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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of the duration of the habituation period on energy intakes from low and high energy density gruels by Burkinabè infants living in free conditions.

The present study was carried out in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) with the aim of determining if the duration of the habituation period (1, 5 or 10 days) to low and high energy density gruels affected the amounts consumed or the energy intakes from gruels consumed by 6-9-month-old infants. Thirty infants were chosen randomly among the eligible children in the study area and randomly assigned to two groups (S1 and S2). Each infant was given successively for 10 consecutive days two experimental gruels, each type of gruel being fed twice a day. The 15 infants in group S1 received low energy density gruel (G1) in the first period and high energy density gruel (G2) in the second, and the 15 infants in group S2 received G2 in the first period and G1 in the second. The two periods of 10 days were separated by 4 days during which the infant received his or her usual foods. The intakes of experimental gruels and other complementary foods were measured on days 1, 5 and 10 of each period. Whatever the type of gruel, the 10-day period of habituation did not result in an increase in the amounts consumed or in the energy intakes from these gruels. The amounts of G1 consumed on day 5 were significantly higher than those of G2 (9.0 vs 6.8 g/kg/meal; p = 0.044). Energy intakes from G2 were significantly higher than those from G1 on days 1 (28.8 vs 18.0 kJ/kg/meal; p = 0.0002), 5 (28.8 vs 19.2 kJ/kg/meal; p = 0.002) and 10 (25.9 vs 15.5 kJ/kg/meal; p = 0.0004). Daily frequencies of breastfeeding (approximately 5.6), water drinking (approximately 3.7) and meals with foods other than experimental gruels were relatively high and did not vary with the duration of the habituation period or the type of gruels. Whatever the type of gruel, the increase in the duration of the habituation period did not increase the amount consumed or energy intakes. The study confirmed that consumption of high energy density gruels led to a 60% increase in energy intakes in comparison with the consumption of low energy density gruels.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1991

Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording.

This paper uses fundamental principles of energy physiology to define minimum cut-off limits for energy intake below which a person of a given sex, age and body weight could not live a normal life-style. These have been derived from whole-body calorimeter and doubly-labelled water measurements in a wide range of healthy adults after due statistical allowance for intra- and interindividual variance. The tabulated cut-off limits, which depend on sample size and duration of measurements, identify minimum plausible levels of energy expenditure expressed as a multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR). CUT-OFF 1 tests whether reported energy intake measurements can be representative of long-term habitual intake. It is set at 1.35 x BMR for cases where BMR has been measured rather than predicted. CUT-OFF 2 tests whether reported energy intakes are a plausible measure of the food consumed during the actual measurement period, and is always more liberal than CUT-OFF 1 since it has to allow for the known measurement imprecision arising from the high level of day-to-day variability in food intake. The cut-off limits can be used to evaluate energy intake data. Results falling below these limits must be recognized as being incompatible with long-term maintenance of energy balance and therefore with long-term survival.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

An energy sensor for control of energy intake.

Control of energy intake, either in response to changes in the energy content of food or in energy expenditures and storage, is based on the detection of a feedback signal generated in the processing of metabolic fuels for energy. Evidence from studies of the fructose analogue, 2,5-AM, indicates a sensor in liver responds to changes in intracellular ATP or some closely associated event and communicates this information to the brain via vagal afferent neurons. Such a mechanism could serve as the energy sensor which controls energy intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Metabolic adaptation to decreases in energy intake due to changes in the energy cost of low energy expenditure regimen.

