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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Influence of caffeine consumption on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in female rats fed a chemically defined diet containing standard and high levels of unsaturated fat.

The effect of caffeine (430-500 mg/liter of drinking water) on the initiation and promotion phases of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats fed a chemically defined diet containing standard (5%) or high (20%) levels of fat (corn oil) was examined. In the initiation studies, caffeine and the standard or high fat diet treatments were provided for 34 days, from 24-29 days of age to 58-63 days of age. Three days prior to termination of caffeine-fat diet treatments, each rat received a single dose of DMBA. In the promotion studies, caffeine and the standard or high fat diets were provided commencing 3 days after a single dose of DMBA (at 56-61 days of age) and until termination of the study. Caffeine consumption, during the initiation phase significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced mammary carcinoma multiplicity (number of tumors/rat), in rats fed either a standard or high fat diet. In the promotion studies, prolonged consumption of caffeine in rats fed either a standard or high fat diet did not significantly effect mammary carcinoma multiplicity. In the early stages of promotion, an apparent increase in mammary carcinoma multiplicity was observed; this increase in mammary carcinoma multiplicity did not, however, reach the 5% level of statistical probability. When caffeine was administered during both the initiation and promotion phases, no significant effect on mammary carcinoma multiplicity was observed. Treatment of rats during the initiation or promotion phases with caffeinated coffee (via drinking water) mimicked the mammary tumor modulating activities of caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee consumption did not effect either the initiation or promotion phases of this tumorigenic process. In both the initiation and promotion studies, caffeine and/or coffee consumption did not significantly affect the incidence of mammary carcinomas (percentage of rats bearing mammary carcinomas) or the mean latency period of mammary tumor appearance. Thus, in female rats fed a chemically defined standard or high fat diet, caffeine consumption can significantly influence chemical carcinogenesis of the mammary gland; an effect that is dependent upon the duration and time-span of caffeine administration.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1979

Effect of unsaturated fats and cholesterol on serum and fecal lipids. A study of healthy middle-aged men.

Modification of the Western diet, with an intake of 2,500 kcal per day and a decrease in cholesterol and fat intake to 33 per cent of calories with a P:S of 0.40, failed to alter serum lipids significantly. Evidence suggested that increasing the daily intake of cholesterol resulted in deposition in the body tissues. However, when the fatty acid composition and the P:S ratio of dietary fat were adjusted, lower serum lipids and a compensatory increase in fecal sterols occurred when cholesterol was added to the diet. Changes in serum lipoproteins in the subjects fed a "prudent" or a common diet indicate an increase in the proportion of HDL-cholesterol which may be beneficial in reducing coronary heart disease. Evidence suggests that, in absence of caloric excess, lowering of serum lipids and increased removal of fecal sterols is possible on a prudent diet without major modification of the customary foods, but that a high P:S ratio is required.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Advice that includes food sources of unsaturated fat supports future risk management of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart disease than pregnant women without GDM. Advice given during the GDM pregnancy provides an opportunity to develop protective dietary patterns for the long-term management of this risk. Dietary guidelines for the prevention and management of type 2 DM support the inclusion of unsaturated fats, but food advice needs to target this outcome. The aim of this study was to compare the dietary intakes of women with GDM given general low-fat advice (control group) to women with GDM given the same advice with additional targets for food sources of unsaturated fats (intervention group). After approximately 6 weeks, the intervention group reported more ideal dietary fatty acid intakes than the control group, with polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratios of 1:1 and 0.4:1, respectively ( P < .001), assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance. These results confirm the need to include food sources of unsaturated fats in advice strategies to assure optimal protective eating habits in this at-risk group.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Enhancement of pancreatic carcinogenesis by a dietary unsaturated fat in rats treated with saline or N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine.

