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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Changes of responses of gastrointestinal hormones after pancreatectomies].

In order to elucidate the changes of the gastrointestinal hormones (GIH), glucose and/or lipid were administered orally in 54 pancreatectomized patients, 22 gastrectomized patients and 28 healthy volunteers before and after the surgery. Peripheral plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were measured for 180 min by radioimmunoassay specific for each CIH. Hyperresponses of CCK, NT and GIP were observed before surgery in patients with tumor of the pancreatic head. The lack of bile in the alimentary tract was confirmed as one of causative factors for the hyperresponse of NT. No significant change was observed in response of CCK, NT, CIP and PP after caudal pancreatectomy. The responses of CCK and GIP were normalized after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) or total pancreatectomy (TP). The response of PP was decreased after PD or TP. Such change of GIP was not noted after gastrectomy. These changes of GIH after pancreatectomies were considered to be caused by surgical removal of the structures in which these GIH mainly located.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Response of extrapancreatic glucagon to gastrointestinal hormones in pancreatectomized dogs.

In order to investigate the effect of gastrointestinal hormones upon the secretion of extrapancreatic glucagon, tetragastrin, secretin, caerulein and cholecytokinin-pancreozymin octapeptide (CCK-octa) were administered during saline or arginine infusion in pancreatectomized dogs. Intravenous administration of tetragastrin (7 micrograms/kg) did not elicit any changes in plasma glucagon during saline infusion, while the plasma glucagon increased significantly following tetragastrin infusion during arginine infusion. The administration of secretin (3 U/kg) did not affect the plasma level of glucagon during saline or arginine infusion at all. Plasma glucagon did not change after the administration of caerulein (0.5 microgram/kg) during saline infusion, whereas it increased significantly following caerulein administration during arginine infusion. Intravenous administration of CCK-octa in a dose of 20 U/kg did not affect the plasma level of glucagon during saline infusion but exerted a significant rise of extrapancreatic glucagon during arginine infusion. It is concluded from the present experiment that the administration of tetragastrin, caerulein or CCK-octa enhances the release of extrapancreatic glucagon stimulated by arginine infusion while secretin infusion does not affect the secretion of extrapancreatic glucagon.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Peptide YY kinetics and effects on blood pressure and circulating pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones and metabolites in man.

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36 amino acid peptide produced by mucosal endocrine cells of the ileum and colon which inhibits acid secretion and intestinal transit in man. To assess its effects on metabolites and digestive hormones PYY was infused into 18 fasting normal subjects at three dose levels (0.06, 0.19, and 0.57 pmol kg-1 min-1), each for a period of 1 h. During the infusions mean plasma PYY levels increased by 8, 25, and 73 pmol/liter, respectively. The mean disappearance half-time on stopping the infusions was 9.2 +/- 0.4 (SEM) min. The mean MCR was 7.3 +/- 0.7 ml kg-1 min-1 and the apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 94 +/- 9 ml kg-1. During the highest dose infusion there was a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, of 8.6 +/- 3.7 mmHg (P less than 0.05) and 10.9 +/- 3.0 mmHg (P less than 0.01), respectively. PYY caused a significant 50% reduction in plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations (P less than 0.05) and a 55% reduction in circulating motilin levels (P less than 0.05). PYY had no significant effect on circulating concentrations of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin, enteroglucagon, or vasoactive intestinal peptide. PYY also had no significant effect on circulating concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerol, or nonesterified fatty acids. This recently discovered human intestinal hormonal peptide thus has significant effects both on gastrointestinal hormones (motilin and pancreatic polypeptide) and blood pressure in man, but appears not to influence glucose or lipid metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Short-term (8-day) effects of a raw soybean diet on exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma gastrointestinal hormone levels in the pig.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term (8-day) effects of feeding a raw soybean diet on exocrine pancreatic secretion and the plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones in pigs. After adaptation to a heated soybean diet, 6 pigs (36.5 +/- 0.8 kg) were fitted with permanent fistulae of the pancreatic duct, the duodenum and a carotid artery. After post-surgical recovery of 8 days, the animals were submitted to two experimental periods, a 4-day period during which they were fed the heated soybean diet and an 8-day period during which they received the raw soybean diet. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of secretin, cholecystokinin, VIP, PP, somatostatin and gastrin were monitored each day of the two experimental periods. On the first day of raw soybean ingestion and till its end, the daily volume of pancreatic juice was higher than the mean volume measured during heated soybean ingestion. On the contrary, daily total protein output was unchanged. Specific activities of chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase were not modified by the raw soybean diet whereas, from the third day of the experimental period, that of trypsin was higher than the corresponding mean value determined during the first experimental period. Plasma levels of secretin and VIP were higher throughout raw soybean ingestion than the corresponding mean levels determined during the first experimental period. The plasma level of cholecystokinin increased only slightly and in the first days of the second experimental period only. The other gastrointestinal hormones studied were slightly (gastrin) or not (somatostatin, PP) affected by raw soybean feeding. It is suggested that feedback control of exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs was the mechanism involved in the increase of pancreatic juice observed when raw soybean was fed. This volume increase would result from secretin release into the blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of some gastrointestinal hormones on two muscle layers of duodenum.