(1) The energy content in food is used in the human body for three main purposes. The first is to maintain the dissipative structures. Most of the structures of the body are of this kind, i.e. they represent stationary non-equilibrium states, or (generalized) stationary potentials, and are inherently unstable. The second is to maintain a body temperature independent of and usually higher than that of the surroundings. The third is to provide energy for performance of external work. The functional structure of the system providing these results consists of a large number of coupled processes (chemical reactions and translocations), in series and in parallel, whose general nature is well understood but whose quantitative extents are mainly unknown. The coupled processes are driven by the spontaneous reaction of the main substrates with oxygen. Energy flows through the system and is converted to heat (and external work) with simultaneous creation of stationary generalized potentials. For each potential there is an associated flow of energy and the relation between the two is an expression of the efficiency with which the potential is maintained. The processes giving rise to the potentials are likely to be controlled with respect to the efficiency with which the potentials are maintained. The control is partly provided through feedback from the potentials themselves: the potentials are regulated. In this way, the system can respond in a non-linear fashion to perturbations in the energy intake (or energy expenditure): the potentials are maintained at constant, or nearly constant, values. The concept of metabolic adaptation implies that control of the efficiency by feedback from the potentials is an important element in the overall regulation of the potentials, including that of the body temperature. (2) The concept of metabolic adaptation can be framed in such a way that it becomes operational. Quantities such as maintained potentials and efficiency can be revealed in terms of their external manifestations: performance of tasks and associated costs (energy expenditure). A change in efficiency is defined as a change in cost for given tasks. Performances can be defined such that they are both reproducible and of physiological relevance and costs can be measured. There are several complications associated with this approach to operational definition, the most important being the effect on energy expenditure of changes (or differences) in body composition. (3) The FAO approach to estimation of prevalence of undernutrition is based on measurements of energy expenditure for given tasks. This approach requires knowledge of the extent of metabolic adaptation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

A medium-term intervention study on the impact of high- and low-fat snacks varying in sweetness and fat content: large shifts in daily fat intake but good compensation for daily energy intake.

Thirty-six normal-weight, habitual snackers (eighteen males, eighteen females) completed a medium-term intervention study designed to examine the tendency of four different types of snacks, varying in nutrient (low- (LF) or high-fat (HF) and sensory properties (sweet (SW) or non-sweet (NSW)), to influence the control of appetite and to adjust daily energy intake. Subjects were exposed to each snack category for a 3-week period and were asked to consume a minimum number of snacks each day so that at least 25% of their daily energy intake would be derived from the test snacks. Energy and macronutrient intakes from the test snacks were calculated every day and also from other eating episodes (using 3 d food diary records) during the third week of snack exposure. Subjects consumed more energy/d from the SW snacks than from the NSW snacks, with most energy being consumed from the HF/SW snacks (3213 kJ) and least energy from the LF/NSW snacks (1628 kJ). This differential snack intake remained stable across the whole snack exposure period. Total daily energy intake did not differ significantly during exposure to any of the four snack types. Furthermore, the encouragement to eat freely from the test snacks did not lead to daily overconsumption of energy when compared with pre-study intakes. Hence, the level of snack consumption was largely compensated for by the energy consumed from the rest of the eating pattern. Although daily energy intake during exposure to the HF snacks was an average of 364 kJ higher (NS) than that during exposure to the LF snacks, the clearest and most significant effect of snack consumption was on daily macronutrient intake. Appreciable consumption of the HF snacks raised the percentage of total daily energy intake consumed as fat from 37 to 41% (P < 0.01). In contrast, the LF snacks reduced daily fat intake to 33.5% (LF/SW, P < 0.05; LF/NSW, NS) of total daily energy. The results, therefore, suggest that, in habitual snackers, generous consumption of LF snacks, when compared with HF snacks, is an effective strategy to reduce fat intake so that it approaches the recommendations of dietary guidelines without increasing total daily energy intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Seasonal fluctuation in energy balance among farmers in Northeast Thailand: the lack of response of energy intake to the change of energy expenditure.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to clarify the seasonal fluctuations in energy balance and their factors among rice-growing farmers in Northeast Thailand whose rice production was enough to their food energy demand. DESIGN: Prospective and repeated measurements in the field. SETTING: A rain-fed rice-farming village. SUBJECTS: Eight pairs of husband and wife. INTERVENTIONS: In each of four periods in a year, anthropometry, energy expenditure survey with heart-rate monitoring and minute-by-minute activity recording, and food consumption survey were conducted for each subject for 4 days. RESULTS: The change of body weight was modest but differed significantly (P < 0.001) between pre-harvest and post-harvest seasons: 1.3 kg (2.3%) for males, 2.5 kg (4.3%) for females. Total energy expenditure (TEE) fluctuated markedly between the 4 seasons (P < 0.001 for males and females), but total energy intake (TEI) fluctuated to lesser extents (P < 0.05 for females only). In relation to energy expenditure, physiological indicators (except respiratory quotient) did not fluctuate throughout the year but behavioral indicators did. The changes in body weight were significantly correlated with the changes in TEE (r = 0.60, P < 0.05 for males; r = 0.83, P < 0.01 for females) but not with the changes in TEI; TEE and TEI were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The modest seasonal changes in body weight among rain-fed rice farmers in Northeast Thailand were caused by the lack of response of TEI to the change of TEE.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Validity of reported energy intake in preadolescent girls.

