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PubMed2006

Comparative genomics of the endocrine systems in humans and chimpanzees with special reference to GNRH2 and UCN2 and their receptors.

To identify the genetic basis of the differences between chimpanzees and humans, it is indispensable to analyze a whole gene set constituting a particular regulatory system as well as to compare the whole genome or chromosomes randomly. We compared genes encoding hormones of the endocrine system, one of the most fundamental regulatory systems in organisms. The present study covered a total of 111 genes generating 115 precursors and 172 peptides. Decisive differences were observed in GNRH2 and UCN2 and their corresponding receptor genes. It is often postulated that mechanisms underlying the basic functions of life are common and would not be readily altered. The present study demonstrated that, on the contrary, substantial differences have been generated in genes composing the endocrine system, even between humans and our closest living relative.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Ways to lower temporary work disability in diseases of the endocrine system and disorders of metabolism].

The level of temporary incapacitation was studied with the aid of analytical prognostication (on the example of the town of Chimkent). Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disturbances were of significance among the causes of temporary incapacitation (1% of all the cases and 1.4% of total duration of temporary incapacitation) of the urban population. The indices studied were greatest in diseases of the thyroid gland and diabetes mellitus. Incapacitation indices depended on the patients' age and sex. The main routes for reduction of temporary incapacitation in diseases of the endocrine system were early detection, improvement of dispensary observation, and also complex treatment of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The endocrine system in chronic nitric oxide deficiency.

The experimental model of chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production has proven to be a useful tool to study cardiovascular and renal lesions produced by this type of hypertension, which are similar to those found in human hypertension. It also offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction of NO with the humoral systems, known to have a role in the normal physiology of vascular tone and renal function. This review provides a thorough and updated analysis of the interactions of NO with the endocrine system. There is special focus on the main vasoactive factors, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, catecholamines, vasopressin, and endothelin among others. Recent discoveries of crosstalk between the endocrine system and NO are also reported. Study of these humoral interactions indicates that NO is a molecule with ubiquitous function and that its inhibition alters virtually to all other known regulatory systems. Thus, hypothyroidism attenuates the pressor effect of NO inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas hyperthyroidism aggravates the effects of NO synthesis inhibition; the sex hormone environment determines the blood pressure response to NO blockade; NO may play a homeostatic role against the prohypertensive effects of mineralocorticoids, thyroid hormones and insulin; and finally, NO deficiency affects not only blood pressure but also glucose and lipid homeostasis, mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X, suggesting that NO deficiency may be a link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Acute effects of acephate and methamidophos on acetylcholinesterase activity, endocrine system and amino acid concentrations in rats.

Acute effects of acephate (Ace) and methamidophos (Met) on acetylcholinesterase activity, endocrine system and amino acid concentrations were studied in rats. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with Ace (500 mg/kg) or Met (5 mg/kg) and then sacrificed at 15 or 60 min after the injection (A15 and A60 for Ace and M15 and M60 for Met). The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the mammalian toxicity of Ace is solely due to its conversion to Met or the protection of Ace against Met-inhibited AChE is also an important factor. The second aim of this study was to study the effects of Ace and Met on the endocrine system and amino acid concentrations and whether or not these effects correlate with AChE inhibition and Met accumulation. The Ace or Met injected animals did not exhibit the signs of organophosphate (OP) poisoning within 15 min after the injection, but exhibited tremors at 45 min after the injection. Blood and brain AChE activity in A15 and M15 rats exhibited 55 to 75% inhibition while the enzyme activity in A60 and M60 rats exhibited 80 to 95% inhibition. Ace was metabolized to Met in rats both in vivo and in vitro. A 5 rats had significantly higher Met concentration in their liver, brain and adrenal glands compared to M 5 rats, and A60 rats had significantly higher Met concentrations in their blood, liver, brain and adrenal glands compared to M60 rats. Thus, tissue Met concentrations in Ace-treated rats were significantly higher than in Met-treated rats and the inhibition of AChE activity was not consistent with the amount of metabolically formed Met, supporting the hypothesis that the Ace protection plays a role in the overall toxicity. Ace and Met both impaired circulating blood hormone and amino acid concentrations in rats. The endocrine effects of Ace and Met differed from their cholinergic effects, and were not proportional to the amount of Met present in different tissues obtained from the treatment groups. Plasma ACTH concentration was elevated in M60 rats but not in A60 rats. Thus, Ace may indirectly protect the pituitary against the toxic effects of Met. Unlike plasma ACTH levels, serum corticosterone and aldosterone levels were elevated in both A60 and M60 rats. Therefore, the effect of Met on the adrenal cortex may be mediated by the pituitary gland, while the effect of Ace may be due to direct Ace-gland interaction. The decrease in the levels of some of the serum amino acids showed an increase in the energy demands in the treatment groups.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1998

