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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Passive immunization of guinea pigs with llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that occasionally causes outbreaks in Europe. There is a need for therapies that provide rapid protection against FMD in outbreak situations. We aim to provide such rapid protection by passive immunization with llama single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs). Twenty-four VHHs binding serotype O FMDV in vitro were isolated from immunized llamas by phage display and expressed in bakers yeast for further characterization. They recognized four functionally independent antigenic sites. Six strongly FMDV neutralizing VHHs bound to a peptide representing the GH-loop of viral protein 1 known to be involved in binding to the cellular receptor of FMDV. Clone M8, recognizing this antigenic site, and clone M23, recognizing another antigenic site, showed synergistic in vitro virus neutralization. Three FMDV specific VHHs were PEGylated in order to decrease their rapid blood clearance and thus enable in vivo guinea pig protection experiments. Passive immunization with individual VHHs showed no protection, but a mixture of M8 and M23 showed partial transient protection. The protection afforded by these VHHs was however low as compared to the complete protection afforded by convalescent guinea pig serum. In contrast, these VHHs showed far more efficient in vitro FMDV neutralization than convalescent guinea pig serum. This lack of correlation between in vitro neutralization and in vivo protection lends further credence to the notion that opsonophagocytosis of FMDV is important for protection in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions and erosive stomatitis. Echovirus 4 (EV-4) has been commonly associated with aseptic meningitis. The association of HFMD with EV-4 has not been reported previously. Two samples of a 14-month child who presented mild fever, sores in the mouth, rash with blisters on the palm of hands and soles of feet were sent to Enteric Viruses Laboratory of Adolfo Lutz Institute. Clinical samples were inoculated in three different cell lines, and those which presented cytopathic effect (CPE), were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and "one step" RT-PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis from RT-PCR product, showed a product with 437 bp, which is characteristic of Enterovirus group. Echovirus 4 was identified by IFA. Although HFMD is a viral infection associated mainly with Enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), our results demonstrate a diversity of serotype related to HFMD and stress the importance of epidemiological surveillance to this disease and its complications.

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel↗
PubMed2005

Disease management for the diabetic foot: effectiveness of a diabetic foot prevention program to reduce amputations and hospitalizations.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness of a diabetic foot disease management program in a managed care organization. METHODS: We implemented a lower extremity disease management program consisting of screening and treatment protocols for diabetic members in a managed care organization. Screening consisted of evaluation of neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, deformities, foot pressures, and history of lower extremity pathology. We stratified patients into low and high-risk groups, and implemented preventive or acute care protocols. Utilization was tracked for 28 months and compared to 12 months of historic data prior to implementation of the disease management program. RESULTS: After we implemented the disease management program, the incidence of amputations decreased 47.4% from 12.89 per 1000 diabetics per year to 6.18 (p<0.05). The number of foot-related hospital admissions decreased 37.8% from 22.86 per 1000 members per year to 14.23 (37.8%). The average inpatient length-of-stay (LOS) was reduced 21.7% from 4.75 to 3.72 days (p<0.05). In addition, there was a 69.8% reduction in the number of skilled nursing facility (SNF) admissions per 1000 members per year (Table 1) and a 38.2% reduction in the average SNF LOS from 8.72 to 6.52 days (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A population-based screening and treatment program for the diabetic foot can dramatically reduce hospitalizations and clinical outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The interference by maternally-derived antibody with active immunization of farm animals against foot-and-mouth disease.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease affecting ruminants and pigs. In countries in which control of FMD relies predominantly on vaccination, young stock ingest specific anti-FMD virus antibodies in the colostrum. This maternally-derived antibody (MDA) provides immediate protection against infection with FMD virus, but also interferes with the development of active immunity following vaccination. However, susceptibility to infection precedes the ability to respond to vaccination in the presence of MDA. Currently available vaccines cannot overcome this inhibitory effect of MDA, and protection of young stock can only be provided by their isolation from FMD virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Amputation prevention initiative in South India: positive impact of foot care education.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intensive treatment and education strategies for type 2 diabetic patients with high-risk diabetic foot disease helps in preventing foot amputations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants included 4,872 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (male-to-female ratio 3,422:1,450, mean (+/-SD) age 60.5 +/- 8.8 years, mean duration of diabetes 13.7 +/- 7.6 years) with high-risk diabetic foot disease. The patients were categorized as high-risk subjects according to the International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot. The three study groups were subjects with diabetes and neuropathy (group 1; n = 2,871), diabetic neuropathy with deformity (group 2; n = 235), and diabetic neuropathy with deformity and foot ulceration or peripheral vascular disease (group 3; n = 1,766). Neuropathy was diagnosed by biothesiometry. Peripheral vascular disease was diagnosed as an ankle brachial index <0.8. All the subjects were educated regarding diabetic foot disease and its complications and prevention. They were also instructed to visit the center if any sign of new lesions appeared. RESULTS: Among the 1,259 group 3 subjects who came for follow-up, 718 (57%) strictly followed the advice given and 541 (43%) did not. Ulcers present during the recruitment had healed in 585 (82%) subjects who followed the advice, but in only 269 (50%) subjects who did not. A significantly larger proportion of subjects who did not follow the advice developed new problems (26%) and required surgical procedures (14%) compared with those who followed the advice (5 and 3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Strategies such as intensive management and foot care education are helpful in preventing newer problems and surgery in diabetic foot disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Hemorheological disturbances as a marker of diabetic foot syndrome deterioration.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular abnormalities. Hemorheological variables as well as the transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) were measured in 38 diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia to assess whether these variables could be of value to follow the deterioration in foot disease. Patients with previous history of foot ulcers or frank ulcers on presentation were followed for foot care. After a 12-month follow-up, they were divided into 2 subgroups based on the regression of foot disease: 30% of patients improved foot ischemia, i.e., healed or improved ulcer, while the remainder 70% deteriorated, i.e., impaired ulcer or underwent an amputation. RBC aggregation, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen level observed at baseline visit, were significantly higher in the patients who deteriorated. Blood viscosity values at both shear rates high and low were not significantly different between the 2 subgroups. TcPO2 was significantly lower in patients who deteriorated compared with those who improved. With regard to prognostic values, RBC aggregation parameters and fibrinogen level offered the highest positive predictive values (of 89%, 94%, and 88% respectively), comparable to that associated with TcPO2 (94%). Further analyses showed that combining markers of hemorheology with TcPO2 especially when TcPO2 value is in the range of 10-30 mmHg, may improve prognostic value for the management of the diabetic foot disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Hand-foot-mouth disease].

