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PubMed1999

Coitus-dependent family planning methods: observations from Bangladesh.

Some coitus-dependent methods of family planning, such as withdrawal, periodic abstinence, and the condom, require male involvement for their use, and using these methods in combination has proved to be sensible. An investigation of why male and female respondents in a survey conducted in Bangladesh often gave conflicting answers about which methods they were currently using, particularly about "traditional" methods and condoms, showed that inconsistency in their reports arose because these methods are used in combination to such an extent that they are difficult to distinguish. In order to obtain reliable responses about these methods, a survey approach different from the long-established one is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

PrepCom III ends with no consensus on reproductive health and rights.

The third and final session of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom III) for the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) came to a close on April 22 without agreement on the language of the draft Program of Action on Population and Development. Although PrepCom III was intended as a forum for reaching world consensus on the document, an intense campaign led by the Vatican has left key segments in dispute. The Vatican effort centered on attacking terms that it believed included the possibility of abortion. As a result, "reproductive health," "sexual health," "sexual and reproductive rights," "safe motherhood," "fertility regulation," and "family planning" now appear in brackets indicating that they are disputed terms. The Vatican and its allies also proposed replacing the term "individuals and couples" with "men and women" because the former could be interpreted to allow adolescents the right to reproductive and sexual health and to information about these issues. Finally, the Vatican opposed references to "condoms" in a segment addressing HIV transmission, contending that abstinence is the only effective method of preventing sexual transmission of the virus. The resulting lack of consensus on the document may force ICPD participants to focus more on abortion specifically than on the broader issues of population and development emphasized by the draft Program. Regarded as an enlightened document that departs from its predecessors, the draft focuses on the centrality of women to the issues of population and development. In addition to moving beyond traditional notions of family planning, the draft recommends the initiation of programs to promote gender equity in health, economic opportunity education, and property rights. CRLP's International Program is currently preparing a fact sheet on the politics of choice in preparation for the ICPD.

Condoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes toward the rhythm method in the Philippines.

Two sets of focus group discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of the rhythm method were carried out in the Philippines in 1980 and 1981. The first discussions were held among 30 women and nine men 21-40 years of age, and the second among eight women 25-35 years of age who had voluntary pregnancy terminations after the method had failed. Among the perceived advantages of rhythm were that it permits spontaneous intercourse on the safe days and has no bad side effects. Among the perceived disadvantages were that it is ineffective, especially for women with irregular periods, and it requires abstinence. The women who had had voluntary pregnancy terminations discussed their motivations and rationales and the methods that they had used. The information obtained from the discussions formed the basis for support materials that are now used throughout the country.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

AIDS, sex and condoms: African healers and the reinvention of tradition in Zaire.

Condoms offer considerable protection against sexual transmission of AIDS. Yet many Africans who are at risk of infection reject condoms as "unnatural." Data from Zaire have been used to examine this culturally constructed category in relation to sexuality, procreation, gender roles, class formation and international health and development policy. Much more than a simple transfer of biomedical technology is involved. Condom use with regular partners raises issues of cultural politics at many levels. "Traditional" African healers represent important social networks with considerable authority in poor urban communities. They are able to reinterpret cultural categories and endow behavior with new meanings. Action-research in Kinshasa was used to explore roles that healers might play in promoting change to safer sex practices.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Family planning practices and attitudes among former Soviet new immigrant women in Israel.

One hundred young new immigrant women from the former U.S.S.R. now living in Israel answered a detailed semi-open questionnaire regarding their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in fertility and birth control issues. A collective family planning profile of these women is largely in line with that of the urban population of Slavonic U.S.S.R., combining early marriage, early and low fertility, the latter achieved by both abortion and contraception. Most respondents and their partners tried to prevent unwanted pregnancies, usually starting from traditional methods and switching over time to modern ones. An IUD remained most popular contraceptive among parous women, while use of the pill, very rare in the U.S.S.R., has almost doubled upon migration, mostly among younger women. Still, they kept some misleading ideas on the pros and cons of traditional versus modern methods, suggesting lack of adequate information also upon migration. Like their ex-compatriots, our women preferred to solve their birth control problems without external professional involvement. Contrary to the expected, free abortion ideology was not universally advocated by our respondents, and most were fully aware of abortion limitations in Israel. While rationally condemning abortion in both moral and health terms, most respondents still use it, this gap between beliefs and practice being indicative of their readiness to adopt efficient contraception. This switch occurs faster in women actively involved with host society via work or studies. Younger women were found to be more flexible and advanced in their family planning practices than were older ones, while almost no differences were related to education and origin within the U.S.S.R. This exploratory study suggests that any investment into promotion of healthy fertility control practices among new immigrants will be cost-effective in the near future.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning choices and some characteristics of coitus interruptus users in Gemlik, Turkey.

The objectives of this study were to gain information about some fertility issues, contraceptive method choices, and the reasons for coitus interruptus (CI) use among married women aged 15-49, in Gemlik, Turkey. One thousand nine hundred ten women were interviewed for this cross-sectional study. The pregnancy rate per woman was 2.9. 716 women (37.5%) had at least one unwanted pregnancy. Of the study population, 79.6% were using a contraceptive method (45.1% were using a modern method, 34.5% a traditional method). CI was the most preferred method (33.7%). Fertility measures of women who had used CI continuously were compared with other women. It was found that most CI users were content with the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The impact of the Navrongo Project on contraceptive knowledge and use, reproductive preferences, and fertility.

