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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Cellular distribution of endotoxin after injection of chemically purified lipopolysaccharide differs from that after injection of live bacteria.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemically extracted from gram-negative bacteria is often used in animal models to study endotoxemia. Laser confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining for comparison of injections of live Escherichia coli O111:B4 bacteria with LPS extracted from the same strain showed that cellular localization and time course in rat organs were markedly different after the two injections. Fluorescent staining and image analysis software allowed quantitative comparison of LPS within tissues at different times and doses. Antigenic LPS was detected in all tissues 1 hour after injection of both bacteria and LPS and was present in liver and spleen over the 28-day study period. Whole bacteria were identified in tissue macrophages for the first 48 h after injection; later, bacterial cell walls were replaced by diffuse antigenic material throughout the cytoplasm. Antigenic LPS was localized within hepatocytes only after injection of chemically purified LPS. Cellular localization of LPS in tissues is dependent on the form injected. Animal models that use purified LPS may not be representative of gram-negative bacteremia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Quantification of myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography during left atrial injection of contrast. Implications for venous injection.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether myocardial perfusion can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography using left atrial (LA) injection of contrast. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the optimal dose of sonicated albumin microbubbles injected into the LA for establishing a linear relation between video intensity and blood volume in the anterior myocardium was determined. In 10 open-chest dogs, myocardial blood flow (MBF) was augmented by increasing myocardial blood volume (MBV) with an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine HCl. In the presence of this drug, left anterior descending artery stenosis was produced, followed by release of stenosis, to change MBF within the anterior myocardium. MBV was calculated by dividing radiolabeled microsphere-derived MBF by microbubble transit rate. There was close coupling between MBF and MBV in the anterior myocardium during LA injection of contrast (y = 1.0x-0.03, SEE = 1.07, r = .92, P < .001). An excellent correlation was also noted between background-subtracted peak video intensity and MBV (y = 0.24x + 0.73, SEE = 0.36, r = .88, P < .001). On multivariate analysis, background-subtracted peak video intensity correlated best with MBV. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial perfusion can be quantified from time-intensity curves derived from the anterior myocardium after LA injection of contrast. Background-subtracted peak video intensity in this situation correlates closely with MBV. When MBV and MBF are closely coupled, such as during inotropic stimulation of the heart, background-subtracted peak video intensity also correlates closely with MBF. Since there are similarities in the models of LA and venous injections, these data indicate that it may be feasible to quantify myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography after venous injection of contrast.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Ultrasound-guided renal cyst puncture and 95% ethanol injection. Part 1: Estimation of ethanol levels in the blood and urine following 95% ethanol injection].

Seventeen solitary renal cysts were punctured with the ultrasound-guided procedure and 26-91% of the cyst volume was replaced with 95% ethanol used as a sclerosing agent of the cyst wall. Ethanol was injected through a 7 F pigtail ureteral catheter, allowed to remain in place for 20 minutes and removed through the catheter. Recovery rate of ethanol was 82.4%. The maximum blood level of ethanol was obtained 30 to 60 minutes after injection, while the maximum urinary excretion rate was observed after 60 to 120 minutes. The maximum blood levels of ethanol ranged from 0.015 to 0.339 mg/ml. There was a positive correlation between injected volume of ethanol and the maximum blood level (r = 0.66) or the total amount of urinary excretion during 12 hours (r = 0.72). Residual ethanol concentrations in the body were calculated from injected volume and recovery rate of ethanol. Only 2.3% of the residual ethanol in the body was excreted in the urine during the first 12 hours after injection. However, urine/blood ratio of ethanol 1 hour after injection was tremendously high with a wide variation between 1.6 and 230.5. Therefore, a large part of the ethanol absorbed from the cyst wall seems to be excreted directly from the kidney, not entering general circulation. From the estimation of the blood and urine levels of ethanol, it is concluded that 95% ethanol can be applied to the renal cyst wall as a sclerosing agent through the percutaneous ultrasound-guided procedure in the case of good recovery of ethanol.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Compatibility of netilmicin sulfate injection with commonly used intravenous injections and additives.

The compatibility and stability of netilmicin sulfate in a concentration of 3 mg/ml in 37 intravenous injections and in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection with 26 commonly used additives were studied. Compatibility between an intravenous administration set and selected admixtures were also evaluated. The admixtures were stored at 4 and 25 degrees C for seven days. After mixing and on days 1, 3, and 7, all admixtures were evaluated for netilmicin potency, pH, color, osmolarity, and clarity. A microbiological assay was used to measure netilmicin potency. No changes in netilmicin potency, pH, osmolarity, color, or clarity were observed in any of the 37 netilmicin sulfate admixtures. Similarly, no changes in pH, osmolarity, or clarity were seen in the admixtures of netilmicin sulfate with a second additive. Netilmicin activity was retained for seven days in 22 of the 26 admixtures with a second additive. Netilmicin sulfate in admixtures with multivitamin injection or vitamin B complex (Upjohn) was stable for only one day; with diphenhydramine hydrochloride or neostigmine methylsulfate, for only three days. No incompatibilities between the intravenous infusion set and admixtures of netilmicin sulfate were apparent. Netilmicin sulfate injection is compatible and stable for at least seven days stored at 4 and 25 degrees C when mixed in 37 intravenous injections, and when mixed individually with 22 additives in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1995

[Analysis of the failure of endoscopic treatment of vesico-renal reflux in children using injections of teflon and collagen and the preliminary results of injections of Macroplastic].