A case of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is reported in a 20-year-old female patient. Infection by Coxsackie A 16-virus was diagnosed by serology.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Thromboembolic disease after foot and ankle surgery.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and potential life-threatening complications of thromboembolic disease after major orthopaedic surgery has been extensively studied. However, there are two studies pertaining to the incidence of thromboembolic disease after foot and ankle surgery, the findings of which suggest that the incidence is too low to justify routine thromboprophylaxis. METHODS: This is a retrospective study identifying the incidence of thromboembolic disease after foot and ankle surgery in the practices of two foot and ankle specialists. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the risk factors for the development of thromboembolic disease and to examine the issue of routine thromboprophylaxis. Six hundred and two patients were included in this study. RESULTS: There was a 4% incidence (24 patients) of postoperative thromboembolic complications. Risk factors identified for postoperative thromboembolic disease were a history of rheumatoid arthritis, a recent history of air travel, previous deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and limb immobilization. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of thromboembolic disease after foot and ankle surgery could be higher than that previously reported particularly if a patient has certain risk factors. Prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to establish the true incidence of thromboembolic disease after foot and ankle surgery and to define the indications for routine thromboprophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Achilles foot screening project: preliminary results of patients screened by dermatologists.

OBJECTIVE: Presentation of the preliminary results from the foot screening project, 'Achilles', conducted in spring of 1997 and 1998 in several European countries. At the EADV congress, only the preliminary results of the study, i.e. patients screened by dermatologists, were presented. SUBJECT: Foot diseases, especially fungal infections (tinea pedis and onychomycosis). METHODS: A questionnaire and a mycological examination in patients visiting a dermatologist for disorders irrespective of their foot problems. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with foot diseases visiting a dermatologist was high (58%). In the total population, fungal infections were the most prevalent clinically diagnosed foot diseases (35%), especially onychomycosis (23%) and tinea pedis (22%). The prevalence of foot diseases increased with advancing age and more men as compared with women had fungal infections of the feet. The most prevalent predisposing factors were vascular disease and sports participation. In subjects with onychomycosis, the big toenail was affected most often. Twenty-three percent of the participants with clinically diagnosed tinea pedis and/or onychomycosis had infection of both the skin and the nail. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum. Patients with onychomycosis often reported quality of life problems, especially pain and discomfort in walking. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results of this pan-European study show that epidemiological studies can give a better idea of foot diseases in dermatological patients. The results indicate a need to pay more attention to foot disease, to predict and prevent future diseases and complications. The most frequent foot diseases were fungal infections, especially onychomycosis, which affects the quality of life of the patients. More results will be available in 1999.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Outbreak of central nervous system disease associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Japan during the summer of 2000: detection and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71.

