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PubMedDate not supplied

Towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in India.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are an important public health problem in India with an estimated 270 million people at risk of IDD. India has adopted the strategy of salt iodization for control of IDD and has the goal of "Universal iodization of salt by 1995 and elimination of IDD by 2000". There is a high degree of political commitment which need to continue if the goal is to be achieved. Currently the ban on ale of un-iodized salt is only applicable to salt on human consumption. There is a need for extending the ban to include salt for animal consumption as IDD affects livestock as well. India has the installed capacity to produce its requirement of 5 million tonnes iodised salt. Communication strategies have to be strengthened especially to educate people who have concerns about of iodine toxicity. The success to a large extent depends on the quality control and monitoring of iodine content of salt at all stages from production to consumption. NGO's and the community have to be encouraged to participate in this process. To sustain the elimination of IDD, a partnership of various stakeholders IDD elimination is essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders by 2000 and its bearing on the people in a district of Orissa, India: a knowledge-attitude-practices study.

A knowledge-attitude-practices (KAP) study was conducted along with a prevalence study of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) between 1998-99 in the district of Bargarh, Orissa state, India. A total of 635 people were interviewed by a pretested structured questionnaire, adopting the probability proportional to size cluster sampling method. The aim was to assess the baseline information on the KAP of the people regarding IDD. Only 37% of the males and 29.3% of the females perceived goitre as a disease. Less than 5% of both sexes knew how goitre is caused. Only 16.4% used iodised salt regularly. The awareness and perception of IDD does not correspond with the time and effort we have spent in education of this disease. The implications of this poor knowledge about IDD and consequent poor use of iodised salt is contrasted to the optimistic target of elimination of IDD. This aspect is discussed in this paper, at a time when we are at the beginning of the new millennium.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in Delhi.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted in year 2002 in NCT of Delhi with the objective to re-assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. METHODS: A total of 7009 children in the age group of 6-11 years were clinically examined for presence of goiter. A total of 991 salt samples were also collected randomly. On the spot casual urine samples were collected from 1395 children. RESULTS: The total goiter prevalence was found to be 6.2%. The percentage of children with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) of < 20.0, 20.0- < 50.0, 50.0-99.9 and 100.0 microg/l and above was 0.8, 1.8, 8.7 and 88.7%, respectively. The median UIE level was 200 microg/L. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that only 16% of the families were consuming salt with iodine content less than 5 ppm. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicated that the population is in a transition phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by Total Goiter Prevalence) to iodine sufficient nutriture (as revealed by median UIE 200 microg/l). A significant progress has been achieved towards elimination of IDD from NCT of Delhi.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Characterization of different crystal forms.

Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) was obtained in large quantities (several-gram amounts) and great purity from Escherichia coli C600 carrying the LT-coding multicopy plasmid EWD299. By growing this strain on a medium that allows high cell densities in the early stationary phase, we increased the net LT production per milliliter by a factor of 200, compared to natural porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli. Adsorption and redesorption on Controlled-Pore Glass usually resulted in a 50-100-fold purification of LT in one simple step, which was followed by established purification procedures. LT shows a natural tendency to form large crystals, which, however, are disordered. After numerous trials, conditions were found which virtually eliminated the disorder. Much better crystals were obtained by employing CdCl2 and KF as coprecipitating agents. CdCl2 yielded crystals which did not contain A subunits as judged by electrophoresis of dissolved crystals. Adding KF results in beautifully shaped crystals which diffracted beyond 2 A and are suitable for a high resolution structure determination.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1993

[Stress and the digestive system].

Functional disorders mainly occur in young, anxious hyperactive, sometimes obsessional patients and involve all parts of digestive tract: feeling of obstruction the upper oesophagus or dysphagia; aerophagia related to a slow gastric emptying or gastric fullness relieved by eructation; biliary vomiting and pain in right abdominal upper quadrant which might correspond to a form of migraine without headache; irritable bowel, characterized by abdominal discomfort and constipation. Obviously, the diagnosis of functional disorders required elimination of an organic disease by appropriate endoscopic investigations. Psychosomatic disorders mainly comprise gastroduodenal ulcers and inflammatory bowel diseases. Although psychologic profiles have been associated with gastro-duodenal ulcer, these are not necessary for the development of the disease. The role of emotional factors has decreased since very efficient anti-secretory drugs are available. Inflammatory bowel diseases, in particular ulcerative colitis is frequently associated to behaviour disorders. The patient is usually a young woman brought up by an overprotective family. It is generally recognized that attacks of ulcerative colitis may be triggered by emotional factors. Thus, Stress may interact with digestive tract. In some cases, as in patients with irritable bowel or distal ulcerative colitis, psychotherapy such as Schultz's Autogenous Training, improves the patient's condition.

