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PubMed1997

Evidence for the anorexia of aging: gastrointestinal transit and hunger in healthy elderly vs. young adults.

Animal studies suggest that aging is associated with anorexia and disordered gastrointestinal transit. To determine whether there is a relationship between the effects of aging on appetite and gastrointestinal transit in humans, 19 young (age 23-50 yr) and 14 elderly (age 70-84 yr) normal volunteers underwent measurements of 1) desire to eat, hunger, and fullness (visual analog scales); 2) gastric emptying (scintigraphy); 3) orocecal transit (breath hydrogen); 4) total gut transit (radiopaque markers); and 5) autonomic nerve function (cardiovascular reflexes). We found that, postprandially, elderly subjects had less desire to eat (P < 0.05) and less hunger (P < 0.05), but not a significantly greater fullness than younger subjects. Gastric emptying (50% emptying time) for solid (182 +/- 26 vs. 127 +/- 13 min, P < 0.05) and liquid (47 +/- 4 vs. 35 +/- 3 min, P < 0.05) meal components was slower in elderly subjects. Postprandial hunger was inversely related (r = -0.39, P < 0.05) to solid gastric emptying. There were no significant differences in orocecal and total gut transit times between the two groups. Autonomic nerve function was abnormal in 11 elderly but none of the young subjects (P < 0.01). We conclude that aging is associated with 1) diminished desire to eat and hunger, 2) slowing of solid and liquid gastric emptying, 3 no change in orocecal and total gut transit, and 4) autonomic nerve dysfunction. The slowing of gastric emptying may contribute to anorexia in aging subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

A species difference in the slowing effect of intrathecal morphine on gastrointestinal transit.

Intrathecal administration of morphine, levorphanol, bremazocine, ethylketocyclazocine or [D-Ser2,Leu5,Thr6]enkephalin to rats, at doses 10-50 times greater than that necessary to elicit analgesia in the tail flick test, had no marked effect on gastrointestinal transit as determined by the charcoal meal test. In contrast, intrathecal administration of various doses of morphine to mice significantly antagonized transit (A50 (that dose which inhibited transit to 50% of controls) = 14.7 (0.71-2.89) micrograms/mouse). These results suggest (1) a lack of involvement of opioid sensitive spinal structures in the control of gastrointestinal transit in rats, and (2) a species difference in the slowing effect of intrathecal morphine on gastrointestinal transit.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on gastrointestinal transit and luminal viscosity in dogs.

The effects of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on upper gastrointestinal transit, viscosity, and water flux were studied in six dogs fistulated at the proximal duodenum and/or mid-jejunum. Combinations of different grades of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose were prepared as 2% or 3.3% solutions to yield input viscosities of low (approximately 5000 cp at 37 degrees C and 1 s-1), medium (15,000 cp), or high (30,000 cp) viscosity. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose modified intralumenal viscosity, with a linear relationship existing between input and lumenal viscosity. With regard to transit, the lag time before the onset of chyme recovery increased linearly as a function of luminal viscosity. There was also a pronounced decrease in the first-order emptying rate constant as lumenal viscosity increased from water to low-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, but as viscosity was further increased there was little additional change. These results indicate that water-soluble fibers can exert a significant influence on both the lumenal viscosity and the transit profile in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Escin: inhibiting inflammation and promoting gastrointestinal transit to attenuate formation of postoperative adhesions.

Postoperative peritoneal adhesions are common, serious complications of general abdominal and gynecologic surgery that can lead to chronic abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, and infertility. As yet, there are no ideal drugs that may be prescribed for patients to prevent adhesion formation effectively. In this study the effects of escin, a natural drug, on the various steps of adhesion formation were investigated. The effects of escin on increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in a mouse model of acute inflammation, granuloma formation in a subchronic inflammatory rat model, gastrointestinal transit in rats with intestinal paralysis, intestinal motility in postoperative patients, and postoperative adhesion formation in a rat model were observed. It was shown that escin could inhibit acute inflammation and granuloma formation, cause acceleration of gastrointestinal transit, help recover intestinal motility, and attenuate the formation of postoperative adhesions. The findings suggest that escin attenuates the formation of postoperative adhesions by inhibiting inflammation and promoting gastrointestinal transit. Thus it may be concluded that both inhibition of inflammation and increased gastrointestinal motility during the early postoperative period have a positive effect on decreasing the formation of adhesions.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Parathion and gastrointestinal transit in the rat.

