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PubMed2001

Simple, directional cDNA cloning for in situ transcript hybridization screens.

Here, we describe a suppression PCR-based method for directional cloning of randomly primed cDNAs from small quantities of tissue. Synthesis of the first cDNA strand is conducted on oligonucleotide-coated magnetic beads. Synthesis of the second strand is accomplished using nonspecifically primed suppression PCR. This method is used to synthesize a cDNA library from zebrafish embryos at 6-9 h after fertilization. The sequencing of the clones and their use in an in situ hybridization screen to detect restricted patterns of gene transcription in zebrafish embryos showed that this method allows the rapid identification of genes that are important for development and genes that are expressed at levels undetectable by whole-mount in situ transcript hybridization. The random priming of cDNA alleviates the problems encountered in the identification of zebrafish genes from poly(dT)-primed cDNA clones caused by the long 3' UTRs frequently found in transcripts from this organism.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Increased serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites among users of levonorgestrel-releasing implants [corrected] a possible role in progestin-induced bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent angiogenic and vasodilator factor that could be involved in progestin-induced bleeding. This study aimed to assess possible changes in the serum levels of NO metabolites in users of levonorgestrel-releasing implants (LNG-implants) [corrected] and to identify any correlation between some of their clinical characteristics and NO metabolite levels. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 37 LNG-implants [corrected] users; a single 5 ml venous blood was collected at different periods of [corrected] use. Women were divided into users with acceptable menstrual bleeding (n 5 13) [corrected] and those having abnormal bleeding patterns (n 5 24) [corrected] The controls are 13 age-matched healthy women; they were fertile, had regular menstruation and did not use any contraceptive method in the previous 3 months. NO was determined by the evaluation of its oxidation products (nitrites and nitrates) where the nitrates were reduced to nitrites with cadmium filings; total serum concentrations of nitrites were measured by using the Griess reaction. RESULTS: The mean serum levels of NO metabolites were significantly higher in the LNG-implants [corrected] users than in the controls (mean+/-SE) 34.9+/-11.3 versus 6.1+/-1.5 mumol/l (P<0.001) [corrected] The mean serum levels of NO metabolites were significantly higher in the LNG-implants [corrected] users with abnormal bleeding patterns than in those with normal bleeding patterns (mean+/-SE) 41.3+/-7.4 versus 23.2+/-5.8 mumol/l (P<0.001) [corrected] There was a positive correlation between NO levels and both prolonged spotting and heavy/prolonged bleeding days (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) and negative correlation between NO levels with the duration of use and length of the menstrual cycle (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The significantly increased serum levels of NO metabolites among LNG-implants [corrected] users may primarily reflect an increase in its endometrial production, possibly secondary to its increased liberation by systemic vascular endothelium. This may result in enhanced endometrial angiogenesis and vascular dilatation which can induce and perpetuate abnormal excessive/prolonged uterine bleeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Practice patterns among board-certified reproductive endocrinologists regarding high-order multiple gestations: a united states national survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess current practice management, attitudes, and strategies of reproductive endocrinologists in the United States regarding high-order (at least three) multiple gestations. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to 768 board-certified reproductive endocrinologists of whom 722 were eligible for the study. The questionnaires addressed topics such as practitioner demographics, management strategies, and attitudes regarding high-order multiple gestations. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 52%. Most physicians performed 100-300 cycles of each ovulation induction with intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization in 1998 and 1999. The most commonly reported incidence of high-order multiple gestations resulting from each ovulation induction with intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization was 2-5% in 1998 and 1999. Strategies used to decrease the rate of high-order multiple gestations varied among practitioners. Informed consent regarding high-order multiple gestations was provided by 99.5% of practitioners. Information regarding selective reduction was provided by 98.3% of respondents. Over 90% of practitioners believed it is worthwhile to attempt to decrease the risk of high-order pregnancies at the risk of decreasing their group's overall pregnancy rates. CONCLUSION: Most reproductive endocrinologists reported concern over the rising risk of high-order multiple gestations resulting from therapies such as superovulation with intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization. However, the ways in which patients are counseled regarding such events, their sequelae, and methods to avoid them greatly differ among respondents. Given the inconsistent practice patterns, a multifaceted educational approach may provide an opportunity to reduce the incidence of high-order multiple gestations and their sequelae.

