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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Sensitivity and background staining of the unlabeled antibody enzyme (PAP) method. new approaches to the investigation of the effects of non-immune serum, primary antiserum concentration and pronase digestion using formalin fixed paraffin embedded material.

The effect of primary antibody concentration, non-immune serum, and pronase digestion on the stainability of immunoglobulin containing cells (plasma cells) and background stainability was investigated using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method and antigens consisting of formalin fixed paraffin embedded maxillary mucosa, colonic mucosa, inflammatory synovia and soft-tissue plasmocytoma. The effect of primary anti-serum concentration and non-immune serum on cell and background stainability was smaller, but pronase digestion clearly improved positive stainability and reduced background stainability.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Role of immune serum and complement in stimulation of the metabolic burst of human neutrophils by Plasmodium falciparum.

Interaction between human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]) and Plasmodium falciparum in the natural defense of the host remains to be elucidated. In patients with acute malaria, oxygen consumption (QO2) of PMN at rest and after stimulation by zymosan was significantly increased compared with that in the controls. With 10% immune serum, both QO2 and chemiluminescence of normal PMN were significantly increased after stimulation by a P. falciparum erythrocyte culture. This activation was not observed with a nonparasitized erythrocyte culture and was correlated with parasitemia. Immune serum and complement were required to trigger this metabolic activation of normal PMN. With normal serum or heat-inactivated immune serum, a parasitized erythrocyte culture did not significantly stimulate QO2 or chemiluminescence of normal PMN. The classical complement pathway was essential for this stimulation, whereas the alternate pathway was less involved. Hyperimmune sera from subjects residing in endemic areas were more able to trigger the metabolic burst than were immune sera from subjects from other sources. The use of synchronous cultures showed that PMN were more stimulated by cultures rich in merozoites than by the same cultures which contained only intraerythrocytic forms. Giemsa staining showed granules of hemozoin and occasional merozoites or parasitized erythrocytes within PMN. This increase in production of activated oxygen radicals could damage intra-or extraphagocytic parasitic forms. As P. falciparum is sensitive to oxidant stress and PMN is the phagocyte with the most intense metabolic burst, the role of PMN in defense against malaria should be considered.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1994

The effect of multiple transfers of immune serum on maturing Schistosoma bovis infections in calves.

To investigate the role of humoral factors in immunity, serum from cattle with naturally acquired immunity to Schistosoma bovis was injected intraperitoneally into calves that had been infected 4 weeks earlier with 10,000 S. bovis cercariae. Serum was injected weekly until 12 weeks post-infection to a total of 4,500 ml per calf and controls received normal serum or saline. No significant difference in worm or in faecal or tissue egg counts were seen in the three groups of recipients in spite of the observation that the serum donors had proved highly resistant to experimental challenge. In a second experiment, pre-infection or 4-, 8- or 12-week post-infection serum from donors given a single experimental infection with 10,000 S. bovis cercariae was injected intraperitoneally into groups of calves that had been infected 4 weeks earlier with 20,000 S. bovis cercariae. Injections were given weekly up to week 10 post-infection to a total of 2000-3500 ml serum per calf. In calves injected with immune serum there was a reduction in faecal and tissue egg counts and in the numbers of worms recovered as compared with the controls. In recipients of 8- and 12-week serum the reductions in faecal and tissue egg counts were higher than those in worm recovery, suggesting that 8- and 12-week post-infection sera contained factors capable of causing, in addition to worm death, suppression of worm fecundity. This provides further evidence of the importance of fecundity suppression in immunity to schistosomiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the immune protection to murine experimental brucellosis conferred by Brucella fractions. I. Positive role of immune serum.