The possibility of in vivo or post-mortem acceleration of gastrointestinal transit was investigated in the rat after sublethal or lethal doses of the insecticide parathion. Parathion did not change gastrointestinal transit time before or after death in the poisoned rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Gastrointestinal transit times of radiolabeled meal in progressive systemic sclerosis.

Gastrointestinal transit times were measured in 12 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. The CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) was found in all patients. None of the patients reported complaints referable to specific gastric, small intestinal, or colonic involvement. The patient group had an increased mean gastric emptying time of 99mTc-labeled cellulose fiber when compared with 16 healthy controls [1.17 (0.89-1.38) hr [median (range)] vs 0.84 (0.56-1.88) hr; P less than 0.02], whereas mean gastric emptying time of 2- to 3-mm 111In-labeled plastic particles was unaffected [1.86 (0.99-2.74) hr vs 1.50 (0.92-2.51) hr; NS]. No difference was observed in mean small intestinal transit time of cellulose fiber [4.33 (0.50-7.04) hr vs 3.74 (2.09-7.59) hr; NS] or plastic particles [4.21 (2.00-6.25) hr vs 3.53 (1.50-6.70) hr; NS] between patients and controls. The patient group had an increased mean colonic transit time of plastic particles [47 (24-116) hr vs 29 (18-46) hr; P less than 0.01]. These findings suggest that asymptomatic delay in gastric emptying and colonic transit is frequent in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The pharmacokinetics of extended-release formulations of calcium antagonists and of amlodipine in subjects with different gastrointestinal transit times.

