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PubMed2004

Muscle responses to seated perturbations for typically developing infants and those at risk for motor delays.

This study examined spatial and temporal organization of muscle activity in response to seated forward platform perturbations in typically developing (TD) infants and in infants at risk for ongoing neuromotor delays. Twelve high-risk (HR) infants (six males, six females) and 12 TD infants (nine males, three females) aged 8 to 10 months (corrected for prematurity), who were all independent sitters, participated in this study. Surface electromyograms recorded muscle responses to forward perturbation in the neck, trunk, and leg (6cm amplitude, 12cm/s). Center of pressure measures were also recorded. The TD infants demonstrated significantly more phasic responses than the HR infants, who had more trials with tonic activity and more trials with no burst of muscle activity (Mann-Whitney U test, two-tailed, p=0.006). The TD infants demonstrated caudalcephalo, directionally appropriate recruitment patterns more often than the HR infants. There were some similarities between the two groups, with no significant difference between any of the center of pressure measures or onset latencies. Results suggest that postural development in HR infants with motor delays is complex. Some elements of seated postural control appear to be developmentally appropriate, e.g. presence of phasic activity in directionally appropriate muscles sequenced in a caudalcephalo pattern. However, frequency of these age appropriate responses was significantly lower in HR infants, who demonstrated many normal, albeit immature, responses, such as cephalocaudally sequenced muscle activity.

Child Development↗
PubMed1988

Obstetric analgesia and infant outcome in monkeys: infant development after intrapartum exposure to meperidine or alfentanil.

Infant monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exposed to narcotic analgesics during labor after treatment of dams were evaluated for growth and development over a 14-week period. Ten infants exposed to meperidine (2 mg/kg maternal dose) or alfentanil (0.1 mg/kg maternal dose) were compared with seven controls whose dams received no analgesic. No group differences in weight gain or body growth were observed. Alfentanil-exposed infants appeared to have a higher incidence of infections requiring veterinary treatment. Measures of spontaneous activity showed a significantly higher incidence of immature rest pattern (laying) in the alfentanil group associated with lower overall locomotor activity relative to controls. Meperidine-exposed infants had a generally higher overall level of locomotor activity than controls that was statistically significant at 11 weeks of age. Alfentanil-exposed animals were impaired in performance of a simple cognitive task (object constancy) at 2 to 3 months of age and meperidine-exposed infants showed a similar nonsignificant trend. Gross and fine motor maturations were similar to those of controls. Thus, in this situation, the impact of obstetric analgesic treatment was demonstrable for several months after birth in some limited areas.

Alfentanil↗
PubMed2001

Epidermal growth factor in the lungs of infants developing chronic lung disease.

Growth factors important to lung growth and fibrosis have been poorly studied in chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes epithelial cell maturation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is important in angiogenesis. The concentration of these growth factors was determined in 111 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 35 ventilated infants: 13 developed CLD (median gestation 27 weeks, birthweight 820 g), 16 developed and recovered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (31 weeks, 1,415 g) and six control infants (33 weeks, 2,075 g) were ventilated for nonpulmonary reasons. At birth, EGF in BALF from the CLD and RDS infants was lower than in the control infants (control versus CLD, 7.3 versus 0.0 pg x mL(-1), p<0.01; control versus RDS, 7.3 versus 5.0, p=0.08). EGF increased in all groups with a more rapid increase in control infants. A close relationship was noted between BALF EGF and gestational age (R=0.73). VEGF was undetectable at birth but increased at a similar rate in all three groups and did not correlate with gestation. In conclusion, these data suggest that epidermal growth factor is closely correlated to gestation and that it may predispose preterm infants to develop chronic lung disease.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1985

Nutrition for preterm and growth retarded infants: developing country concerns.

The problems of feeding preterm and low birth weight infants are discussed. Physiological requirements are considered, together with the ways in which these can be met in developed and developing countries. Although human milk may not always be considered best for preterm infants in developed countries it is concluded that in underprivileged areas of the Third World it is life saving.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of maternal pethidine on infants' developing breast feeding behaviour.

The aim of this quasi-experimental study was to examine the effects of maternal pethidine during labour on the developing breast feeding behaviour in infants in the first 2 h after birth compared with infants not exposed to pethidine. Forty-four healthy infants were observed immediately after birth. They were placed skin-to-skin on their mothers' chests. The development of mouth and sucking movements as well as rooting behaviour and state of sleep/wakefulness were noted. The observer was blind as to the pain relief the mother had received during labour. Of the 44 mothers 18 had received pethidine. The main findings were that infants exposed to pethidine had delayed and depressed sucking and rooting behaviour. In addition, a smaller proportion of infants exposed to pethidine started to suckle the breast. Rooting movements which are expected to be vigorous at 30 min after birth were affected both by administration of pethidine and a longer second stage of labour. It is suggested that the differences found in sucking behaviour may be a central effect of pethidine. Depression of rooting movements in the pethidine group may be caused by exhaustion due to a longer second stage of labour and administration of pethidine. It is recommended that pethidine-exposed mother-infant couples stay together after birth long enough to enable the infant to make the choice to attach or not to attach to the nipple without the forceful helping hand of the health staff.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The mother-infant relationship and infant development: the effect of pediatric intervention.