Mouse inoculation with three different phenol-insoluble fractions extracted from Brucella melitensis (fractions 'PI', '4A' and '5') induces an acceleration of the blood clearance of i.v. inoculated live Brucella and a diminution of the rate of multiplication of the injected bacteria in the spleen. Preincubation of the challenge inoculum in immune serum or i.p. injections of immune serum confer a good specific protection to non-immunized hosts. The results observed with fractionated sera suggest that, not only antibodies, but also other serum constituents may participate in the protective activity of immune sera. This discussed in terms of the respective importance of humoral and cellular immunity to Brucella and of the choice of the best preparations for human or animal vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Protective effect of rabbit immune serum administered orally to rats infected by a human pathogenic strain of E. coli.

1-week-old rats were inoculated orally with a strain of E. coli (serotype 078) isolated from the blood of a newborn baby who had died of septicemia. During the 3 weeks following inoculation, approximately 50% of the animals died of septicemia and 60% of the surviving rats had pathogenic bacteria in their rectum. Some of the surviving rats were severely impaired in their development. Autopsy showed evidence of active intestinal infection localized mainly in the ileum and cecum. A rabbit anti-E. coli (strain 23) serum (agglutinating titer: 1/2,500) afforded 100% protection when as little as 0.03 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight was orally administered in a single dose. The immune serum had an effect both on the mortality rate and on the growth of the rats. However, it never affected the survival of pathogenic bacteria in the rectum, even when administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight on 4 consecutive days. The immune rabbit serum had only a weak bactericidal effect in vitro. The hemagglutination test showed the presence in the immune serum of antibodies against the fimbriae of the pathogenic E. coli strain (titer: 1/1,000). The role of antibody in inhibiting the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells and/or their progression across the mucous layer are discussed as possible immune mechanisms in the intestinal lumen.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Effect of immune serum on the establishment of herpes simplex virus infection in trigeminal ganglia of hairless mice.

Administration of immune serum to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected hairless mice could not prevent acute infection in the trigeminal ganglia and the eventual establishment of latency. However, immune serum reduced the amount of free virus in the ganglion during the acute phase of the infection. It appears also that the amount of virus that can be reactivated in the latently infected ganglion is decreased. This was indicated by a prolonged reactivation time and by a reduced virus content of ganglion homogenates prepared after various periods of cocultivation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1952

Fate of mumps virus in the embryonated egg as determined by specific staining with fluorescein-labelled immune serum.

Specific staining with fluorescein-labelled immune serum was used to study the progress of mumps virus infection in a series of embryos harvested at daily intervals. The results were compared with the hemagglutinin and infectivity titers of the corresponding extraembryonic fluids. The evidence obtained indicated that the multiplication of the virus was restricted to those cells which came into surface contact with infected fluid. Following intraamniotic inoculation into 8 day old embryos, these included the cells lining the amniotic membrane and the epidermal and pharyngeal epithelium. Depending apparently on the extent of the contamination of the allantoic cavity and of the extraembryonic celom in the course of inoculation, varying amounts of virus were also present in the cells lining the chorioallantoic membrane and occasionally in the peritoneum. During the later stages of the infection, staining which was principally if not entirely extracellular was seen in the gastrointestinal tract, and, after the dissolution of the tracheal plug, in the respiratory tract. The virus was first detected 1 to 2 days after inoculation as brightly fluorescent intracytoplasmic granules of varying size. As these granules increased in size and number they gradually filled the cytoplasm of the outer one or two layers of cells lining the adjoining cavity. The extent and brightness of the staining reached a peak 4 to 6 days after inoculation and thereafter decreased progressively. The staining of the tissues closely paralleled the rise and fall in the infectivity of the extraembryonic fluids. The development of hemagglutinins, on the other hand, provided a less sensitive measure of virus multiplication than did the staining. No differences were detected in the mortality of the infected and control series of embryos nor was there evidence of any pathological changes. In contrast to the 8 day old embryos, no virus multiplication was detected following the inoculation of 16 day old embryos.

Allantois↗
PubMed1982

Pre-exposure prophylaxis with immune serum globulin for prevention of viral hepatitis in army recruits.

