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PubMed2001

Olopatadine ophthalmic solution adjunctive to loratadine compared with loratadine alone in patients with active seasonal allergic conjunctivitis symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Olopatadine ophthalmic solution 0.1% (Patanol, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Woth, TX) is approved for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. Loratadine 10 mg (Claritin, Schering-Plough, Madison, NJ) is a nonsedating oral antihistamine approved for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of olopatadine used adjunctively with loratadine versus loratadine alone in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: This three-center, observer-masked, treatment-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study involved patients aged 7 to 74 years with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Patients were treated for 7 days with either olopatadine twice daily adjunctive to loratadine once daily or only loratadine once daily. Efficacy variables (ocular itching and redness, physician's impression, patient's impression, patient diary ratings of ocular redness and itching), and safety parameters were evaluated during the screening visit and on days 0, 3, and 7. Patients completed the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire on days 0 and 7. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients received study drug. Patients receiving olopatadine twice daily in addition to loratadine once daily exhibited less ocular itching (P = 0.0436) and rated their ocular condition as more improved compared with those receiving loratadine alone (P < 0.0022). Twenty minutes after initial dosing, olopatadine plus loratadine relieved ocular itching and redness significantly better than loratadine alone (P = 0.001). Both treatment groups showed clinically meaningful improvements in overall quality of life in all but one of the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire domains. Overall, and in most domains, olopatadine plus loratadine also provided significantly better (P < 0.05) quality of life than loratadine alone at day 7. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with loratadine alone, olopatadine adjunctive to loratadine provides greater relief of ocular itching and redness, a better quality of life, and is well tolerated in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Effects of emedastine eyedrops on acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis in children].

The developments of the symptoms of acute allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva (itching of the eye, conjunctival hyperaemia and oedema, and lacrimation) is largely due to the histamine released in the course of the allergic reaction. A major role in its treatment is therefore played by eyedrops with an antihistamine effect. The aims of the present study were to establish whether there is a rapid effect of eyedrops containing the selective H1 receptor blocker emedastine on acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and, if so, the time required for this effect to develop. Eyedrops containing emedastine were administered in the ragweed season to 20 children (12 boys and 8 girls) with acute allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva resulting from a hypersensitivity to ragweed pollen, the average age of the 20 children was 12.3 years (range: 5-19). The degrees of itching of the eye and of conjunctival hyperaemia were each characterised on a scale ranging from 0 to 4 (4 denoting the most severe symptoms). It was found that, after a single administration of 1 emedastine eyedrop, the degree of itching of the eye fell from the starting score of 2.85 +/- 0.75 to 0.45 +/- 0.51 within an average of 2.95 minutes, while the conjunctival hyperaemia fell from 2.35 +/- 0.59 to 0.55 +/- 0.51 in an average of 7.7 minutes. The level of the improvement for both symptoms was highly significant. An undesirable side effect (a burning sensation on the eyeball) was observed in one case. It may be stated that the eyedrop containing emedastine effectively decreases the extents of itching of the eye and conjunctival hyperaemia in children with acute allergic conjunctivitis, its effects are exerted within minutes.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1977

[A study in immunofluorescence of the plasma cells in allergic conjunctivitis, in particular of the cells forming immunoglobulin E (IgE) (author's transl)].

The relatively simple and precise technique of direct immunofluorescence on a tissue section enables the study and enumeration of all types of plasma cells including mastocytes (stained with acridine orange) in normal conjunctiva (5 cases), chronic non-allergic conjunctivitis (5 cases), allergic conjunctivitis of the educt (11 cases) and vernal conjunctivitis (11 cases). There is evidence of elevation of IgE plasma cells in type I allergic conjunctivitis where they are twice as raised as in non-allergic cases in adult forms, and three times more elevated in vernal conjunctivitis. There was no correlation between the number of IgE plasma cells in the tissues and IgE level in sera. Thus in air-borne conjunctival allergies local hypersensitivity seems to be the predominant, even exclusive, feature.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta contribute to the development of experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis in mice during the effector phase.