[Liver and endocrine system. Part II: pituitary-gonadal axis and adrenal gland activity disturbances].

Up to date studies have demonstrated that more and more young people are affected by liver diseases. There is a close relationship between the liver and endocrine system as far as hormone inactivation and synthesis of protein binding hormones in the liver are related. Impairment of the hepatocyte function may lead to disturbed homeostasis of the endocrine system. In part II current opinions on plasma levels of pituitary--gonadal and--adrenal axis hormones and their binding proteins in chronic hepatic disorders are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Piecing together evolution of the vertebrate endocrine system.

One of the great challenges in biology is to understand how particular complex morphological and physiological characters originated in specific evolutionary lineages. In this article, we address the origin of the vertebrate hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral gland (H-P-PG) endocrine system, a complex network of specialized tissues, ligands and receptors. Analysis of metazoan nucleotide and protein sequences reveals a patchwork pattern of H-P-PG gene conservation between vertebrates and closely related invertebrates (ascidians). This is consistent with a model of how the vertebrate H-P-PG endocrine system could have emerged in relatively few steps by gene family expansion and by regulatory and structural modifications to genes that are present in a chordate ancestor. Some of these changes might have resulted in new connections between metabolic or signaling pathways, such as the bridging of 'synthesis islands' to form an efficient system for steroid hormone synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Clear cell neoplasms of the endocrine system and thymus.

Clear cell tumors of the endocrine system and thymus are rare lesions with which surgical pathologists have only infrequent contact. As a result, these neoplasms may be misinterpreted and incorrectly classified. This review considers the histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of clear cell pituitary adenomas, parathyroid tumors, pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, adrenocortical proliferations, and thymic malignancies. Emphasis is placed throughout on differential diagnosis with microscopically-similar lesions. Clear cell endocrine tumors and thymic lesions manifest a variety of potential lineages, including examples with epithelial, neural, germ cell, and lymphoid differentiation. Because of the wide differences in behavior and recommended treatment in this group, accuracy in diagnosis is essential.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗
PubMed1995

Ontogenetic development of neuropeptide Y-like-immunoreactive cells in the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system of the dogfish.

This immunocytochemical study was carried out to elucidate the ontogenetic development of neuropeptide Y-like-immunoreactive cells in the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system of the cloudy dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame. Immunostained cells first appeared in the pancreas of the embryo at the 15-mm stage, and were also detected in the vitello-intestinal duct of the yolk stalk at the 20-mm stage. These cells were polymorphic, with occasional processes that were sometimes directed toward the vascular wall or into the cavity of the vitello-intestinal duct. At the 34-mm stage, immunostained cells could also be found in the proximal part of the spiral intestine and, by the 74-mm stage, immunopositive cells were present in the gastric mucosa. In the gut and pancreas, the cells gradually increased in number with development, whereas in the vitello-intestinal duct and internal yolk sac, they decreased and seemed to disappear following hatching. Thus, in juveniles, the distribution of the neuropeptide Y-like-immunoreactive cells in the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system had attained that of adults. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that, in the labeled cells of the vitellointestinal duct, the neuropeptide Y-like antigen was located in cytoplasmic granules, as in the cells of the gut and pancreas.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The hypothesis of environmental causes of damage to the endocrine system: science of sensationalism?].