Arousal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of moderate neurovegetative adrenergic inhibition together with anticoagulants in patients with acute cholecystitis].

The studies have been performed in 178 patients during and after surgery on the biliary ducts. The patients developed marked hyper-reaction of the sympathoadrenal system, total and regional hemodynamic disturbances, hypoxia, disorders in redox processes and blood viscosity and hypercoagulation. To prevent and eliminate the disorders observed small doses of ganglioblockers, alpha- and beta-blockers in combination with heparin were used during surgery and in the earliest postoperative period. As a result hyper-reaction of the sympathoadrenal system was considerably reduced, total and regional hemodynamic parameters were improved, hypoxia was attenuated, redox processes were activated, hypercoagulation decreased and blood viscosity was improved. Lethality in this group decreased from 7.9% to 1.1%. The above technique of neurovegetative adrenergic inhibition and heparinization enhanced adaptation capacities of the body to surgical intervention and improved the results of surgical treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Nonsurgical and nonextraction treatment of a skeletal class III adult patient with severe prognathic mandible.

AIM: A patient with a skeletal Class III malocclusion, prognathic mandible, anterior open bite, large tongue, and temporomandibular disorders is presented. Treatment objectives included establishing a stable occlusion with normal respiration, eliminating temporomandibular disorder symptoms, and improving facial esthetics through nonextraction and nonsurgical treatment by creating a favorable perioral environment, restoring the harmony to the tongue and perioral environment, improving masticatory muscle function, and creating adequate tongue space for establishment of normal respiration. SUBJECT AND METHODS: The patient was a Japanese adult male, who had previously been advised to have orthognathic surgery, with tongue-size reduction. An expansion plate was used to expand the maxillary dentoalveolar arch. Distalization of the mandibular arch was achieved by reduced excessive posterior vertical dimension, through uprighting and intruding the mandibular posterior teeth and rotating the mandible slightly counter-clockwise. The height of the maxillary alveolar process and the vertical height of symphysis were increased slightly. The functional occlusal plane was reconstructed by uprighting and intruding the posterior teeth with a full-bracket appliance, combined with a maxillary expansion plate, with short Class III and vertical elastics in the anterior area. Myofunctional therapy involved sugarless chewing gum exercises. RESULTS: The excessive posterior vertical occlusal dimension was reduced slightly, creating a small clearance between the posterior maxilla and mandible. At the same time, the interferences in the posterior area were eliminated by the expansion of the maxillary dentoalveolar arch. As a result, the laterally displaced mandible moved to a more favorable jaw relationship, with distalization of the mandibular arch. The functional occlusal plane was reconstructed and an almost-normal overjet and overbite were created. Adequate tongue space for normal respiration was established during the early stage of treatment, by 7 months. A stable occlusion, with adequate posterior support and anterior guidance, was established and maintained at more than 4 years posttreatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?

The use of complementary or alternative treatment approaches in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is increasing, and the most popular of such approaches are diets that eliminate either gluten or casein, or both. The popularity of these diets indicates a need for more rigorous research into their efficacy. Owing to significant methodological flaws, the currently available data are inadequate to guide treatment recommendations. The purpose of this review is to examine the available trials of gluten/casein diets in children with ASDs regarding the strength of their findings and also concerning points that may be useful in the design of future studies. Seven trials of these diets in ASD are critically reviewed; 6 of these were uncontrolled trials and 1 used a single-blind design. All reported efficacy in reducing some autism symptoms, and 2 groups of investigators also reported improvement in nonverbal cognition. Design flaws in all of the studies weaken the confidence that can be placed in their findings. Careful double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed to evaluate whether actual benefit undergirds the diets' popularity and to provide better guidance to clinicians and caregivers. The literature currently available suggests that diets eliminating both gluten and casein (rather than either alone) should be studied first and that outcome measures should include assessments of nonverbal cognition.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2001

Personality disorders in offenders: categorical versus dimensional approaches.

The present study focused on the consequences of cut-off scores in personality disorder diagnoses for their association with criminal behavior. Using ICD-10 personality disorder criteria eliminating offence-related symptoms, we studied the distributions of categorically diagnosed personality disorders and of dimensional personality disorder scores in a group of offenders and a noncriminal control group. Whereas the dimensional scores of the offender group differed significantly from those of the control group for all personality disorders under study, the frequency of categorical diagnoses differed significantly for two personality for two personality disorders only. Moreover, prediction of group membership (offenders vs. nonoffenders) from personality disorder scores was substantially more precise than prediction from categorical diagnoses. It is concluded that a dimensional approach to personality disorder diagnosis is not only superior theoretically but also yields more precise information about the specific associations with criminal behavior.

Adult↗