Counseling↗
PubMed2002

Utilization of a particle gun DNA introduction system for the analysis of cis-regulatory elements controlling the spatial expression pattern of the arylsulfatase gene (HpArs) in sea urchin embryos.

We applied a particle gun method to introduce DNA into fertilized sea urchin eggs for the analysis of cis-regulatory elements responsible for spatial gene expression during development. We introduced HpArs (sea urchin arylsulfatase gene) -GFP and HpArs-LacZfusion constructs into the fertilized eggs and obtained high expression levels of the fusion genes. Using this assay system, we demonstrated that a fragment of HpArs (-3,484 to +4,636) is sufficient for aboral ectoderm-specific expression, and that the region in the first intron from +406 to +1,993 contains the control elements responsible for the repression of the HpArs promoter activity in secondary mesenchyme cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Contraceptive use dynamics of Asian women in Britain.

In-depth interviews were conducted with married Asian women from Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds, to investigate patterns of contraceptive use and influences on contraceptive decision making. The results show two distinctively different contraceptive 'lifecycles'. Non-professional women typically have little knowledge about contraception until after their marriage or first birth. Their patterns of contraceptive behaviour show low levels of contraceptive use until after their first birth, when condom use is most prevalent. Non-professional women are influenced by their extended family, religion and cultural expectations on their fertility and family planning decisions. Professional women show an entirely different pattern of contraceptive behaviour. They are more likely to have knowledge about contraception before marriage, use some method of contraception throughout their childbearing years (typically the pill) and cite personal, practical or economic considerations in their fertility decisions rather than religious, cultural or extended family influences.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The demographic transition.

Demographic transition is a set of changes in reproductive behavior that are experienced as a society is transformed from a traditional pre-industrial state to a highly developed, modernized structure. The transformation is the substitution of slow growth achieved with low fertility and mortality for slow growth maintained with relatively high fertility and mortality rates. Contrary to early descriptions of the transition, fertility in pre-modern societies was well below the maximum that might be attained. However, it was kept at moderate levels by customs (such as late marriage or prolonged breastfeeding) not related to the number of children already born. Fertility has been reduced during the demographic transition by the adoption of contraception as a deliberate means of avoiding additional births. An extensive study of the transition in Europe shows the absence of a simple link of fertility with education, proportion urban, infant mortality and other aspects of development. It also suggests the importance of such cultural factors as common customs associated with a common language, and the strength of religious traditions. Sufficient modernization nevertheless seems always to bring the transition to low fertility and mortality.

Birth Rate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DNA flow cytometry of sperm from normozoospermic men in barren couples and men of proven fertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which sperm chromatin varies in its degree of condensation in 53 apparently normozoospermic men and in 14 men of proven fertility. METHODS: DNA flow cytometry after staining of spermatozoa with ethidium bromide and mithramycin. RESULTS: Normozoospermic men could be divided into four subgroups according to the fluorescence pattern of their sperm DNA. More than half of the normozoospermic group and all of those of proven fertility shared a similar profile with a narrow symmetrical peak of haploid fluorescence without significant sub-populations. Deviations from this pattern were generally not associated with any major differences in sperm quality. CONCLUSIONS: (a) Current criteria for normozoospermia should be expanded to include additional tests of biochemical integrity. (b) Fertilizing ability appears to be associated with a relatively homogeneous profile of sperm DNA condensation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1980

Effects of changed contraception patterns on fertility in Taiwan: applications of a non-Markovian stochastic model.