Energy intake and energy expenditure were assessed in 109 girls aged 8-12 y. Intake was estimated from a 7-d dietary record based on household measures. Expenditure was measured with the doubly labeled water technique during 2-wk period. Overall, the mean (+/-SD) energy intake was 7.0 +/- 1.67 MJ/d and the mean energy expenditure was 8.03 +/- 1.28 MJ/d. The mean difference between intake and expenditure was 1.03 +/- 1.77 MJ/d (P < 0.0001). The mean proportion of actual intake reported was 88.3 +/- 21.0%. Multivariate-regression analysis showed that age and total daily energy expenditure were significantly and independently related to the reporting error. Coefficients for age and total daily energy expenditure were both positive, indicating that as age and daily energy expenditure increased, the magnitude of the error of reporting increased. Income, ethnicity, parental obesity, and body fat were not significantly related to accuracy of reporting. The use of food records to determine energy intake appears to provide more accurate results in younger than in older girls, and the accuracy of the method apparently decreases as energy expenditure increases.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Daily energy expenditure in male endurance athletes with differing energy intakes.

The 24-h energy expenditure (24-h EE), resting EE (REE), sleeping EE (SEE), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) were compared between six male endurance athletes whose reported energy intake was low (LOW) and did not match that theoretically required for weight maintenance and four whose reported energy intake appeared adequate (ADQ) and matched their estimated EE. Groups did not differ in age, body weight, fat-free mass, and daily EE estimated from activity records. The LOW athletes reported an energy intake 6338 +/- 2164 kJ.d-1 less than estimated EE. The 24-h EE, REE, SEE, and SPA of the LOW athletes were significantly lower than the ADQ athletes (862, 523, 770 kJ.d-1, and 43 min.d-1, respectively). Using all subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between REE and free thyroxine (FT4) (r = 0.82) and SEE and FT4 (r = 0.66). Thus, part of the LOW athlete's ability to maintain body weight on a seemingly low energy intake appears due to a lower daily sedentary EE.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Energy intake, metabolic balance and growth in preterm infants fed formulas with different nonprotein energy supplements.

OBJECTIVE: To study metabolic and energy balances, growth and composition of increased body mass in healthy preterm infants fed control formula or control formula with three different nonprotein energy supplements. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Growing preterm infants (birth weight < 1,500 g and gestational age < 31 weeks) were fed standard preterm formula (control group) or the same formula enriched with three different nonprotein energy supplements. An energy supplement of 23 kcal/kg/day was achieved by adding medium-chain triglyceride and dextrinomaltose in three different caloric ratios: 33:66 in group A, 66:33 in group B, and 85:15 in group C. Energy balance was determined by open-circuit continuous (5-6 hours) measurements of energy expenditure, with simultaneous measurement of 24-hour urinary nitrogen excretion. Metabolic balance was determined by measurements of energy intake, energy oxidation, and energy output in urine and stool. The composition of body mass accretion was determined as the accretion of fat and protein in the total weight gain. RESULTS: The fat accretion (4.9, 5.9, 6.2, and 3.8 g/kg/day in groups A, B, C and D, respectively) correlated directly with fat intake. Infants receiving standard energy intake had a fat percentage of weight gain significantly lower (28%) than that of the high-energy intake groups (31%, 40%, and 38% in groups A, B, and C, respectively). This difference corresponded to the results obtained from skinfold thickness measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Excess nonprotein energy is stored as fat regardless of its source (fat or carbohydrate). High caloric and medium-chain triglyceride intake in otherwise healthy growing preterm infants does not promote nitrogen retention.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Under-reporting of energy intake affects estimates of nutrient intakes.