AN EMERGING TOPIC: It has been hypothesized that exposure to certain chemical compounds in the environment could lead to reproduction and development anomalies. VARIABLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION, SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND EFFECTS: The incriminated environmental agents could have several targets in the endocrine system. As hormones play a cardinal role in regulating differentiation during early stages of life, developing organisms would be particularly vulnerable. AN EVALUATION METHODOLOGY: Although the hypothesis of endocrine perturbation is theoretically plausible, solid scientific data is still lacking to conclude that environmental compounds have a deleterious effect in humans after low-dose exposure. The ubiquitous nature of the intermediary metabolism of these compounds, the existence of critical periods of life, the complexity of the cell processes involved, and the differed timing of the effects make it difficult to assess risk. Current research is being conducted to develop specific methodologies to better understand this risk. AN INTERNATIONAL EFFORT: Different international and national entities have organized scientific committees with the task of identifying chemical compounds susceptible of perturbing endocrine function. In 1998, an international convention set up regulatory control of sales of certain chemical compounds.

Endocrine System↗
PubMed1987

[Morphofunctional changes in the endocrine system of the small intestine after its proximal resection].

The influence of 50% proximal resection of the small intestine on the intestinal endocrine system was investigated on white male rats. The quantitative changes of argyrophil and argentaffin cells correlated with their secretory activity changes. The opposite character of secretory function synchronization was revealed on the 7th and 30th days along the length of the small intestine (proximo-distal sinusoid phenomenon). The secretory function normalization of the endocrine system is carried out in the distal and proximal direction along the length of the small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunoendocrine homeostasis in mice after local irradiation of immune and endocrine system organs].

Immunoendocrinological studies were carried out in mice during a year after local X-ray irradiation of thymus, hypothalamus-hypophysis, gonads, spleen and thigh muscles. Irradiation of the organs caused the stress regardless of the dose and localisation. No stable immunoendocrinological changes was observed in exposed spleen and thigh muscles. Post-irradiation disfunction of the central and peripheral endocrine gland (hypothalamus-hypophysis, gonads, thymus) induced alterations in function of other endocrine glands and depressive state of the endocrine system. Functional deviations in immune and endocrine systems has a phase character with some dose dependence. The effect of combined irradiation of thymus and hypothalamus-hypophysis is similar to those under separate irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The physiology of the vitamin D endocrine system.

It is clear that the vitamin D endocrine system plays a central role in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. It may be involved in the cellular differentiation and growth of various cells. Investigation of these properties in the future is likely to yield interesting information concerning the biology of this sterol hormone.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The reproductive endocrine system in cystic fibrosis. I. Basal gonadotropin and sex steroid levels.

Serum gonadotropin and sex steroid levels were measured in 106 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 46 males and 60 females, aged 8 to 24 years. The finding of delayed pubertal increments of serum gonadotropin and sex steroid levels in CF patients suggests late maturation of the reproductive endocrine system. Although pubertal changes in reproductive endocrine hormones in patients with CF appear to be temporally delayed, generally appropriate levels of these hormones are finally attained in most patients by the late teenage years. Delayed maturation of the reproductive endocrine system probably is secondary to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, the result of chronic inanition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Electromagnetic fields and human endocrine system.

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) are commonly present in daily life all over the world. Moreover, EMF are used in the physiotherapy of many diseases because of their beneficial effects. There is widespread public concern that EMF may have potential consequences for human health. Although experimental animal studies indicate that EMF may influence secretion of some hormones, the data on the effects of EMF on human endocrine system are scarce. Most of the results concentrate on influence of EMF on secretion of melatonin. In this review, the data on the influence of EMF on human endocrine system are briefly presented and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[General evaluation of the state of the endocrine system from the results of radiodiagnostic studies in vitro].

The paper is concerned with a comparative analysis of 3 different decision rules to give a summary evaluation of endocrine system function. The application of the rules to the evaluation of the hormonal status of patients with gastric cancer has shown that the index of the state of the endocrine system gets deteriorated compared to the normal one, however it greatly improves in clinically effective treatment. From the view-point of the quality of classifiers for an in vitro study of the endocrine status the best of the proposed classifiers is the determination of Euclidean distance from normal in the multidimensional space of the diagnostic signs.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