Longitudinal data from Taiwan in the period 1960--1973 are used in an age-dependent non-Markovian Stochastic model of human reproduction to evaluate the effects of changing contraceptive technology and extended use patterns on fertility. The fertility experience of women claiming to be limiters up to the first unwanted pregnancy following acceptance of an IUD is considered. It is found that improved contraceptive technology, and expecially changed switching patterns among methods, account for as much as a 50% decline in first pregnancy probabilities over period studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hysteroscopic myomectomy: long-term effects on menstrual pattern and fertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of hysteroscopic myomectomy on menorrhagia and infertility and the influence of intramural extension on surgical feasibility and long-term outcomes. METHODS: We studied 108 women who had first-line hysteroscopic resection of submucous pedunculated (n = 54), sessile (n = 30), or intramural (n = 24) leiomyomas over 7 years at an academic department specializing in endoscopic surgery. RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) operating time and distension medium deficit were 18+/-7 minutes and 204+/-276 mL in the pedunculated lesion group, 23+/-9 minutes and 278+/-269 mL in the sessile lesion group, and 32+/-8 minutes and 335+/-272 mL in the intramural lesion group, respectively. More than one procedure was required to complete myoma removal in 14 (26%) of 54, eight (26%) of 30, and 12 (50%) of 24 subjects in the pedunculated, sessile, and intramural lesion groups, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 41 months, myomas recurred in 27 subjects, with a 3-year cumulative rate of 34%. Twenty women had recurrent menorrhagia, with a 3-year cumulative probability of 30%. The 3-year cumulative probability of conception was 49% in women with pedunculated lesions, 36% in those with sessile lesions, and 33% in those with intramural lesions. The study had 80% power to detect five- and three-fold increases in menorrhagia recurrence and conception rates, respectively, in the mainly intramural myoma group compared with the completely or mainly intracavitary myoma group. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic resection of submucous myomas gives satisfactory menorrhagia control and limited recurrence, but the benefit for infertility was less impressive. Myoma intramural extension did not have a substantial influence on any of the long-term outcomes but affected operating time and the number of procedures needed for complete removal.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use and annual acceptors required for fertility transition: results of a projection model.

Major fertility declines in developing countries are invariably accompanied by large increases in contraceptive prevalence and in the annual number of new acceptors. This article applies a target-setting model to make hypothetical projections of trends in prevalence and number of acceptors over the course of a full fertility transition. The sensitivity of these trends to variations in proximate determinants such as the marriage pattern and the duration of lactational amenorrhea, as well as in the discontinuation rate and the method mix, are examined. It is concluded that a contraceptive prevalence of around 75 percent is needed to achieve replacement-level fertility and that variations in proximate determinants other than contraceptive prevalence have only a modest effect on this result. On the other hand, trends in new acceptors are demonstrated to be very sensitive to discontinuation rate changes. As a consequence, it is generally difficult to draw conclusions about trends in fertility from trends in acceptors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Salivary oestradiol in spontaneous and stimulated menstrual cycles.

The determination of steroids in saliva provides useful information in the clinical study of various endocrine functions, and salivary progesterone concentration has been widely used for assessing corpus luteum function during the spontaneous menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. However, the determination of oestradiol in saliva (SE2) has previously been found unsatisfactory. SE2 profiles and saliva/plasma E2 ratios were established (during the different periods of the menstrual cycle) by a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay method during normal menstrual cycle. During cycles hyperstimulated for in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, the SE2 pattern is similar to the corresponding profile in plasma with a peri-ovulatory oestradiol peak. There is a significant difference between fertile and non-fertile cycles with a higher saliva/plasma ratio in conception cycles.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Birth spacing in Puerto Rico].