A controlled trial with pre-exposure immune serum globulin was undertaken in Israel Defence Forces (IDF) recruits, an indigenous population living in a hyperendemic area for hepatitis A. The objective was to examine whether the prevailing IDF policy of postexposure administration of immune serum globulin prophylaxis should be modified to further reduce the incidence of infectious hepatitis in the IDF. Altogether 23 447 recruits were systematically allocated on their first day of service into an intervention group and a control group. Over the 18-month follow-up period 18 cases of non-B viral hepatitis were identified among the 10 943 vaccinees and 41 among the 12 504 non-immunised group. Protection over six months was about 85%, and over the entire 18 months 50%. Protection was evident until about 40 weeks' follow-up and may have persisted for longer. Rates in the non-immunised were lower than expected, alluding to the possibility of herd immunity. IDF immunisation policy was successfully altered after this trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Protection of Junín virus-infected marmosets by passive administration of immune serum: association with late neurologic signs.

Argentine hemorrhagic fever (Junín virus) is a human viral disease for which immune therapy proves effective, though a late neurologic syndrome is occasionally associated with the treatment. We attempted to determine in the infected marmoset Callithrix jacchus whether immune therapy leads to protection and/or CNS damage. Fifteen C jacchus were inoculated with 10(3) tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) of the XJ strain of Junín virus. On day 6 post infection (pi), 12 primates were treated with homologous immune serum. Animals were observed daily; and hematologic, serologic, virologic, and histologic studies were performed. All primates, both treated and controls, presented leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and weight loss from day 14 pi onward. The three control animals died on days 22, 25, and 32 pi. Among the 12 treated monkeys, 3 died on days 21, 22, and 29. Hematologic values returned to normal during the second month; initial weight was recovered by the fourth month. Three out of the nine survivors showed neurologic alterations of various degrees, with hind-limb paralysis in the most severe case. Among treated monkeys, viremia and viral titers in the lungs, kidney, and lymph nodes were lower than in controls. Neutralizing antibodies were present in high titers in all treated marmosets, except in the one presenting paralysis in which values were minimal and viral persistence was detected in CNS. In conclusion, immune serum treatment of Junín virus-infected marmosets was found to reduce mortality from 100% to 25%. Viremia and viral titers in organs were lowered, and late neurologic signs appeared in 30% of treated survivors.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Lysis and immobilization of Giardia muris trophozoites in vitro by immune serum from susceptible and resistant mice.

To define the potential role of antibody in host defence against Giardia muris, comparative assessment of in-vitro anti-trophozoite effects of immune serum obtained from susceptible (A/J) and resistant (B10.A) mice was done. Two anti-parasite effects of serum were identified and quantified: lysis and immobilization of trophozoites. These giardicidal activities were present in the serum from both A/J and B10.A mice. Maximal lysis of trophozoites by serum from A/J or B10.A mice was 40 to 50%. The lysis of trophozoites was abolished after incubation of serum at 56 degrees C for 30 min. The addition of exogenous complement restored lytic activity of heat-inactivated serum. The immobilization of trophozoites was dependent on both the duration of incubation and concentration of serum. After 30 min of incubation, over 98% of trophozoites were immobilized by immune serum from A/J or B10.A mice. There was no apparent relationship between the capacity of immune sera from A/J and B10.A mice to kill trophozoites in vitro and the ability of these strains of mice to control the infection with G. muris.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

Intravenous immune serum globulin (IVIG) is primarily used as replacement therapy in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. It has been over 15 years since IVIG was first shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Over the past decade, IVIG has been used in the treatment of a number of autoimmune and systemic inflammatory disorders. Although the use of IVIG in many of these immune-mediated disorders was purely speculative initially, we now have a much better understanding of the mechanisms by which IVIG exerts its effects in these autoimmune diseases. IVIG exhibits a number of immune modulatory activities that are mediated by the Fc portion of IgG through the Fc gamma receptor on a variety of cell types. Although the major component in IVIG is IgG, other minor components such as solubilized lymphocyte surface membrane determinants and specific antibodies to lymphocyte surface molecules may have important immunoregulatory effects on T- and B-cell immune responses. This review discusses the proposed mechanisms of action of IVIG in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Experimental study on immune serum therapy of cancer].