The duodenums of opossums and cats were cut into strips 2 mm wide and 2-2.5 cm long. Strips cut in the oral-caudal axis were called longitudinal strips; those cut at 90 degrees to that axis were called circular strips. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and cerulein stimulated phasic contractions of circular muscle of opossum duodenum, but had no effect on the longitudinal muscle. The effect of CCK was not blocked by tetrodotoxin (10(-7)M), indicating a direct muscle stimulation. CCK had no effect of both muscle layers of the cat duodenum. Vasoactive intestinal peptide raised tension in longitudinal muscle, but reduced tension in circular muscle of opossum duodenum. Glucagon slightly reduced tension in both longitudinal and circular muscle of opossum duodenum. It also inhibited contractions of circular muscle caused by acetylcholine. Pentagastrin and secretin had no effect on either muscle layer in either species. These findings suggest that the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the duodenum respond differently to at least some gastrointestinal hormones. Also, there is species variation in response to gastrointestinal hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Influence of gastrointestinal hormones on tumor microcirculation of experimental pancreatic cancer in the rat.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastrointestinal hormones influence the microcirculation in the normal pancreas. In the present study, we studied the effect of cerulein and somatostatin on pancreatic cancer microcirculation after orthotopic and nonorthotopic tumor implantation. METHODS: In 36 male Lewis rats (150-180 g) induction of a ductlike pancreatic cancer was achieved by intrapancreatic or intraperitoneal tumor fragment interposition between two inert transparent polymethyl methacrylate plates. After 4 weeks, intravital microscopy of the tumor microcirculation was performed in a temperature-controlled immersion chamber. The animals received 5 microg/kg cerulein or 3 mg/kg somatostatin for 1 h intravenously. The erythrocyte velocity in normal pancreatic capillaries or in tumor vessels was measured. RESULTS: The erythrocyte velocity in the capillaries of the normal pancreas was 1.01 +/- 0.11 mm/s at baseline and increased to 1.64 +/- 0.09 mm/s after cerulein stimulation (p = 0.007). Pancreatic cancer vessels demonstrated no increase in erythrocyte velocity after orthotopic (baseline 0.95 +/- 0.14 mm/s, after 1 h 0.86 +/- 0.13 mm/s; n.s.) and nonorthotopic tumor implantation (baseline 0.91 +/- 0.12 mm/s, after 1 h 0.95 +/- 0.14 mm/s; n.s.) after cerulein stimulation. Somatostatin decreased the erythrocyte velocity both in normal pancreas (baseline 0.87 +/- 0.02 mm/s, after 1 h 0.60 +/- 0.07 mm/s; p = 0.01) and in pancreatic cancer (baseline 0.85 +/- 0.20 mm/s, after 1 h 0.63 +/- 0.18 mm/s; p = 0.02) after orthotopic tumor implantation. There was no effect of somatostatin after nonorthotopic tumor implantation (baseline 0.90 +/- 0.10 mm/s, after 1 h 0.88 +/- 0.14 mm/s; n.s.). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that pancreatic cancer microcirculation lacks physiological blood flow control by stimulatory hormones, in contrast to the normal pancreas.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Role of gastrointestinal hormones in the proliferation of normal and neoplastic tissues.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are chemical messengers that regulate the physiological functions of the intestine and pancreas, including secretion, motility, absorption, and digestion. In addition to these well-defined physiological effects, GI hormones can stimulate proliferation of the nonneoplastic intestinal mucosa and pancreas. Furthermore, in an analogous fashion to breast and prostate cancer, certain GI cancers possess receptors for GI hormones; growth can be altered by administration of these hormones or by blocking their respective receptors. The GI hormones that affect proliferation, either stimulatory or inhibitory, include gastrin, cholecystokinin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-2, and somatostatin. The effects of these peptides on normal and neoplastic GI tissues will be described. Also, future perspectives and potential therapeutic implications will be discussed.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1985

Lymph, pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in response to feeding in the conscious pig.