The effect of diets high in an unsaturated fat on the enhancement of pancreatic carcinogenesis in saline-treated rats and in rats treated with N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP) was examined. Young male LEW rats were treated with a single dose of HPOP (160 mg/kg body wt) or saline, fed diets containing 5 or 20% corn oil, and then autopsied 12 months later. The pancreata of HPOP-treated rats fed the diet with 5% fat contained multiple foci and nodules of atypical acinar cells (AACN), acinar cell adenomas, and localized carcinomas. Rats fed the diet with 20% fat developed a similar spectrum of pancreatic lesions and also developed carcinomas that showed local invasion or metastasis to regional lymph nodes. The incidence and multiplicity of localized carcinomas was significantly higher in the group that was fed the high-fat diet. HPOP also induced neoplasms in the liver, lungs, and kidneys, but none of these had a higher incidence in the group fed the high-fat diet. Among rats that received no carcinogen, the incidence of AACN was high, but the multiplicity of these lesions was low, an average of three per pancreas in groups fed both levels of fat; however, the average area of AACN transections was larger in the high-fat diet group. One acinar cell adenoma and 1 carcinoma developed in the group of 11 rats fed the 20% corn oil diet, whereas no neoplasms developed in the group of 12 rats fed the 5% corn oil diet. Although the incidence of pancreatic neoplasms is not significantly different in these 2 groups, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that initiated foci are promoted to grow and become neoplasms in the pancreas of rats that are fed diets with a high content of unsaturated fat--as was demonstrated in the HPOP-treated rats.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2005

Effect of unsaturated fat intake from Mediterranean diet on rat liver mRNA expression profile: selective modulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The lipid content of Mediterranean diet is mostly accounted for its disease preventive action. We investigated whether the short term nutritional effect of a fat quota mainly derived from olive and fish oil affects liver mRNA expression profile in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was carried out using DNA microarray techniques. The effect was evaluated at liver mRNA expression level to identify genes whose expression was regulated by dietary modifications. Two groups of six rats were alternatively supplied for two weeks with either a control or with an experimental diet. Both diets were semisynthetic and isocaloric, with identical major nutrients composition (protein 20%, carbohydrates 56% and lipids 22% of total energy) being different only in the quality of fats. The lipid quota of the control diet contained exclusively saturated animal fats, derived from butter, while in the experimental diet some unsaturated fats were present, being derived also from olive and fish oil (10% and 6% of total energy, respectively). Out of 26,334 genes analyzed, 11,292 were found expressed in the liver, 72 were induced and 180 were inhibited from the experimental diet. Out of these, 33 of the induced and 59 of the inhibited species have a well known function. CONCLUSIONS: The diet with olive and fish oil modulates several genes related to lipolysis or lipogenesis and newly identified responders from other metabolisms. Some of these genes are also reported to be similarly modulated by the action of fibrates, but without the complete gene activation typical of these PPARalpha ligands.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Preload recruitable stroke work in the presence of intact cardiovascular reflexes in rats fed a diet high in unsaturated fats.

A decreased inotropic effect of myocardial beta receptor agonists in animals receiving diets high in unsaturated fats (UNSAT) has been demonstrated. The effect of an UNSAT diet on myocardial systolic performance under different loading conditions, in the presence of intact cardiovascular reflexes, has not been examined. We investigated the effect of an UNSAT diet on preload recruitable stroke work (SW) in the anaesthetised, open chest, ventilated rat. A control (CONTROL, 11% by energy), a high saturated fat (SAT, 37% by energy) and a high UNSAT (37% by energy) diet were fed to three groups of rats. At three months, systolic myocardial performance (stroke work: SW) at increasing left ventricular end diastolic pressures (LVEDP) was measured within a physiological preload range. There were no significant differences in either the slope or the intercept of the LVEDP/SW relation were found between the three diet groups. Systemic vascular resistance and heart rate decreased to the same extent in the three diet groups over the range of preloads examined. This occurred as a consequence of intact baroreceptor reflexes. Hence dietary modulation of unsaturated fats does not influence myocardial contraction over a wide range of physiological preloads in the presence of intact baroreceptor reflexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Unsaturated fat and low energy intake induce whereas an increment in energy intake ameliorates fatty liver during prolonged alcohol consumption by rats.