AIM: To investigate the involvement of interleukin (IL)10 and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta in the development of experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis in mice. METHODS: Balb/c mice were actively sensitised with ragweed in alum, and then challenged with ragweed in eye drops after 10 days. 24 h later, the conjunctivas, spleens and blood were collected for histological and cytokine expression analyses, proliferation and cytokine production assays and measurement of immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Mice developing experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis were injected intraperitoneally with 200 microg of anti-IL10 or anti-TGF beta antibodies at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days (induction phase treatment) or 500 microg of antibodies 2 h before ragweed challenge (effector phase treatment). Normal rat IgG was used for control injections. RESULTS: Treatment with either anti-IL10 or anti-TGF beta antibodies during the induction phase did not affect eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva. By contrast, treatment with either antibody during the effector phase suppressed infiltration. During the effector phase, treatment with anti-TGF beta antibody, but not the anti-IL10 antibody, markedly up regulated proliferation and Th2 cytokine production by splenocytes. IL1alpha levels in the conjunctiva were reduced after treatment with either antibody; in addition, eotaxin and tumour necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced after treatment with antibody to TGF beta. CONCLUSIONS: IL10 and TGF beta do not have immunosuppressive roles in the development of experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis. Rather, they augment the infiltration of eosinophils into the conjunctiva during the effector phase of experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis.

Adoptive Transfer↗

PubMed2005

Increasing effect by simultaneous use of levocabastine and pemirolast on experimental allergic conjunctivitis in rats.

The effect of the simultaneous use of 0.025% levocabastine hydrochloride eye drops (levocabastine) and 0.1% pemirolast potassium ophthalmic solution (pemirolast) on experimental allergic conjunctivitis in rats was investigated. Levocabastine and pemirolast significantly inhibited allergic conjunctivitis compared with the control group when separately administered. In addition, the simultaneous use of both drugs inhibited allergic conjunctivitis more potently than the original activity of levocabastine or pemirolast. Furthermore, the simultaneous use of levocabastine and pemirolast also significantly inhibited increased vascular permeability induced by antigen compared with levocabastine or pemirolast alone, respectively. Levocabastine and pemirolast inhibited histamine release from the rat conjunctiva in correlation with a decrease in histamine content in tears. When levocabastine and pemirolast were simultaneously applied to the eyes, histamine release from the conjunctiva was greater than for the original activities of both drugs. Similar to histamine release from the conjunctiva, the histamine content in tears induced by the simultaneous use of both drugs was significantly decreased compared with levocabastine and pemirolast alone, respectively. A potentiating effect induced by the simultaneous use of levocabastine and pemirolast may be attributable to the antihistaminic activity of levocabastine and histamine release inhibition by levocabastine and pemirolast.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Efficacy and safety of nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

To assess the efficacy and safety of twice-daily administration of nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution, we performed a multicenter study involving 140 patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Subjects had a history of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and positive results of a skin test to ragweed. The trial coincided with the peak ragweed pollen season at five treatment centers. Patients treated with nedocromil sodium had improvements in symptoms with statistically significant reductions recorded for eye itching (P less than or equal to .04), conjunctival injection (P less than or equal to .001), and overall disease severity (P less than or equal to .001) as compared to the placebo-treated group. Adverse events were minor and transient. We concluded that nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution administered twice daily is effective in relieving major symptoms associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of ragweed pollen seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and safety of nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: A combined analysis of two multicenter, randomized, comparative, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials involving 261 patients diagnosed with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis was used. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either topical 2% nedocromil sodium or placebo twice daily for eight weeks. Diary card scores and clinician assessments of allergic symptoms were recorded throughout the study; efficacy was determined by comparing symptom severity at the peak pollen period with symptom severity at baseline. Clinician and patient evaluations of treatment effectiveness were used as secondary measurements of efficacy. RESULTS: Patients treated with nedocromil sodium experienced improvement in allergy symptoms, with reductions in the summary symptom score, itch, redness, conjunctival injection, and conjunctival edema significantly (p<0.05) greater than those observed in the patients treated with placebo. Clinicians' and patients' opinions of nedocromil sodium treatment effectiveness were significantly (p<0.02) superior to those of placebo treatment effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Nedocromil sodium is effective in the management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To quantify the presence of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in allergic conjunctivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tears and peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC, n=6), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC, n=12), and normal subjects (CT, n=12). From an additional six nonactive allergic patients, tears were collected before and after specific conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC). Upper tarsal conjunctival biopsies were obtained from five CT and five VKC patients. TNF-alpha in tears was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay and identified in tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Tear TNF-alpha levels in VKC patients were significantly increased compared to CT (p=0.03), and were significantly correlated with the severity of the disease. No differences were found between SAC and CT tear samples. TNF-alpha serum levels were higher in VKC than CT, however, this difference was not statistically significant. After CAC, tear TNF-alpha levels were found increased in only one of six patients. In VKC tissues, TNF-alpha positive cells were significantly increased compared to CT (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha may have a significant role in severe forms of allergic conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Therapy of allergic conjunctivitis].