Concentrations of several gastrointestinal hormonal peptides were measured in lymph from the cisterna chyli and in arterial plasma; in healthy, conscious pigs during ingestion of a meal. Lymph concentrations of the pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide were small compared with plasma concentrations, although postprandial increments were significant. In contrast lymph concentrations of gastrin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) from the foregut showed a more marked postprandial rise than the pancreatic hormones. Indeed the total integrated responses of these peptides in lymph reached about 50% of those seen in arterial plasma. It would appear unlikely that the lymphatics constitute an important transport mechanisms for these regulatory peptides. However, lymph concentrations of hormones may reflect levels in interstitial fluid better than plasma and may be of value in assessing putative physiological actions within a target tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line (WD PaCa).

In view of the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones on the exocrine pancreas, the effects of secretin, octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8), and desglugastrin on the growth of hamster pancreatic well differentiated adenocarcinoma were investigated in vitro. Desglugastrin exhibited the greatest effect on thymidine incorporation into these cells after a lag period of 96 h. Doses of desglugastrin in the range from 30 to 270 ng/mL caused a significant and dose-dependent increase in thymidine incorporation. Higher doses of this peptide led to a decreased response. Secretin also increased thymidine incorporation, but the response was less than that induced by gastrin. Prolonged incubation with secretin for 96 h increased tritiated thymidine incorporation in a log-dose fashion in the range of 30 to 270 ng/mL. Doses of CCK-8 in the range of 90 to 810 ng/mL significantly increased thymidine incorporation after 48 h of incubation. Following 72 h of incubation, only the dose of 270 ng/mL continued to exhibit a significant stimulation. Our study suggests that the gastrointestinal hormones could directly increase the growth of pancreatic carcinoma cells, act synergistically with endogenous growth factors, or stimulate the local production of these factors. In any event, our results that gastrin, secretin, and CCK can stimulate the growth of pancreatic ductal tumor cells in tissue cultures, support earlier findings on normal and malignant pancreatic parenchyma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Effects of oxytocin on the IGF-axis and some gastrointestinal hormones in ad libitum fed and food-restricted female rats.

The aims of this study were to investigate if administration of oxytocin to ad libitum fed and food-restricted female rats affects weight gain, body fatness, the IGF-axis, and some vagally mediated gastrointestinal hormones, such as gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and somatostatin. Ad libitum fed and food-restricted (receiving 70% of the food intake of the ad libitum fed group) female rats were injected subcutaneously, once a day, for 10 days, with saline (control) or oxytocin (1 mg kg-1 bodyweight). The animals were killed 5 days after the last injection. Oxytocin-treated food-restricted females had more body fat and lower plasma levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 compared with saline-treated counterparts. Oxytocin-treated ad libitum fed rats also had lower plasma levels of IGFBP-1 but contained less body fat, compared with saline-treated counterparts. There was no effect of oxytocin treatment on body weight or weight gain in either of the feeding groups. Except for gastrin, which was lower, there was no effect of oxytocin on the gastrointestinal hormones studied. The results indicate that oxytocin treatment influences fat deposition and the IGF-axis in female rats, but that the results are dependent on the nutritional status of the animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Gastrointestinal hormone profile in renal insufficiency.

Fasting serum gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations were simultaneously measured in normal subjects and in patients with different degrees of renal failure. Values of gastrin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and glucagon were significantly higher in all patients with serum creatinine concentrations greater than 3 mg/dl than in controls (P less than 0.01). The degree of renal insufficiency was significantly correlated (P less than 0.05) with serum concentrations of each hormone, but no significant linear correlation existed among the serum concentrations of different gastrointestinal hormones in individuals. Hemodialysis did not significantly alter predialysis serum gastrin, cholecystokinin, or glucagon concentration, but the serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration decreased by 30% (P less than 0.01) after hemodialysis. The disproportionate increases of hormones with antagonistic actions may alter gastrointestinal function in renal insufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Phase III additional clinical study of 111In-pentetreotide (MP-1727): diagnosis of gastrointestinal hormone producing tumors based on the presence of somatostatin receptors].