The effect of specific antisera to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are described as one of the immune serum therapy of cancer. This fundamental approach especially in case of specific antisera to AFP was developed to confirm the effect of purified antibodies to AFP and its mechanism in experimental systems. Bi-specific monoclonal antibody to hepatoma membrane antigen is also added as one of the models for application of the immune serum therapy of cancer in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of immune serum on Brugia malayi microfilaria: ultra structural observations.

The in vitro effect of immune monkey serum on microfilariae of Brugia malayi was investigated using the electron microscope. The sheaths of microfilaria incubated with immune serum were seen to be covered with electron dense precipitates. After 24 hours of incubation, majority of microfilariae incubated with immune serum exhibited degenerative changes. Comparable changes were not seen in microfilariae incubated with normal serum. The significance of these observations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immune serum from mice contact-sensitized with picryl chloride contains an antigen-specific T cell factor that transfers immediate cutaneous reactivity.

This report describes an activity in serum from mice that were contact-sensitized with picryl chloride (PCl) 1 to 4 days earlier. Immune serum, when given i.v., transfers the ability to elicit an immediate hypersensitivity-like ear swelling reaction in naive recipients following local challenge with PCl. This serum activity is due to an antigen-binding T cell factor that shares some properties with IgE antibody. The activity is antigen specific, and due to an antigen-binding moiety that is heat labile (56 degrees C, 4 h). However, unlike IgE antibody the serum activity is resistant to reduction and alkylation, and is retained by columns of Sepharose beads coupled with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that react with antigen-specific T cell factors from other systems. These columns did not retain IgE antibody activity in our experiments. Importantly, the serum activity was not retained by columns linked with antibodies directed to mouse immunoglobulins, which do retain IgE activity. We conclude from these data that the activity in PCl immune serum is not caused by IgE antibody, and is due to the presence of the previously described antigen-specific T cell factor (PCl-factor), that can activate serotonin-containing cells, such as mast cells, to release the vasoactive amine serotonin. PCl-factor transfers the ability to elicit an immediate hypersensitivity-like reaction that is an early component of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The presence of this T cell factor in the serum of actively sensitized mice provides a means to sensitize tissues throughout the body for this required, initial, serotonin-dependent component of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Alkylation↗
PubMed1983

Cutaneous basophil associated resistance to ectoparasites (ticks). Electron microscopy of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus larval feeding sites in actively sensitised guinea pigs and recipients of immune serum.

Electron microscopy has been used to monitor cellular activity in dermal lesions elicited by larval Rhipicephalus appendiculatus feeding on actively sensitised guinea pigs and recipients of immune serum. The early primary response is characterised by mononuclear cells, many of which appear to be activated fibroblasts. Collagen deposition is enhanced as the reaction progresses. Granulocytes of all types appear in the lesion between 18 and 96 hr but they show no evidence of degranulation. Free, membrane-bounded eosinophil and basophil secretion granules may, however, be identified in the dermis at day 5 or 6, but they seem to be liberated as a consequence of cellular disruption, rather than active degranulation. Some feeding sites resume a normal morphology by day 7. Lesions induced in actively sensitised hosts by a secondary feeding tick population are dominated by basophils. These cells begin to infiltrate the dermis within 6 hr and they show evidence of anaphylactic degranulation at 12 hr. Maximal release of membrane-free secretion granules occurs at about 18 hr post-attachment, at which time eosinophils become prominent. Degranulating basophils show a reduction in numbers from 24 to 96 hr, and phagocytic macrophages ingest residual granules and cellular debris. Guinea pigs sensitised with immune serum and subjected to challenge exhibit lesions similar to but less dramatic than those of actively sensitised and challenged animals. Anaphylactic degranulation of basophils occurs both in the dermis and within blood vessels. The immunological consequences of these events are discussed in relation to other models of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity.

Animals↗