Few outbreaks of the serious enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections, which affect the central nervous system (CNS), had been reported in Japan before 2000. During June through August 2000, a patient died of pulmonary edema caused by brainstem encephalitis accompanied by EV71-induced hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and many patients complicated by serious CNS disease, including paralysis, were hospitalized in a restricted area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan (K-area). During the same period, endemics of HFMD were reported in other areas in Hyogo Prefecture, where EV71 was isolated from HFMD patients, but few patients developed aseptic meningitis. The isolations of EV71 from K-area patients were difficult with the use of Vero cells, so the strains were isolated by use of GL37 cells; Vero cells, however, could isolate EV71 strains from other areas in Hyogo Prefecture. We sequenced VP4 coding regions of these EV71 isolates and found that the isolates from K-area had the same sequence, which, except for one isolate, was different from the sequences of EV71 strains isolated from other areas of Hyogo Prefecture. Although these results were not enough to state that EV71 from K-area was a virulent strain, it seemed reasonable to conclude that serious CNS diseases in K-area were caused by EV71 because it was the only infectious agent detected in the inpatients of K-area.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nail matrix arrest following hand-foot-mouth disease: a report of five children.

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by a vesicular palmoplantar eruption and erosive stomatitis. Nail matrix arrest has been associated with a variety of drug exposures and systemic illnesses, including infections, and may result in a variety of changes, including transverse ridging (Beau's lines) and nail shedding (onychomadesis). The association of HFMD with Beau's lines and onychomadesis has not been reported previously. Five children, ages 22 months-4 years, presented with Beau's lines and/or onychomadesis following physician-diagnosed HFMD by 3-8 weeks. Three of the five patients experienced fever with HFMD, and none had a history of nail trauma, periungual dermatitis, periungual vesicular lesions, or a significant medication intake history. All patients experienced HFMD within 4 weeks of one another, and all resided in the suburbs of the Chicago metropolitan area. In all patients the nail changes were temporary with spontaneous normal regrowth. The mechanism of the nail matrix arrest is unclear, but the timing and geographic clustering of the patients suggests an epidemic caused by the same viral strain.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of superficial fungal infections among sports-active individuals: results from the Achilles survey, a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of sport activities on the prevalence of foot disease in the Achilles survey, conducted during the spring of 1997 and 1998 in several European countries. SUBJECT: Foot diseases, especially fungal infections (tinea pedis and onychomycosis). METHODS: A questionnaire and a clinical examination regarding individuals presenting to a general practitioner for disorders irrespective of possible foot problems. RESULTS: More than 50% of subjects visiting a general practitioner had clinical evidence of foot disease, and approximately two-thirds of these had clinical evidence of a superficial fungal infection. The survey evidenced a significant age-dependent association between sporting activities and the prevalence of foot diseases and superficial fungal infection, especially in children. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pan-European survey indicate that sporting activities can have an unfavourable effect on the individual regarding the occurrence of foot disease and superficial fungal infection. The results indicate a need to pay more attention to foot disease, to predict and prevent future diseases and further complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A vesiculo-bullous disease in pigs resembling foot and mouth disease. I. Field cases.

Eleven incidents of bullae and vesicles on the snouts and less frequently the feet of white-skinned pigs on seven farms are described. Bullous and vesicular lesions up to 5 cm in diameter and containing clotted gelatinous fluid were located on the dorsal aspect of the snout, behind the flange. Lesions ruptured, became ulcerated, developed scabs and healed within three weeks. There was no transmission to other pigs or ruminants. The condition was associated with contact with green vegetable material containing parsnips (Pastinaca sativa) or celery (Apium graveolens), followed by exposure to periods of extended sunshine. Parsnips and celery are known to contain furocoumarins, potent phototoxic compounds. It is suggested that absorption of furocoumarins on the skin of the snout and feet after contact with parsnips and celery and exposure to ultraviolet light caused the lesions in the cases reported. It is postulated that a similar condition may have been responsible for national foot and mouth disease scares in pigs at Warkworth and Temuka in New Zealand and at Legana in Tasmania.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

A vesiculo-bullous disease in pigs resembling foot and mouth disease. II. Experimental reproduction of the lesion.

Vesiculo-bullous dermatitis of pigs characterised by presence of vesicles and bullae on the snout and feet of white skinned pigs was reproduced experimentally. Leaves of parsnips (Pastinaca sativa), or celery (Apium graveolens) infected with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were fed or rubbed on the snouts and feet of white skinned pigs. Pigs were then exposed to sunlight or to UV light of intensity approximately 212 m W/M2 at a wavelength 340-360 nm for eight hours per day until vesicles developed. All treated pigs developed lesions on the snouts, and less frequently on the feet. Lesions were characterised by the appearance of erythema at 24 hours after treatment. Vesicles developed at 48 hours and became maximal by 72 hours. Pigs treated with plant material without exposure to UV light or exposed to UV light without contact with plant material did not develop lesions. The experimental lesions closely resemble those observed in several field cases in 1984 and 1985 in New Zealand and to lesions present in three well publicized foot and mouth disease scares at Warkworth, and Temuka in New Zealand and Legana in Tasmania.

Journal Article↗