The influence of gastrointestinal (GI) transit times on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of three calcium channel blockers (CCBs), recommended for once-daily dosing, was investigated. In a three-way crossover design, the single-dose PK of a controlled-delivery formulation of 240 mg diltiazem (DIL), an extended-release formulation of 10 mg felodipine (FEL), and 5 mg amlodipine (AML) were compared in two groups of healthy subjects, with either slow (> 35 h) or rapid (< 15 h) GI transit, as assessed by the metal detector method (EAS II). GI transit significantly affected the PK of DIL. Mean PK parameters in the rapid versus slow transit group were the following: trough levels (C24 h): 22.8 +/- 8.3 versus 49.5 +/- 35.7 ng/ml, p < 0.05; AUC 1134.4 +/- 512.7 versus 1704.7 +/- 1185.6 hng/ml, p < 0.05 (one-sided). Neither AUC nor trough levels of FEL and AML were significantly influenced by transit times, nor was Cmax after any of the three treatments. Variations in PK parameters, as indicated by coefficients of variation, were about twofold higher for both DIL and FEL, compared to AML. Variations in mean residence times were significantly lower for AML compared to DIL and FEL (7% vs. 30% and 17%, p < 0.001 and p < 0.002, respectively). Peak-to-trough ratios (Cmax/C24 h mean) were 1.8 +/- 0.9 for DIL, 7.6 +/- 3.5 for FEL, and 1.7 +/- 0.2 for AML. In conclusion, the predictability of pharmacokinetic behavior both in conditions of rapid or slow GI transit is optimized in drugs with intrinsically slow elimination such as amlodipine. The pharmacokinetics of the CCBs with formulation-based once-a-day characteristics are sensitive to GI transit if these processes are rapid enough to interfere with the formulation-specific release profile.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Relationship between gastrointestinal transit time and daily stool frequency in patients after Ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: To investigate how the gastrointestinal transit function changes after ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC) and to study whether gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) has an influence on daily stool frequency, we investigated the relationship between GTT and stool frequency per day. METHODS: Forty patients with UC who had undergone restorative proctocolectomy, with ileostomy closure at least 48 to 120 months (mean 96.3) previously, and who had no preoperative and postoperative complications were recruited. They were divided into two groups on the basis of their stool frequency: 26 patients had a stool frequency of less than 6 times per day (group A: 16 men, 10 women; aged 15 to 59 years old, average 36.6) and 14 patients had a stool frequency of 7 or more times per day (group B: 10 men, 4 women; 24 to 56 years old, average 40.9). The GTTs using a radiopaque marker were studied. Interviews concerning the defecation states were performed at the examination. RESULTS: High nocturnal stool frequency was significantly noted more in group B than in group A (P <0.001). All cases in group A and 12 cases in group B could discriminate flatus from feces, and there were significant differences between groups A and B (P <0.05). Feeling of stool remaining was significantly noted more in group B than in group A (P <0.01). Stool consistency in group A was harder than that in group B (P <0.001). Patients with soiling were significantly noted more in group B compared with those in group A (P <0.001). Incontinence was detected in only 2 cases in group B. Group A showed a better defecation state than group B. In the GTT study, the GTT was almost the same in groups A and B. The small bowel transit, pouch transit, and whole gut transit times in group B were faster than those of group A (P <0.001). Removal length of the terminal ileum in patients after IPAA: patients in group B (13.8 +/- 3.9 cm) had significantly more ileum removed compared with patients in group A (6.3 +/- 2.4 cm; P <0.001). Regression lines in the relationship between removal length of the terminal ileum and individual stool frequency showed there was a correlation between removal length of the terminal ileum and individual stool frequency per day in direct proportion (r = 0.79, P <0.001). A resection of more ileum, up to 15 cm, plays a role in increased stool frequency. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggested that rapid transit of both the small bowel and pouch may lead to a high stool frequency of 7 or more times per day with a poor defecation state after IPAA. It was also pointed out in this study that an important point is a resection of more ileum, up to 15 cm, plays a role in increased stool frequency.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The influence of arginine-vasopressin on stool output and gastrointestinal transit time in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: It was asked whether continuous infusion of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) could decrease stool output and gastrointestinal transit time in healthy volunteers. DESIGN: Randomised single blind cross-over-design. SUBJECTS: 5 healthy male volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: Continuous s.c. infusion of AVP (7.5 micrograms/d) for one week vs. 0.9% NaCl-solution (placebo). Some days before the experiment started, the volunteers underwent a two-day-thirsting-period (< 500 ml/day). MEASUREMENTS: AVP-levels in serum, urine output, AVP-urine-excretion, stool frequency, stool weight, colonic transit time. RESULTS: As compared to saline infusion both serum-levels of AVP and AVP-excretion in urine were about four times higher during AVP-infusion whereas they were doubled during thirsting. Accordingly urine output was lower when AVP-levels were high. Parameters of colonic motility did not differ significantly (stool frequency 6.8 +/- 0.8/week for placebo vs. 6.8 +/- 0.5/week during AVP, stool weight 200.3 +/- 25.0 g/d vs. 210.6 +/- 21.1 gld, total colonic transit 22.9 +/- 7.0 hours vs. 25.7 +/- 5.8 hours). CONCLUSION: 1. AVP is well absorbed when applied subcutaneously. 2. AVP in the dosage given has no major influence on stool output and gastrointestinal transit time in healthy volunteers.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effect of food on gastrointestinal transit of liquids in cynomolgus monkeys.

We investigated the gastrointestinal transit of liquids, as well as various gastric pH profiles, in fed cynomolgus monkeys. Twelve grams of a biscuit-type solid food were provided 1 h before the test. The acetaminophen method was used to determine the gastric half-emptying time (t(50%)), which provided an estimate of the gastric emptying rate. The gastric emptying rate of liquids was significantly reduced after food intake in monkeys. The mean t(50%) value was 143.5 min and comparable to that of humans after eating. However, there was a large variability in the t(50%) between individual animals as shown by the coefficient of variance of approximately 80%. Next, the median oro-caecal transit time in fed monkeys was determined to be 1.8 h, using the sulfasalazine-sulfapyridine method. There was no significant difference in oro-caecal transit time between unfed and fed monkeys; thus, food intake has no significant effect on the oro-caecal transit time of liquids in either monkeys or humans. However, the oro-caecal transit time in humans is about 2 h longer than that in monkeys. Our experiments using several different foods suggested that the typical human gastric pH profile could not be simulated in fed monkeys.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed1985

Restraint stress has no effect on morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in the rat.

