Librium were hailed when they replaced sedatives like barbiturates because they did not cloud the mind. Is decision-making or mental alertness affected in those who use Valium or Librium (69)? In studying the impact of drugs on the central nervous system (CNS) and brain, animal subjects frequently are employed. However, the human condition of anxiety for which Valium and Librium are usually prescribed is hard to evaluate and human subjects vary greatly, so that this review of research has been limited for the most part to studies with human subjects (8, 26, 50, 107, 108, 262, 263, 264).

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Cognitive functioning in Parkinson's disease: in relation to prevalence of dementia and psychiatric diagnosis.

Forty-three neurologically and psychiatrically assessed patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) underwent detailed cognitive assessment. Cognitive deficits typical of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) were found in 7% but the majority showed definite impairments not typical of SDAT. Cognitive impairment was significantly more likely in those with more severe PD symptoms. There was substantial agreement between psychiatric diagnosis and psychological picture of SDAT and some links were found between other diagnostic categories and nature of cognitive functioning. However, cognitive deficits were also found in two-thirds of patients with no psychiatric diagnosis.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive function in children with leukemia. Effect of radiation dose and time since irradiation.

The effect of two cranial radiation (CRTX) doses and the time since radiation therapy on cognitive functioning were studied in 35 children who completed therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The patients were grouped according to CRTX dose (2400 or 1800 cGy) and evaluated for general intelligence, academic achievement, and visual motor integration. Those who received 2400 cGy (n = 20) scored ten points below those treated with 1800 cGy (n = 15) on verbal intelligence quotient and achievement tests of reading, spelling, and arithmetic. The effect of time since radiation therapy on these measures of cognitive function was significant (P = 0.001 to 0.03); the effect of CRTX dose was not. Visual motor integration scores in both groups fell below the 33rd percentile. The effect of CRTX dose and time since radiation therapy on visual motor integration and performance intelligence quotient were not significant. Thus, the interval between treatment and the emergence of cognitive impairments may be longer after lower CRTX doses, and deficits in nonverbal areas such as visual motor integration may appear first. A larger study is needed to confirm these findings from a limited sample of long-term survivors of ALL.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed2026

Effects of six weeks of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on cognitive function and markers of health in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation has been reported to increase brain creatine content more effectively than creatine monohydrate (CrM). However, the effects on cognitive function are unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this proof-of-concept exploratory clinical trial was to determine whether GAA supplementation with and without CrM affects cognitive function and/or markers of health. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced manner, 58 healthy and active adults (33 females, 35.5 ± 14 years, 76.2 ± 14 kg) ingested a PLA (PLA, 2 × 6 g/d maltodextrin), GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + PLA (2 × 5 g/d), or GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + CrM (2 × 5 g/d) for six weeks. The participants donated fasting blood samples and completed a battery of tests and questionnaires assessing various aspects of function, mood, stress, sleep quality, and markers of health at baseline and after six weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) multivariate and univariate with repeated measures, and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals, and Chi-squared analysis, and considered significant when the probability of error was 0.05 or less, and approaching significance (p > 0.05-p < 0.10). RESULTS: GAA supplementation tended to improve overall reaction time (-241.8 ms [-533, 50], p = 0.10) while significant interaction effects were observed in overall reaction time (p = 0.031-330 ms [-629, -31]) and YES reaction time (-290 ms [-484, -96], p = 0.004) while recalled correct reaction time (-178 ms [-374, 21], p = 0.078) and recalled correct YES (7.4 % [-1, 15.8], p = 0.084) approached significance compared to PLA. Limited to no effects were observed on the Delayed Picture Recognition Task Test, Digit Vigilance Task Test, Corsi Block Task Test, or Stroop Color-Word Task Test. The amount of time engaged in moderate physical activity was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the GAA group compared to PLA. Participants in the GAA group reported a lower frequency of controlling irritations (p = 0.036), and feeling like difficulties are mounting (p = 0.053) on the Perceived Stress Scale. Some positive and potentially undesirable effects were observed in sleep quality assessments. The quality of life assessment revealed that participants in the GAA group reported less frequent feelings of being worn out (p = 0.068) and that their health was excellent (p = 0.092) while those in the GAA + CrM group reported more frequent limitations when bending, kneeling, or stooping (p = 0.053), more often feeling full of life (p = 0.081), and less frequency in feeling downhearted and depressed (p = 0.066). No clinically meaningful changes were observed in blood markers or self-reported side effects among the groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with GAA (2 g/d) and the combination of CrM (10 g/d + GAA 2 g/d) for six weeks improved delayed verbal episodic recognition memory and retrieval speed and some measures of perceived stress, sleep quality, and quality of life. However, most cognitive tests were not affected, particularly when comparing the GAA to the PLA group; there were some inconsistencies in the findings, and several differences only approached significance. Additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN68542582.

Humans↗

PubMed1982

The neuropsychology of cognitive function.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Brain↗