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PubMedDate not supplied

Inter-generational occupational mobility and population heterogeneity: a statistical analysis.

"In the present paper an attempt is made to study the inter-generational occupational mobility in three types of developing villages [in India] that are heterogeneous in many socio-economic and other aspects. The specific objectives of this study are: (i) to study the overall occupational mobility of fathers-sons and to find out the predicted equilibrium structure, (ii) to find the waiting time (number of generations) that sons will stay in their fathers' occupational state before moving to other ones and (iii) to test the hypothesis of identical class structures in these three types of heterogeneous societies." The data are from a 1978 sample survey, and "the basic simple time-homogeneous Markov Chain model by Prais (1955) is employed...."

Asia↗
PubMed1989

Occupational mobility of heads of households migrating to Medina.

"The aim of this study is to determine the effect of internal and external migration on the occupational mobility of the heads of households migrating to Medina [Saudi Arabia]....[It] is based on a survey of families in Medina which was conducted by the author in 1986/1987." The results show that "the majority of the migrants were able to achieve positive vocational mobility as a result of their migration. However, there are some distinctions in the extent of this positiveness between Saudi Arabian and non-Saudi Arabian migrants, as well as between urban and rural migrants.... The main factors affecting migration to Medina are difference in income, as well as in the educational level at origin and at destination."

Asia↗
PubMed2005

Immigration policies increase south Asian immigrant women's vulnerability to intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVE: To explore forms of immigration-related partner abuse and examine the association of such abuse and immigration status with physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) among South Asian women residing in greater Boston. METHOD: Cross-sectional survey data on demographics,immigration status, immigration-related partner abuse, IPV, and health were collected from immigrant South Asian women currently in relationships with men (n=189). In-depth interviews were conducted with immigrant South Asian women with histories of IPV (n=23). The majority of women in both the quantitative and qualitative studies were Indian (96% and 65%), not US citizens (69% and 83%), and highly educated (48% and 39% reported postgraduate training). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for related demographics and 95% confidence intervals were used to assess quantitative data. Qualitative data were assessed via a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: The odds of reporting IPV (23% of the sample)were higher for women who reported that their partners refused to change their immigration status (OR 7.8; CI 1.4, 44.6) or threatened them with deportation (OR 23.0; CI 4.5, 118.8) and for those on spousal dependent visas (OR 2.8; CI 1.1, 7.4) than they were for other women. Abused women interviewed also described how their partners used immigration laws prohibiting them from working or petitioning for status change to limit their autonomy. CONCLUSION: Immigration policies that prevent women on spousal visas from working and petitioning to change their status increase women's vulnerability to partner abuse. Such legal barriers may constitute human rights violations and should be reformed to protect immigrant battered women and their children.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Project Redirection: evaluation of a comprehensive program for disadvantaged teenage mothers.

An evaluation of Project Redirection, a two-year demonstration program designed to help pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers, shows that teenagers from a comparison group, who were not enrolled in the demonstration program, were significantly more likely than project participants to experience a repeat pregnancy after one year, but that after two years the difference was small and nonsignificant. Likewise, at 12 months into the program, the project participants proved more likely to be using contraceptives, but by 24 months the comparison group had caught up. After one year of participation, the project teenagers were more likely than the others either to be in school or to have graduated (56 and 49 percent, respectively). However, this differential also disappeared by 24 months. Nonetheless, even at that point, project teenagers who had dropped out prior to joining the program and those who had had a repeat pregnancy were more likely to be in school or to have completed school than were similar comparison teens. Project teenagers also were somewhat more likely to have held a job during the two-year period than were teenagers not enrolled in the program. All in all, the evaluation demonstrated that teenagers who participated in the project and remained in it for more than a year had consistently better outcomes in education, employment and repeat pregnancy than any other group had. Comparison teenagers who had never participated in any special program for pregnant teenagers, on the other hand, demonstrated consistently poorer outcomes than any other group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Case reports].

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a serious adverse reaction of neuroleptic drug therapy, composed of mental status changes, muscular rigidity, hyperthermia, signs of autonomic instability and typical laboratory findings. The syndrome has received increased attention in the scientific literature since 1980; nevertheless some weighty issues regarding clinical symptoms, etiopathogenesis and treatment require additional studies. This paper presents 9 cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome prospectively observed in 8 inpatients and 1 outpatient with different psychiatric diagnosis. Levenson's diagnostic criteria were fulfilled in 7 cases; the remaining two had slighter symptoms. So neuroleptic malignant syndrome is to be considered a rare but not unusual side effect of neuroleptics. The risk of syndrome doesn't seem to be correlated with chemical class, D2 receptor affinity and total dosage of neuroleptics; a key factor seems instead to be a quick loading rate of neuroleptics. Seven of 9 cases displayed severe changes in mental status (clouding of consciousness that varies from stupor to coma), violent psychomotor excitement and aggressiveness before the onset of the syndrome. Such clinical features seem themselves, in our experience, to be potential risk factors besides reason for an increase of neuroleptic dosage. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome usually is preceded by prodromal signs, the most important appearing the worsening of alterations in consciousness. Symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome usually appear abruptly and in some cases with a dramatic course; they last, in cases with favourable outcome, a few days to two weeks from neuroleptic withdrawal; by far the worst outcome, instead, occurs if diagnosis and drug discontinuation are not carried out early. The first measure in the treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome consists of prompt discontinuation of all neuroleptic medications and other psychopharmacological cures, except for benzodiazepines, and institution of supportive therapy; such interventions can resolve the most of cases. Three patients treated with bromocriptine and/or dantrolene didn't display a different duration of clinical symptoms and rate of complications if compared to patients treated with supportive therapy only. Use of bromocriptine or dantrolene, or both, therefore should be considered as a second line of action. In four cases, neuroleptics were reintroduced within few days of recovery; low potency neuroleptics were employed, given low doses which gradually increased: in none of the 4 cases did the patients experience partial or complete recurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Occupation characteristics in affective disorders.

One hundred and fifty-four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with a history of past employment at a declared occupation, inactive occupation status, and recent occupation status change. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. The primary affective disorder was associated with higher level and longer held occupations with fewer changes of occupation activity status than was the secondary affective disorder. Forty-one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders and 19 patients with diagnoses of bipolar primary affective disorders were examined. The unipolar illness was associated with a shorter duration of occupation type and less permanent unemployment than was the bipolar illness.

Affective Symptoms↗