This study examined the impact of intervention provided in the context of pediatric health supervision visits on the mother-infant relationship during the first 6 months of life. 32 mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned at birth to either an intervention or attention control group, each of which received routine well-child care plus discussions regarding infant social development or accident prevention and nutrition, respectively. Blind assessment of infant and mother behavior frequencies, responsive behavior sequences, and affective relationship characteristics during a 21-min play observation revealed more sensitivity, cooperativeness, appropriateness of interaction, and appropriateness of play by the intervention group pairs, although differences in Bayley Mental Scales and the Uzgiris and Hunt subscales did not attain significance. Post hoc inspection of the behavioral correlates of the affective relationship characteristics provided support for molar assessment of mother-infant interaction as an adjunct to contemporary methods of behavioral microanalytic study.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Iron-deficiency anemia and infant development: effects of extended oral iron therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether extended oral iron therapy corrects lower developmental test scores in infants with iron-deficiency anemia. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, controlled trial in Costa Rica involving 32 12- to 23-month-old infants with iron-deficiency anemia and 54 nonanemic control subjects. Anemic infants were treated with orally administered iron for 6 months; half the nonanemic children were treated with iron and half with placebo. Developmental test scores and hematologic status were evaluated before treatment, after 3 months, and after 6 months. RESULTS: Iron-deficient anemic infants received lower mental test scores than nonanemic infants at all three time points (p < 0.05 pretreatment and at 3 months, p = 0.07 at 6 months). There were no significant differences in motor test scores. More of the anemic infants were rated as unusually tearful and unhappy. Anemic infants came from families with lower maternal education and less support for child development and were less likely to be breast fed, were weaned earlier, and consumed more cow milk. CONCLUSIONS: Lower mental test scores persisted in infants with iron-deficiency anemia despite extended oral iron therapy and an excellent hematologic response. Iron-deficiency anemia may serve as a marker for a variety of nutritional and family disadvantages that may adversely affect infant development.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Site-specific characteristics of infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

HYPOTHESIS: Site-specific variables that contribute to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) can be identified. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the demographic, nutrition and growth characteristics of infants at risk for developing BPD at two neonatal intensive care units (NICUs: sites A and O). STUDY DESIGN: Records of 306 infants of < or = [corrected] 30 weeks gestational age (GA) who survived to at least 36 weeks postmenstrual age were retrospectively reviewed. Data were obtained for maternal and neonatal demographics, weights, total fluids, calories, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake at birth, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of life. RESULTS: BPD rates were not different at the two sites. No statistical differences were noted in the incidence of maternal chorioamnionitis, pregnancy-induced hypertension or use of antenatal steroids among infants who developed BPD (n = 169) and those who did not (n = 137). White race, birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome requiring surfactant, sepsis and patent ductus arteriosus were significantly associated (all P < or =0.03) with BPD. After controlling for significant confounding variables, infants who developed BPD had significantly (P < 0.001) less weight gain, received less calories and fat in the first postnatal month. In the 26 to 28 weeks GA group, the odds of getting BPD were 5.4 (95%CI: 1.4 to 21.3) times greater for site A than site O (P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that while some decrease in BPD can be achieved by focusing on ventilation/oxygen use, this approach is unlikely to impact on the youngest infants.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1983

Epidemiological studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: development of antibody to phosphocholine.

The pneumococci possess, in addition to type-specific capsular polysaccharides, a number of antigens common to the species. Antibodies to phosphocholine (PC), a major determinant of the C-carbohydrate, have been shown to protect mice from experimental pneumococcal infection, but little is known of the role of anti-PC antibodies in humans or the extent to which anti-PC levels are affected by carriage or infection. We examined 115 sera from 30 infants, who were followed prospectively from birth through 4 years of age, for the presence of immunoglobulin M antibody to PC, using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay method. Infants were found to develop antibody to PC in response to pneumococcal carriage and infection, and nearly all infants developed some antibody. Antibody levels increased with age. By using a regression model including both age and nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci, anti-PC levels were found to be highest after exposure to two or three different types of pneumococci; levels were highest soon after acquisition of pneumococci and declined thereafter.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Infant development.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child Development↗
PubMed2002

Maturation of mismatch negativity in typically developing infants and preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: 1) To determine whether an adult-like mismatch negativity (MMN) can be reliably elicited in typically developing awake infants and preschool children, and if so 2) to examine whether maturational changes exist in MMN latencyand amplitude. DESIGN: Two experiments were designed to elicit MMN using an "oddball" paradigm. In Experiment 1, a 1000-Hz tone served as the standard stimulus and a 1200-Hz tone as the deviant. In Experiment 2, a 1000-Hz standard stimulus and a 2000-Hz deviant were presented. Infants' ages ranged from 2 to 47 and 3 to 44 mo in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, a negativity was not elicited in the majority of the infants and preschoolers tested. In Experiment 2, a negativity was reliably elicited in the infants and preschoolers across all ages. A significant negative correlation was observed between age and latency, but not for age and amplitude for this negativity. This negativity was found to decrease at a rate of 1 msec/mo. Infants younger than 12 mo of age showed a significantly larger positivity to the deviant than to the standard between 150-300 and 200-300 msec in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The discriminative processes indexed by MMN in response to frequency changes areimmature in infants and preschool children. Although there is convincing evidence that the negativity elicited in Experiment 2 is an immature MMN, the possibility that it may be an "obligatory effect" indexing recovery from refractoriness cannot be ruled out at this time. The results from these experiments suggest that the MMN component haslimited use as a clinical tool at this time for infants and young children.

Age Factors↗