Among the several eye diseases (or diseases involving the eye) based on hypersensitivity reactions, the most frequent is allergic conjunctivitis. Recently six types of allergic conjunctivitis/keratoconjunctivitis are distinguished: 1. seasonal, 2. perennial, 3. vernal, 4. giant papillary, 5. atopic and 6. of contact origin. Their treatment is generally local. In the most frequent seasonal ("hay fever") and perennial forms the elimination of the allergen or when it is impossible antihistamines (with or without vasoconstrictors), "weak" steroids or hyposensitisation are offered. In vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis mast cell stabilizers are the most effective, with special effect of lodoxamide in the vernal type. In giant papillary and contact allergic inflammations the elimination of the causative agent is the first method of choice. In resistant cases "strong" steroids, in extreme forms immunosuppressive, cytostatic and systemic treatment may become necessary. The paper gives a review of currently applied medicines (mainly eyedrops) and other methods of treatment, and includes therapeutic principles applying to various forms of allergic conjunctivitis.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed1999

[Immunosuppressive effect of cholera toxin B on allergic conjunctivitis model in the guinea pig].

PURPOSE: To investigate the immunosuppressive effects of mucosal immune therapy in experimental allergic conjunctivitis. METHOD: We used 11 white Hartrey guinea pigs divided into two groups. Six animals (treated group) received pretreatment with topical instillation of cholera toxin B (4 micrograms/30 ml) and ovalbumin (10 micrograms/30 ml). The other group of 5 animals served as control. All the animals received intraabdominal injection of ovalbumin (100 g/ml) and aluminium hydroxide (5 mg/ml) repeated twice 2 weeks apart. Allergic conjunctivitis was induced by topical instillation of ovalbumin solution (5 mg/ml) one week after the above procedure. RESULT: Both groups developed palpebral and bulbar edema with hyperemia 30 minutes after instillation. The allergic reaction was significantly less in score in the treated than in control group (Mann Whitney U-test: p < 0.01). The clinical findings subsiced after 6 hours. The treated group showed less eosinophilic infiltration in the conjunctiva and the limbus, particularly in the conjunctival and the limbus, particularly in the conjunctival epithelium, than in control group at 6 and 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with topical cholera toxin B and antigen suppresses clinical and histological findings in experimentally induced allergic conjunctivitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effects of Vasocon-A in the allergen challenge model of acute allergic conjunctivitis.

The ophthalmic combination product of 0.05% naphazoline hydrochloride and 0.5% antazoline phosphate (Vasocon-A) was evaluated as an antiallergic agent in 100 subjects with a known allergic history to cat dander, ragweed, or bluegrass pollen. Three independent study sites were used. The allergen challenge model of acute allergic conjunctivitis was selected to assess the agent as it provided a standardized and precise way to measure drug effectiveness for this indication. In a double-masked randomized fashion, the subjects were assigned to one of three groups that received one drop of Vasocon-A in one eye and one drop of either 0.05% naphazoline (group 1), 0.5% antazoline (group 2), or placebo (group 3) in the contralateral eye. After 10 minutes, the dose of allergen shown to elicit a 2+ redness and itching reaction was instilled bilaterally. Signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis were evaluated after 3, 5, and 10 minutes. Subjects were then rechallenged 2 hours after drug administration to assess the duration of action of the agents. Vasocon-A was found to significantly inhibit all five major signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis: itching, redness, chemosis, lid swelling, and tearing, for more than 85% of the comparisons when compared over time with placebo, naphazoline alone, or antazoline alone. The results of this study indicate that the combination of naphazoline and antazoline was more effective in inhibiting redness than naphazoline and more effective in inhibiting itching than antazoline. These findings support the use of such a combination for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Allergens↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cytology of allergic conjunctivitis. Presence of airborne, nonhuman elements.

Two groups of patients suffering from allergic conjunctivitis (32 atopic, 33 nonatopic) were studied. Their conjunctival secretions were subjected to cytologic examination involving morphologic and semiquantitative evaluation. Account was taken of noncellular and nonhuman elements in the smears; they included mucus, Charcot-Layden crystals, pollen grains, vegetal fragments and fungi. In 12 cases scanning electron microscopy was used in conjunction with x-ray microanalysis to identify material of noncellular origin. Similar quantities of inflammatory cells were present in both groups, while epithelial cells, particularly goblet cells, were more numerous in the atopic than in the nonatopic group (21.8% versus 6%). Pollen grains, vegetal fragments and fungi were present in 18%, 55% and 12% of cases, respectively. Exfoliative cytology emerges as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis, while the presence of noncellular elements is of particular diagnostic significance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Emedastine and allergic conjunctivitis: new preparation. Poor assessment.