Under-reporting of energy intake is a common problem in nutritional epidemiological studies. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of under-reporting of energy intake on the estimates of nutrient intakes. In this cross-sectional study, 901 subjects aged >16 y were randomly selected from participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intake was assessed by means of two 24-hour dietary recalls. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was determined according to age, sex and weight. The ratio of energy intake (EI) to BMR was calculated. Under-reporting of energy intake was defined as EI:BMR< 1.35 and normal-reporting of dietary intake as EI:BMR = 1.35-2.39. To obtain energy-adjusted amounts of macro- and micronutrients, the residual method was used. Under-reporting of energy intake was revealed in 31% of the subjects and was more common among females (40%) than males (19%, P <0.01). The mean age of females who under-reported was significantly lower than the normal-reporting females (32 +/- 13 vs. 35 +/- 14 y, P <0.05); however, the age difference between the two groups was not significant in men. Under-reporters had higher BMIs compared to normal-reporters in both genders. The absolute intakes of macro- and micronutrients (except for B12 in females and B6 and zinc in both genders) were lower in under-reporters, but following adjustment, no significant differences were seen. The results have revealed that under-reporting of energy intake affects the estimates of nutrient intakes; thus in studies aimed at determining the association between a certain chronic disease and a nutrient intake, we suggest adjustments be made for energy intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 2. Evaluating the results of published surveys.

The fundamental principles of energy physiology were used to evaluate the validity of reported energy intake (EI) in 37 published dietary studies of adults providing 68 subgroups when classified according to sex and dietary method. EI was expressed as a multiple of BMR estimated using the reported heights and weights of the study populations (EI:BMR(est)). This ratio was compared with a study-specific cut-off value representing the lowest value for EI:BMR(est) that could, within defined bounds of statistical probability, reflect the habitual energy expenditure of a sedentary life-style. Mean EI:BMR(est) was 1.43 (0.19) compared with an expected requirement of 1.55. In 46 out of the 68 groups (68%), EI:BMR(est) was below the study-specific cut-off value. EI:BMR(est) was 1.37 (SD = 0.13) for women and 1.50 (SD = 0.16) for men (P less than 0.001). This could reflect either better reporting by men or a more active life-style. When categorized according to dietary assessment method, 64%, 88% and 25% of results fell below the acceptable cut-off value for studies by diet records, diet recall and diet history, respectively. These data indicate that dietary assessment methods have a strong bias towards underestimation of habitual energy intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Interrelationships between exogenous porcine somatotropin (PST) administration and dietary protein and energy intake on protein deposition capacity and energy metabolism of pigs.

Exogenous porcine somatotropin (PST) administration stimulates protein deposition and inhibits lipogenesis, resulting in dose-related improvements in growth performance and reduction of carcass fat content. However, the associated impacts of this technology on dietary nutrient requirements and energy partitioning between maintenance, protein, and fat remain unclear. Studies with pigs between 25 and 60 kg body weight indicate that, because of unknown improvements in amino acid utilization and(or) in the energy available for protein synthesis, only marginal increases in dietary protein percentage are required to support 20 to 25% improvements in protein deposition induced by PST administration. In contrast, an increased dietary protein concentration is required to support maximal protein deposition in pigs 60 to 100 kg. Exogenous PST administration increased the maintenance energy requirement and altered the relationship between energy intake and protein deposition, although the magnitude of these changes and the consequent effects on expression of dietary protein (amino acid) requirements was influenced by gender. Albeit limited, information suggests that PST alters nutrient demand at the tissue level. Information of this type will form the basis for rational decisions concerning the method for expression of dietary nutrient requirements (% vs g/d) for PST-treated pigs. Further quantitative information is required on the effects of PST dosage on the relationship of protein deposition to energy intake and on any underlying changes in amino acid utilization and metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Somatomedin in children with chronic renal insufficiency - relationship to growth rate and energy intake.

