[Interpretations and examples of the Federal Regulation of Dental Fees. IV. Prosthetic work].
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Traditional economic theories impact on the viability of a practice. Yet the relationships between revenues generated and dental service fees are more complex than traditionally envisaged. Whereas long-term fee strategies and short term tactics may be instituted to stimulate service demands, the significance of non-fee determinants (e.g. professional skills) cannot be underestimated.
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The cost of health care services, including dental services, continues to rise at a rate higher than the prices of all goods and services included in the CPI for urban consumers. Increases for physician services, medical care and hospital room rates exceed those for dental care. Dentists generally do not raise their fees across-the-board, but vary increases from procedure to procedure. Increases for certain common dental procedures and services were close to the CPI for consumer goods and services. Fees for such basic preventive and diagnostic procedures--including oral exams, prophylaxes and X-rays--increased at rates well below the overall CPI for dental services.
German GOZ (Gebührenordnung für Zahnärzte, catalogue of dental services) allows multipliers within a range from 1.0 to 3.5 for each fee, and it also prescribes medical arguments if dentists want to justify multipliers beyond 2.3. The authors analyze formal and material developments in these medical arguments of more than 3500 invoices from 1988 to 1999. Since 1988--amendment of GOZ--a development can be seen away from more general and patient-focussed towards arguments dealing with new dental materials and new forms of dental treatment. The authors analyse the way dentists (private ones and dentists of health insurance system), orthodontists, maxillo-facial- and oral surgeons charge their fees.
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AIMS: To find out whether New Zealand household expenditures on health care services vary according to the income of the household. To compare expenditures on health care in 1987 with 1991. METHODS: Information about household income and expenditure on health services was obtained from the Department of Statistics annual household expenditure and income surveys for the 1987 and 1991 financial years. Four categories of health expenditure were examined: general practitioner fees, dental fees, optician and optometrist fees, and spending on all health services combined. RESULTS: Spending on health care is unequally distributed across income groups. In particular, the highest income households spend six times as much on dental care as the lowest income households. The difference between high and low income households in the amount spent on all health services was greater in 1991 than in 1987. In 1991 high income households spent 3.6 times as much on health services as low income households, compared with three times as much in 1987. CONCLUSIONS: High income households spend substantially more on health care than do low income households. Households appear to assign a higher priority to medical care than dental care, although this may reflect the lack of any state subsidy on adult dental care.