Stress in the rat has been reported to enhance the analgesic and thermic effects of opioids, drug effects that are mediated centrally. We examined whether this stress-induced enhancement of response to opioids could also be demonstrated for a drug effect mediated largely in the periphery, morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit. Restrained (stressed) and unrestrained (unstressed) rats were injected with saline or morphine and then administered orally a charcoal suspension; after sacrifice, the distance the charcoal traveled through the intestine was determined. After the administration of saline, restrained rats had significantly lower gastrointestinal transit than did unstressed rats; however, both groups were comparably sensitive to inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by morphine.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

mu-Opioid receptor-knockout mice: the role of mu-opioid receptor in gastrointestinal transit.

The role of mu-opioid receptor in gastrointestinal transit was investigated using mu-opioid receptor knockout mice (MOR-KO). Our result establishes unequivocally that inhibition of GI transit by morphine is a mu-opioid receptor mediated function. In addition, we show that neither delta nor kappa receptor agonist given supraspinally or peripherally are able to inhibit GI transit in MOR-KO animals. It was interesting to observe that basal GI motility was lower in MOR-KO (-/-) compared to heterozygous (+/-) and wild type (+/+) animals.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗

PubMed1997

Interactions between different antidepressants and morphine alter gastrointestinal transit in mice.

To determine different serotoninergic antidepressants' effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) inhibiting effect induced by morphine, mice were pretreated with mianserin (a tetracyclic antidepressant with multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes interactions) and with fluoxetine (a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor). Mianserin alone, produced gastrointestinal inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone did not reverse this inhibiting effect, indicating that different mechanism of action are involved in morphine- and mianserin-induced inhibition of the gastrointestinal transit. Fluoxetine injected alone produced an increased propulsive motility of the GI transit. This effect was not reversed by naloxone. Fluoxetine did not reduce significantly mianserin-induced inhibition of GI transit. Fluoxetine also mildly reversed morphine-induced gastrointestinal inhibition, suggesting some degree of involvement of the opiates through the serotoninergic system.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed2006

Gastrointestinal transit, release and plasma pharmacokinetics of a new oral budesonide formulation.

AIMS: The aims of the study were to: (1) evaluate the gastrointestinal transit, release and absorption of budesonide from tablets with a new multimatrix formulation (MMX) designed to release the drug throughout the whole colon, and (2) assess the influence of food on budesonide bioavailability. METHODS: Two phase I studies, each comprising 12 healthy males, were performed. Gastrointestinal transit of (153)Sm-labelled tablets containing 9 mg budesonide was evaluated by means of pharmaco-scintigraphy. The effect of food was tested by comparing plasma pharmacokinetics after intake of a high fat and high calorie breakfast with fasting controls. RESULTS: (153)Sm-labelled tablets reached the ascending colon after a mean +/- SD 9.8 +/- 6.9 h. Initial tablet disintegration was observed in the ileum in 42% and the ascending and transverse colon in 33% of subjects. Ninety-six per cent of the dose was absorbed into the systemic circulation during passage through the whole colon including the sigmoid. Food significantly decreased C(max) values from 1429 +/- 1014 to 1040 +/- 601 pg mL(-1) (P = 0.028) and AUC values from 14 814 +/- 11 254 to 13 486 +/- 9369 pg h(-1) mL(-1) (P = 0.008). Mean residence time and t(max) increased by 12-29%. There was no drug accumulation after 1 week of once daily oral administration of budesomide. CONCLUSIONS: MMX-budesonide tablets appear suitable for targeted colonic drug delivery. Transit parameters and low systemic bioavailability warrant further studies with the new formulation.