(1) There is no clearly established reference eye-drop preparation for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Steroid eye drops must be avoided. Virtually the only criterion on which to base the choice among the other antiallergic eye drops is the type and presence of preservatives, as these must be avoided by the small number of patients who are allergic to them. (2) In our opinion the clinical file on the 0.05% emedastine eye drops now available in France fails to answer many practical questions, as it almost solely comprises single-dose clinical pharmacology studies. (3) A trial involving 221 patients with allergic conjunctivitis, during a period of pollination, showed no tangible difference in efficacy between 0.05% emedastine and 0.05% levocabastine eye drops after 6 weeks of treatment. (4) The main adverse effects observed in clinical trials were local, consisting of eye redness, dryness and discomfort. When taken orally, emedastine is known to prolong the QT interval, and it is difficult to determine the precise cardiac risk during ocular administration. (5) 0.05% emedastine eye drops change nothing in the management of allergic conjunctivitis.

Anti-Allergic Agents↗

PubMed2000

Effect of eye rubbing on signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of eye rubbing on signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals. DESIGN: Two prospective, nonrandomized comparative studies. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen patients in the first study and 20 patients in the second study with a documented history of acute allergic conjunctivitis induced by exposure to cats were enrolled. INTERVENTION: In the first trial, all patients had one eye rubbed 15 times by the investigator without exposure to airborne allergens. Both eyes were evaluated after 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes using subject questionnaires and slit-lamp examination. At least 1 week later, each patient was exposed to cat dander for 75 minutes; 15 minutes after entering the cat room, each patient had one eye rubbed 15 times by the examiner. Subjects' eyes were then evaluated using questionnaires and slit-lamp examination. In the second trial, the visits were identical to the first trial, except that the rubbed eye in each visit was rubbed 20 times and with more force, and that patients wore masks during exposure to cat dander. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In both studies, the difference between patients' rubbed and nonrubbed eyes with respect to ocular itching, chemosis, and hyperemia was noted 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after controlled eye rubbing. RESULTS: Without exposure to the cat room, rubbed eyes exhibited increased itching at 5 minutes in both studies and at 15 minutes in the second study (P < 0.05), increased chemosis at 5 and 15 minutes in the second study (P < 0.05), and increased hyperemia at 5 minutes in the second study (P < 0.05) compared with nonrubbed eyes. During exposure to cat dander, rubbed eyes consistently exhibited increased itching at 5, 15, and 30 minutes in the first and second study as well as at 60 minutes in the second study compared with nonrubbed eyes. Furthermore, during exposure to cat dander, rubbed eyes consistently exhibited increased chemosis at 5 and 15 minutes (P < 0.05) and increased hyperemia at 5, 15, and 30 minutes (P < 0.05) in the second study compared with nonrubbed eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Firm eye rubbing causes a mild and transient increase in ocular itching, chemosis, and hyperemia. However, after exposure to cat allergens in cat-sensitive individuals, the effects of eye rubbing are longer and more dramatic. Eye rubbing may play a role in ocular signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals, especially after exposure to cat dander.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

Tear tryptase levels and allergic conjunctivitis.

We measured tryptase, a neutral protease stored in the secretory granules of mast cells, by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in tears of 12 subjects with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) during remission phases, nine subjects with seasonal or perennial allergic conjunctivitis, and eight healthy controls. Mean values of tear tryptase levels were significantly (P < 0.02) increased in VKC patients (14.5 +/- 13 micrograms/l) when compared to those measured in patients with seasonal or perennial allergic conjunctivitis (0.6 +/- 0.1 microgram/l) and in controls (3.3 +/- 3.2 micrograms/l). In subjects with allergic conjunctivitis, the levels of tryptase, almost undetectable before allergen conjunctival challenge, showed a significant increase in the challenged eye 20 min-but not 6 h-after provocation in 5/9 cases. Our results indicate that VKC a severe ocular disease characterized by an increased number and abnormal distribution of mast cells in the conjunctiva, also shows elevated levels of tryptase in tears even during remission phases. Evidence of mast-cell activation, as revealed by a significant increase of tryptase levels in tears, in documented during the early-phase reaction, but not during the late-phase reaction, of allergic conjunctivitis patients challenged topically by specific allergen.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Olopatadine (AL-4943A): ligand binding and functional studies on a novel, long acting H1-selective histamine antagonist and anti-allergic agent for use in allergic conjunctivitis.