The relationship of energy intake, growth rate and serum concentration of somatomedin-A was evaluated in eighteen children with chronic renal insufficiency. Serum concentrations of somatomedin-A were found to be 0.84 micro/ml in normal children and were elevated to 3.06 micro/ml in children with chronic renal insufficiency prior to dialysis (p less than 0.01). Somatomedin-A concentrations increased during chronic hemodialysis to 5.81 micro/ml and decreased to 1.59 micro/ml following successful renal transplantation (p less than 0.01). Serum concentrations of somatomedin-A correlated with residual glomerular filtration rates (r = -0.5), serum creatinine concentration (r = 0.59), and blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.6). Growth rates correlated with energy intake (r = 0.58) and somatomedin-A concentrations (r = 0.4) in the children with chronic renal insufficiency. Both energy intake and somatomedin-A increased significantly after one year of nutritional supplementation. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that somatomedin, like other polypeptide hormones, is elevated in uremia and that increased energy intake may affect the growth of children with chronic renal insufficiency by increasing somatomedin levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight loss in Alzheimer disease.

Alzheimer disease is one of the leading causes of death among older individuals. Unexplained weight loss and cachexia are frequent clinical findings in patients with Alzheimer disease. Thus, it has been postulated that Alzheimer disease may be associated with dysfunction in body weight regulation. This brief review examines the interrelations among energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition in Alzheimer disease. We explored whether abnormally high daily energy expenditures, low energy intakes, or both contribute to unexplained weight loss and a decline in nutritional status. Specifically, we considered studies that examined energy intake, body composition, and daily energy expenditure and its components. The application of doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry to understand the etiology of wasting has increased our knowledge regarding the relation among energy expenditure, physical activity levels, and body composition in Alzheimer disease patients. Although the number of studies are limited, results do not support the notion that a hypermetabolic state contributes to unexplained weight loss in Alzheimer disease, even in cachectic patients. Recent findings are presented suggesting an association between abnormally elevated levels of physical activity energy expenditure and elevated appendicular skeletal muscle mass and energy intake in Alzheimer disease patients. Clinical strategies aimed at developing lifestyle and dietary interventions to maintain adequate energy intake, restore energy balance, and maintain skeletal muscle mass should be a future area of investigation in Alzheimer disease research.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Nutrient intakes among selected North American populations in the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study: composition of energy intake.

Mean energy intake and its components are presented for 4,568 white adults, 20-59 years, who participated in a population survey at nine North American Lipid Research Clinics (LRC). Nutrient intake was evaluated by a 24-hour dietary recall. Mean energy intakes ranged from 3200 kcal at age 20 to 2400 kcal at age 59 for men (2150-1650 for women). Protein intake, about 15% of energy intake, exceeded 1 g/kg body weight at all ages. Carbohydrate intake was about 40-45% of kcal, starch provided 14-20%, and estimated sucrose intake provided about 6-14%. Sex- and age-related differences varied for each macronutrient. Mean alcohol intake, for those reporting alcohol consumption, contributed 6-18% of energy for women, and 8-15% for men. Comparisons are made with data from the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I and from the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, with the Recommended Dietary Dietary Allowances, and with the Dietary Goals.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Estimation of residual energy intake for lactating cows using an animal model.

Residual energy intake is defined as the remaining energy from total net energy intake after accounting for all energy uses. Residual energy intake is proposed as a measure of feed efficiency because animal efficiency increases as the proportion of accountable energy intake increases or the residual energy intake decreases. Residual energy intake was estimated for each of 247 Holstein cows, daughters of 127 sires and 226 dams distributed in five herds across the US. Data consisted of daily milk production and net energy intake, biweekly measures of milk components, and BW measures taken at varied intervals throughout a lactation. Average daily net energy intake in a lactation was the dependent variable in a model that contained fixed effects of parity and herd-season subclass; covariates of lactation average daily SCM, metabolic BW, and weight change in a lactation; and random animal effect. From this model, residual energy intake was a sum of animal and residual effects. Partial energy requirements for SCM, maintenance, and weight change estimated for all cows were .54, .15, and 1.52 Mcal/kg, respectively. Heritability estimate for residual energy intake was .016; phenotypic standard deviation was 2.455. The proportion of the phenotypic standard deviation in net energy intake that was due to residual energy was 68%.

Animal Feed↗