Absorption↗

PubMed2002

Influence of prokinetics on the gastrointestinal transit and residence times of activated charcoal.

OBJECTIVE: To find the effects of prokinetics, saline cathartics and different charcoal doses on the gastrointestinal transit and residence times of activated charcoal (AC). SETTING: Five undergraduate volunteers of College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria, were studied. METHODS: After an overnight fast, the volunteers were given 10 g and 20 g AC with and without saline cathartics, in a simple cross-over design in which the subjects served as their own control. In another experiment, the volunteers received 10 g AC and magnesium sulphate, with propantheline (as bromide 15 mg), metoclopramide (as hydrochloride 10 mg), placebo liquid or identical placebo capsule. Gastrointestinal transit and residence times of AC were recorded. RESULTS: Increase in the dose of AC significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the transit, but not the residence time of AC. Addition of saline cathartics (Na2SO4 and MgSO4) decreased both the transit and residence times of AC significantly (P < 0.05). Also, administration of propantheline, but not metoclopramide, produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in both the transit and residence times of AC. The transit and residence times were statistically (P < 0.05) different in both the magnesium sulphate group, as well as in the placebo liquid and placebo capsule groups. CONCLUSION: Cathartic efficiency is enhanced by alteration of gastrointestinal motility with propantheline.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effects of Visnea mocanera extracts on the bleeding time, gastrointestinal transit and diuresis in rodents.

The present study examined the effect of several extracts of Visnea mocanera L. on the bleeding time and gastrointestinal transit in mice using the Duke test and charcoal meal method, respectively; they were also investigated in order to examine their renal effects. Results showed that V. mocanera extracts significantly inhibited both the bleeding time and gastrointestinal transit in mice. No diuretic activity of these extracts were detected. In contrast, they significantly reduced the urine volume. The study provides experimental support to the therapeutic advocation of V. mocanera in ethnomedicine for the treatment of diarrhoea and the healing of wounds.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Action of T-2 toxin on gastrointestinal transit in mice: protective effect of an argillaceous compound.

Using sodium [51Cr]chromate as radiolabeled marker, gastrointestinal transit of a milk test meal was determined in mice receiving for 4 days T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg per day per os) alone or with a clay, smectite (2 g/kg per day), given according to four different procedures. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were significantly accelerated after the 1st T-2 administration and during the 4 days of treatment. When smectite was given together with the toxin with or without pretreatment by smectite alone for 2 days, the T-2 induced disturbances in gastrointestinal transit remained unchanged. A pretreatment by smectite for 4 days abolished the T-2 induced acceleration of gastric emptying but not of small intestinal transit. When T-2 was incubated with smectite for 24 h before oral administration, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were not significantly accelerated.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Concentration-dependent effects of polyethylene glycol 400 on gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) on liquid transit through, and ranitidine absorption from, the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: Six healthy male volunteers received, on four separate occasions, 150 mL water containing 150 mg ranitidine and either 0 (control), 1,2.5, or 5 g PEG 400. The solutions were radiolabeled with technetium-99m to allow their gastrointestinal transit to be followed using a gamma camera. Urine samples were collected over a 24-h period to assess the amount of ranitidine excreted and hence absorbed. RESULTS: No significant differences in gastric emptying were noted between the four solutions. In contrast, the presence of 1, 2.5, and 5 g PEG 400 reduced the mean small intestinal transit times of the solutions by 9, 20, and 23%, respectively, against the control. In terms of drug absorption, the mean cumulative amount of ranitidine excreted was reduced by 38% in the presence of both 2.5 and 5 g PEG 400, although it was significantly increased by 41% in the presence of 1 g PEG 400. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that low concentrations of PEG 400 enhance the absorption of ranitidine possibly via modulation of intestinal permeability, while high concentrations have a detrimental effect on ranitidine absorption presumably via a reduction in the small intestinal transit time.

Adult↗