AL-4943A (Olopatadine) is a new antihistaminic and anti-allergic drug. It was tested for its ability to compete for [3H]pyrilamine, [3H]tiotidine and [3H]N-methyl histamine binding to H1, H2 and H3 histamine receptors, respectively. AL-4943A exhibited the highest affinity (Ki = 41.1 +/- 6.0 nM) for H1-receptors and a significantly lower affinity for H2- (Ki = 43,437 +/- 6,257 nM) and H3-receptors (Ki = 171,666 +/- 6,774 nM), respectively. These data showed AL-4943A to be an H1-selective compound, being 1,059- and 4,177-times more selective for H1- than H2- and H3-receptors. AL-4943A was more H1-selective than levocabastine, ketotifen, antazoline and pheniramine and, also, exhibited a low affinity for 38 nonhistamine receptor binding sites. AL-4943A antagonized histamine-induced phosphoinositide (PI) turnover in cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells (IC50 = 9.5 +/- 1.5 nM, n = 3), human corneal fibroblasts (IC50 = 19 nM) and transformed human trabecular meshwork cells (IC50 = 39.9 nM). These data have shown AL-4943A to be a high affinity, high potency H1-selective histamine antagonist. This information, coupled with a long duration of action in an in vivo model of allergic conjunctivitis, suggests that AL-4943A may be a useful drug to treat various ocular allergic diseases, including allergic conjunctivitis.

Anti-Allergic Agents↗

PubMed2002

[Allergodil eye drops in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis].

The authors describe a group of 20 patients with symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis where for a period of 2-6 weeks twice a day into the conjunctival sac of both eyes Allergidol gtt, ophth., ASTA Medica AG FRG was administered. As to subjective sensations the authors evaluated itching, burning, the sensation of a foreign body and lacrimation, as to objective signs oedema of the eyelids, hyperaemia of the conjunctiva and papillary hypertrophy. The authors evaluated also the rate of onset of the effect, its duration and tolerance of the preparation. Subjective symptoms disappeared in 90% patients, hyperaemia of the conjunctivae and papillary hypertrophy receded in 12 patients (60%), in 8 (40%) they disappeared. Regression of subjective complaints occurred in all patients within 20 minutes, the duration of the effect was within the range of 11-13 hours in 18 patients (90%), 6-8 hours in two patients (10%). As to undesirable effects one female patient reported after administration of the eye drops a bitter sensation in the mouth, another one a burning sensation. Evidence was provided that the local H1 antihistaminic Allergodil gtt is effective in monotherapy in mild forms of allergic conjunctivitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Double-blind trial of pentigetide ophthalmic solution, 0.5%, compared with cromolyn sodium, 4%, ophthalmic solution for allergic conjunctivitis.

Fifty patients (25 per group) with the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis confirmed by positive skin test enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, parallel group, 2-week comparison of pentigetide, 0.5%, ophthalmic solution (Pentyde) and cromolyn sodium, 4%, USP ophthalmic solution (Opticrom). The physician and the patient rated the patient's overall ocular condition on days 3, 8, and 15. On day 15 both the physician and the patients rated the pentigetide group as significantly (Chi-square, P less than .05) more improved than the cromolyn sodium group. The physician rated independently conjunctival symptoms and ocular signs at days 1, 3, 8, and 15. Improvement in signs and symptoms favored pentigetide in the majority of comparisons to cromolyn sodium (14 of 18). The pentigetide group showed significantly (ANOVA, P less than .05) greater improvement in hyperemia, edema, lacrimation, and blurred vision/photophobia. Patients completed daily diaries for seven symptoms. At the end of the study, comparisons to baseline between groups favored the pentigetide group for six of the seven symptoms; for itching, improvement favored significantly (ANOVA, P less than .05) the pentigetide group. The mean severity of all symptoms decreased by 64% in the pentigetide group as compared with a decrease of 46% in the cromolyn sodium group. Adverse experiences were minor and comparable in both groups. No clinically abnormal changes were noted for visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or common laboratory tests. This double-blind, active-controlled trial demonstrates that pentigetide, 0.5%, ophthalmic solution is safe and effective in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