This paper uses life table methods to analyze the process of family formation in Puerto Rico. Despite a continuing decline in fertility, the pattern of birth spacing is very rapid with a big proportion of short intergenesic intervals. This indicates a clear distinction between spacing and stopping behavior. Some possible health implications are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Frequency and patterns of premature sperm chromosome condensation in oocytes failing to fertilize after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate reasons for fertilization failure after intracytoplasmic sperm injection as a part of internal quality control and to review corresponding previous data. METHODS: One hundred injected but unfertilized oocytes were fixed and examined after Giemsa staining. RESULTS: Three oocytes (3.0%) did not show the presence of a spermatozoon and two (2.0%) contained pronuclear structures. An intact spermatozoon was found in 25 cases (25.0%), whereas the sperm nucleus had undergone premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in 70 cells (70.0%). A modified classification system was established to characterize the different PCC patterns. CONCLUSIONS: PCC indicates a correct intracytoplasmic injection and excludes technical problems as a major reason for fertilization failure in the present study. A lack of oocyte activation due to cytoplasmic immaturity is considered responsible for the occurrence of PCC. A review of the literature shows that the role of sperm chromatin abnormalities in the process of nuclear decondensation needs further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Divorce in Ethiopia: the impact of early marriage and childlessness.

Forty-five per cent of first marriages in Ethiopia end in divorce within 30 years, and two-thirds of women who divorce do so within the first 5 years of marriage. This paper looks at two factors that may have an impact on the risk of divorce in Ethiopia: early age of first marriage, and childlessness within the first marriage. Data used were from the 1990 National Family and Fertility Survey conducted by the Government of Ethiopia. A total of 8757 women of reproductive age (15-49) were analysed. Life table analysis was used to determine the median age at first marriage, first birth and the median duration of marriage. Cox models were analysed to determine the differentials of divorce. The results of this analysis showed that both early age at marriage and childlessness have a significant impact on the risk of divorce. An inverse relationship was found between age at marriage and risk of divorce. Having a child within the first marriage also significantly reduced the risk of divorce. In addition, several cultural and socioeconomic variables were significant predictors of divorce.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal care, birth outcomes and newborn hospitalization costs: patterns among Hispanics in New Jersey.

CONTEXT: With the influx of Latin American immigrants to the United States and the relatively high fertility of Hispanic women, the importance of understanding patterns of birth outcomes within the heterogeneous Hispanic community is growing. METHODS: Vital statistics data linked with hospital discharge files for single, liveborn infants delivered in New Jersey to state residents in 1989 and 1990 are used to examine the effects of maternal birthplace and Hispanic ethnicity on early initiation of prenatal care, low birth weight, infant mortality and newborn hospital costs. Multivariate analyses control for a range of demographic, economic, behavioral and medical factors. RESULTS: White women of Puerto Rican descent have a significantly higher risk than both non-Hispanic whites and other Hispanic whites of having a low-birth-weight baby. However, their infants do not have an increased risk of mortality, and newborn hospitalization costs are not elevated for this group. Mexican-born white women begin prenatal care later than their U.S.-born counterparts, but do not have worse birth outcomes. The sharpest contrasts are not among Hispanics but between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women born in the same place. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnicity and birthplace affect prenatal care and birth outcomes but are probably not as significant as racial differences. Poor outcomes without elevated newborn costs may indicate less access to high-quality neonatal care among some ethnic groups.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

In vivo correlation between IL-1beta concentration in uterine fluid and integrin expression pattern in infertile women.

PROBLEM: To evaluate the possible correlation between interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and integrin expression. METHOD OF STUDY: Endometrium and uterine fluid from 77 infertile women and 24 fertile, healthy control were studied with immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of IL-1beta and integrin alphaVbeta3 and alpha4beta1 expression. RESULTS: Highest expression of alphaVbeta3 was found in epithelium and glands in endometria from fertile women. There was no positive correlation between IL-1beta and integrin expression pattern. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the importance of alphaVbeta3 as molecular marker of receptive phase. Also supports the views that synchrony in development of endometrium is necessary for successful nidation. There was however, contrary to results of previous in vitro studies, no positive correlation between IL-1beta and endometrial integrin patter expression.

Adult↗