The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project is a quasi-experimental study designed to test the hypothesis that introducing health and family planning services in a traditional African societal setting will introduce reproductive change. This article presents the impact of the initial three years of project exposure on contraceptive knowledge, awareness of supply sources, reproductive preferences, contraceptive use, and fertility. Findings show that knowledge of methods and supply sources increased as a result of exposure to project activities and that deployment of nurses to communities was associated with the emergence of preferences to limit childbearing. Fertility impact is evident in all treatment cells, most prominently in areas where nurse-outreach activities are combined with strategies for involving traditional leaders and male volunteers in promoting the program. In this combined cell, the initial three years of project exposure reduced the total fertility rate by one birth, comprising a 15 percent fertility decline relative to fertility levels in comparison communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A GEE approach to estimating sensitivity and specificity and coverage properties of the confidence intervals.

A generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach is used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of five non-culture screening tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens from women attending family planning clinics. Since the estimates of these parameters can be very close to the upper limit of one, confidence interval construction based on the traditional approaches, such as the delta method or a back-transformation approach, may not have the stated coverage. We compare different approaches to calculating confidence intervals for the sensitivity and specificity from the results of the GEE approach. These methods include the delta method, a back-transformation approach, and a bootstrap approach. In addition, we use simulations to investigate the estimated coverage rates of the delta method and the back-transformation approach. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of 1970 and 1980 survey findings on family planning in India.

This report compares the findings of two national sample surveys and highlights changes in the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of family planning among Indian couples during 1970-1980. No significant change in desired family size during this period is indicated, but awareness about various contraceptives increased and more people had a favorable attitude toward family planning by 1980. However, about 45 percent of all couples who participated in the 1980 survey were unfamiliar with sterilization as a family planning method. About 60 percent did not know how to use condoms. The corresponding percentages for IUDs and the pill were even higher--about 80 percent in each case. Nevertheless, use of modern contraceptives increased from 10 percent in 1970 to 28 percent in 1980. The proportion of couples depending on traditional methods, primarily rhythm, was substantial and increased from 4 percent in 1970 to 7 percent in 1980. Sterilization remained the most popular modern method, followed by condoms. It was also found that current contraceptive users belonged to a relatively better socioeconomic group than those couples who did not want any additional children yet were not practicing contraception, characterized by a higher literacy level, more exposure to mass media, and better communication between spouses.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Misinformation, mistrust, and mistreatment: family planning among Bolivian market women.

Results of an ethnographic study suggest that, despite stereotypes to the contrary, urban Aymara women in Bolivia want to regulate their fertility, and sociocultural norms support fertility regulation. However, the norms also make such regulation difficult to achieve. One barrier is a deep suspicion of modern medicine and medical practitioners, who are not seen as reliable sources of information. This suspicion is reinforced when the quality of health services is inadequate. Among urban Aymara, the level of acceptability of most modern methods of contraception is low. Many would prefer to use traditional methods, even when use of these methods entails considerable sacrifice and risk of conflict with their partners, unwanted pregnancies, and recourse to unsafe abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

Prepaid versus traditional Medicaid plans: lack of effect on pregnancy outcomes and prenatal care.

Enrollment of Medicaid recipients into capitated, case-managed systems has been advocated as a method of controlling cost. We studied prenatal care and birth outcomes for women and children enrolled in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in two capitated programs in Santa Barbara, California and Jackson County, Missouri (Prepaid), compared with similar but fee-for-service comparison medical communities in Ventura County, California and St. Louis, Missouri (FFS). At the sites of care, 2,336 inpatient and 823 prenatal care records were abstracted. Women at all sites received fewer than the recommended number of prenatal visits. At no site did more than 40 percent of women receive prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy. Mean birth weight and proportion of children of low birth weight (less than 2,500 grams) were similar between the demonstration and comparison counties. Complications of pregnancy and cesarean section rates were also similar between demonstration and comparison counties. This study did not demonstrate a decreased quality of care provided to enrollees in capitated, case-managed Medicaid programs compared with fee-for-service. Basic prenatal care was provided only to some members of this population, regardless of the type of physician payment.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Family planning in Pakistan: an analysis of some factors constraining use.

Family planning efforts by the Pakistan government were greatly expanded during its third Five-Year Plan (1965-70). Cross-sectional data obtained from the 1968-1969 IMPACT Survey are analyzed to determine the relative importance of demand and availability factors in explaining the response of Pakistani couples to the program's efforts. The findings indicate that the proportion of couples who express interest in controlling their fertility in the future is larger than the proportion who report current use of a family planning method. The analysis, however, shows that the program delivery system did not reach most of those who indicated they were potential users. When adequate availability was reported, family planning was adopted despite existing traditional social constraints; nonetheless, the analysis also points out that the potential of the program was severely limited by these constraints.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning and induced abortion in the USSR: basic health and demographic characteristics.

In 1988, the USSR Ministry of Public Health published official statistics on abortion for the first time in 60 years. Using the official data published in 1988 and unofficial statistics from a variety of independent sources, this report attempts to describe some of the basic features of fertility regulation in the USSR. Induced abortion is the main method of fertility regulation throughout the country, and a high proportion of induced abortions are unregistered and performed illegally. The availability and use of modern contraceptives is low; among those who practice contraception, traditional methods predominate. The official data leave much to be desired in the way of accuracy, reliability, and completeness. However, it is clear that the level of induced abortion is higher in the USSR than in any other country in the world.

Abortion, Illegal↗