Two groups of rats were fed liquid diets containing 35% of energy as fat and either 36 or 26% of energy as alcohol to examine the effect of fat and energy intake on alcoholic fatty liver production. After 4 wk, five rats in each group were killed for analysis of liver triglyceride concentration, and then the alcohol diets fed to remaining rats were switched. All remaining rats were killed for hepatic triglyceride determination after another 4 wk. Rats initially fed the 36% alcohol diet or those switched to this diet ingested less energy, exhibited alcoholemia and slow growth, and developed fatty livers. Rats initially fed the 26% alcohol diet or those switched to this diet ingested significantly more energy, high amounts of alcohol and fat, exhibited low alcoholemia and faster growth than when they were fed the 36% alcohol diet. Fatty liver was absent in rats fed the 26% alcohol diet but was induced when they were fed the 36% alcohol diet. Fatty liver in rats initially fed the 36% alcohol diet regressed completely when the rats were switched to the 26% alcohol diet. Additional studies employing 36% alcohol diets containing 35% of energy as fat, derived from either corn oil or olive oil, revealed that unsaturated fat and not specifically linoleate plays a role in the induction of fatty liver. Thus, nutritional factors regulate the induction or regression of fatty liver and alcoholemia in alcoholic rats.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1980

Unsaturated fats and progression of diabetic retinopathy.

Two groups of adult-onset diabetics, matched according to 10 different criteria, were followed, biochemically and fluorescein-angiographically, over a period of 6 years. One group used a saturated-fat diet, and the other group of patients were on an unsaturated-fat diet, particularly rich in linoleic acid. Statistically significant differences were found in biochemical data and in the progression of diabetic microangiopathy between the two groups. The conclusion is warranted that a linoleic acid-rich diet, administered over an extended period of time, may inhibit the development of microangiopathy, or the deterioration of diabetic retinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Methane output and lactation response in Holstein cattle with monensin or unsaturated fat added to the diet.

We measured effects of continuous vs twice-daily feeding, the addition of unsaturated fat to the diet, and monensin on milk production, milk composition, feed intake, and CO2-methane production in four experiments in a herd of 88 to 109 milking Holsteins. Methane and CO2 production increased with twice-daily feeding, but the CO2:CH4 ratio remained unchanged. Soybean oil did not affect the milkfat percentages, but fatty acid composition was changed. All saturated fatty acids up to and including 16:0 decreased (P < .01), whereas 18:0 and trans 18:1 increased (P < .001). The 18:2 conjugated dienes also increased (P < .01) when the cows were fed soybean oil. Monensin addition to the diet at 24 ppm decreased methane production (P < .01); the CO2:CH4 ratios reached 15, milk production increased (P < .01), and milkfat percentage and total milkfat output decreased (P < .01), as did feed consumption, compared with cows fed diets without monensin (P < .05). Milk fatty acid composition showed evidence of depressed ruminal biohydrogenation: saturated fatty acids (P < .05) decreased and 18:1 increased (P < .001); most of the increase was seen in the trans 18:1 isomer. As with soybean oil feeding, addition of monensin also increased (P < .05) the concentration of conjugated dienes. The monensin feeding trial was repeated 161 d later with 88 cows, of which 67 received monensin in the diet in the first trial and 21 cows were newly freshened and had never received monensin. Methane production again decreased (P < .05), but this time the CO2:CH4 ratio did not change and all other monensin-related effects were absent. The ruminal microflora in the cows that had previously received monensin seemed to have undergone some adaptive changes and no longer responded as before.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

High-unsaturated-fat, high-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet during pregnancy and lactation modulates hepatic lipid metabolism in female adult offspring.

Whether a high-unsaturated-fat, high-protein (HFP), and low-carbohydrate (CHO) diet during gestation has long-lasting beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in the offspring was investigated using a mouse model. Female mice were fed either a standard (CHO rich) chow diet or a CHO HFP diet, before and during gestation and lactation. All offspring were weaned onto the same chow until adulthood. Although liver cholesterol concentration and fasting plasma triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations were not affected in either male or female HFP offspring, hepatic TG concentration was reduced by approximately 51% (P < 0.05) in the female adult offspring from dams on the HFP diet, compared with females from dams on the chow diet (a trend toward reduced TG concentration was also observed in the male). Furthermore, hepatic protein levels for CD36, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), and peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) were increased by approximately 46% (P < 0.001), approximately 52% (P < 0.001), and approximately 14% (P = 0.035), respectively, in the female HFP offspring. Liver TG levels were negatively correlated with protein levels of CD 36 (r = -0.69, P = 0.007), CPT-1 (r = -0.55, P = 0.033), and PPAR-alpha (r = -0.57, P = 0.025) in these offspring. In conclusion, a maternal HFP diet during gestation and lactation reduces hepatic TG concentration in female offspring, which is linked with increased protein levels in fatty acid oxidation.

Animals↗