Additional phase III multicenter clinical study was performed to investigate the efficacy, safety, and usefulness of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using 111In-pentetreotide (MP-1727), which binds to somatostatin receptors. Forty patients were included in the study; Group A: 18 patients, gastrointestinal hormone producing tumors had been detected with conventional imaging modalities, Group B: 22 patients, no tumors had been detected with conventional imaging modalities in spite of high serum hormone levels. By comparing the results of the octreotide suppression test, 12/16 cases (75.0%) of Group A and 11/19 cases (57.9%) of Group B were assessed as "effective." By comparing the results of immunohistological examination, 5/9 cases (55.6%) of Group A and 2/4 cases (50.0%) of Group B were assessed as "effective." Severe adverse events were not observed in any of the evaluable 35 cases. MP-1727 was judged as clinically useful in 11/16 cases (68.8%) of Group A and 5/19 cases (26.3%) of group B. These results suggest that MP-1727 scintigraphy is very useful for the diagnosis and decision of the therapeutic strategy of gastrointestinal hormone producing tumors.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

New aspects of the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones.

This paper deals with several new findings regarding the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones. Naturally occurring gastrins (G-17 I, G-17 II, G-34 II) stimulated DNA synthesis and increased total DNA content of gastric mucosa. These were several times more potent than pentagastrin on a molar basis. In a survey of various tissues from the gastrointestinal tract, pentagastrin exerted trophic effects on mucosa of the oxyntic gland area, duodenum, and colon; it had no effect on the esophagus, antrum, or diaphragm. Maximal stimulation (200% of control) of colonic DNA synthesis was produced by 250 mug of pentagastrin per kg. Vasoactive intestinal peptide did not stimulate DNA synthesis when given alone and inhibited the trophic effect of pentagastrin when administered simultaneously. Glucagon stimulated DNA synthesis in both colon and oxyntic gland mucosa to 40% of the increase caused by pentagastrin and did not inhibit the effects of pentagastrin when administered concurrently.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on Oddi's sphincter and duodenal myoelectric activity and pancreatobiliary pressure. Studies in the opossum.

Myoelectric activity of Oddi's sphincter and duodenum was correlated with common duct and pancreatic duct pressures in conscious opossums after infusion of the following substances: cholecystokinin, pentagastrin, glucagon, secretin, and acetylcholine. Cholecystokinin and pentagastrin increased and glucagon and secretin decreased the frequency of spike potentials in Oddi's sphincter and the duodenum. Acetylcholine was associated with the largest increase in spike potentials in both Oddi's sphincter and the duodenum. Although there was variation in the number of pressure elevations related to Oddi's sphincter spike potentials, the baseline pressure remained constant during administration of the hormones. Acetylcholine infusion increased the biliary and pancreatic pressures to 29 and 31 mm Hg, respectively. We conclude that gastrointestinal hormones may have an important role in regulating the excretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1986

Effect of the prokinetic drug cisapride on gastrointestinal hormone release.

The influence of the prokinetic drug cisapride on the release of gastrointestinal hormones was studied in volunteers. First, acute effects of single doses of cisapride compared with saline were investigated. Cisapride at doses of 8 mg and 20 mg intravenously significantly increased plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) by 145% and 146%, respectively. Cholecystokinin (CCK) levels were increased by 176% at 8 mg cisapride, whereas gastrin and insulin levels remained unchanged. Enhancement of PP and CCK secretion was almost completely abolished by pretreatment with 1 mg atropine. Carbachol (250 micrograms subcutaneously) increased PP release by 62% but did not affect the other hormones. Second, the influence of a 1-week treatment (10 mg three times daily, given orally) on plasma hormone levels was studied. After 1 week the postprandial CCK release was diminished by 58%. Basal levels and postprandial responses of gastrin, PP, and insulin were not altered by prolonged cisapride administration. It is concluded that acute application of cisapride stimulates secretion of PP and CCK via atropine-sensitive mechanisms and that chronic treatment with cisapride diminishes CCK release by an unknown mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal hormone release after biliary reconstruction procedures.

The changes in gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal hormone release were studied after biliary tract reconstruction to investigate the mechanism of gastric acid hypersecretion after a biliary diversion procedure. At follow-up, gastric acid output in patients with Roux-Y choledochojejunostomy was significantly higher than before the operation. In contrast, in patients with jejunal interposition choledochoduodenostomy, which does not bring about biliary diversion, acid output increased slightly after the operation. Moreover, at follow-up, acid output in the Roux- Y group was slightly higher than it was in the interposition group. Although the fasting levels of plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide were almost the same in both groups, the loading of a test meal elicited a lower response of plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with the Roux- Y procedure than in those with the interposition procedure. Therefore, it is assumed that gastric inhibitory polypeptide, as an enterogastrone after a biliary reconstruction procedure, might have some influence on gastric acid secretion.

Adolescent↗