This study of 785 cases of vesicorenal reflux in 494 children treated endoscopically over a 7-year period was designed to evaluate the results obtained with three products used successively: Teflon, collagen and Macroplastic. Following Teflon injection, despite a 90% short-term success rate, recurrent reflux was subsequently observed in 16.71% of the ureters reviewed. The failure rate was 52.63% after collagen injection and 11.77% after Macroplastic. After one or two injections, complete resolution of reflux was obtained in 48% of children treated with collagen, versus 85.72% with Teflon and 93.33% with Macroplastic. In one half of cases, failure was related to the quality of the product and its modifications after injection. The marked resorption of collagen accounts for the poor results despite the large doses injected. Apart from one case of partial resorption of Teflon paste, the failures with this product were due to lateralisation or secondary elimination of the product from the injection site due to its fluidity. Macroplastic, due to its higher viscosity and absence of retraction, currently provides the best results with doses of less than 0.20 ml in children.

Anuria↗
PubMed1993

[Effects of intravenous injection of ioversol, a nonionic contrast medium, on circulating blood volume: comparison among different combinations of its dose and volume injected].

Effects on circulating blood volume (CBV) of the intravenous injection of a nonionic contrast medium, ioversol, with various doses were assessed in order to find a way of injection with less effects on systemic circulation. Ioversol was injected as a bolus to 20 mongrel dogs at doses of A: 3.75 ml/kg (n = 8) or B: 2 ml/kg (n = 6) of a solution containing 320 mg iodine per ml, or C: 2 ml/kg (n = 6) of a 240 mgI/ml solution. Colloid oncotic pressure (COP) of the bloods drawn before and 1, 2, 3, 5 min after the injection of ioversol was measured by a needle type osmometer, and changes in CBV were calculated using the COP values. Upon injection of ioversol CBV increased rapidly and then gradually returned to the preinjection levels. The change in CBV induced by ioversol was significantly less than those reportedly induced by an ionic contrant medium, iothalamate, and a nonionic medium, iopamidol, and comparable to that by another nonionic medium, iohexol. The degree of increase in CBV and the blood concentration of ioversol were related to the amount, but not the volume, of ioversol injected. Thus, ioversol proved to be one of the low osmotic nonionic contrast media with less effects on CBV. Furthermore, it is suggested that the amount, rather than volume, of contrast medium should be taken into consideration when the angiography of the patients with reduced cardiac function, children or aged patients is performed in whom the contrast medium-induced CBV expansion needs to be as less as possible.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Compliance and use behaviour, an issue in injectable as well as oral contraceptive use? A study of injectable and oral contraceptive use in Johannesburg.

This study examines the compliance, use behaviour and knowledge of method of women using injectable and oral contraceptives in two clinic sites in the Johannesburg area, South Africa. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information in the clients' home language. A total of 400 women were interviewed in the clinics. The mean age of clients was 26.2 years (range 13 to 43 years). Of the clients not wanting to get pregnant, 30.4 per cent of injectable users and 18.4 per cent of oral contraceptive (OC) users had stopped using their method temporarily before returning to the same method (called the nonuse segment) and had not used any other form of contraception during this time. Almost one third of injectable users (31.2 per cent) had been late for their next injection at least once. Although nearly all women using injectables had experienced some menstrual disturbances, over one third (38.5 per cent) had not been informed by the providers about the possibility of these changes. Many women gave the disruption of their menstrual cycle as the reason for the nonuse segment. The majority of OC users lacked information on how to use their method correctly. Nearly all women expressed an interest in obtaining more information on their current method and other available methods. This study shows that compliance is an issue in injectable as well as OC users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of serologic markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV in non-injection drug users compared to injection drug users in Gran Canaria, Spain.

Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most significant risk factors for viral hepatitis (B, D and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, there is little information about the risk of infection among non-injection drug users (non-IDUs). The present study was designed to perform several objectives: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B, D, C virus and HIV in IDU and non-IDU patients; (b) to compare the prevalence of these markers between both groups; (c) to identify risk factors for HCV and HIV in this population; and (d) to correlate the presence of HCV and liver function. A total of 385 consecutive patients (122 IDUs and 263 non-IDUs), admitted to the Drug Dependency Treatment Unit at the Hospital Insular of Gran Canaria between 1993 to 1994, were included in the study. The serological markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV were determined by ELISA and immunoblot methods. In all cases we also measured syphilis tests (RPR and FTAabs), serum aminotransferases and serum gammaglutamiltranspeptidase. Compared to the non-IDU, the IDU group presents a higher prevalence of antiHBc (55.0% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.0001), antiHCV (87.6% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.0001) and antiHIV (21.8% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in RPR positivity (0.9% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.06). Delta infection was only detected in injection drug users, and the prevalence was low. Using logistic regression, the only risk factors associated with antiHCV positivity were injection drug addiction (OR: 9.2, 95% CI: 4.9-17.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.0-9.9). Similarly, the associated risk factors for HIV were injection drug addiction (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.3-15.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.5-9.2). However, no correlation was found between antiHCV positive and antiHIV or between these markers and RPR positivity. Patients positive for antiHCV showed significant elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, when compared with patients negative for antiHCV: 65.0 vs. 39.2 U/l (p < 0.001) and 88.4 vs. 40.3 U/l (p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that drug users have an elevated prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV infection, even if drug use is only inhalated. On the other hand, the main risk factors associated with HCV and HIV are injection drug addiction and exposure to hepatitis B virus. Finally, in the study population, liver dysfunction is closely related to HCV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Two essential steps for a successful intracytoplasmic sperm injection: injection of immobilized spermatozoa after rupture of the oolema.

A total of 740 cycles of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were performed: 625 cycles when < 6 x 10(5) total motile spermatozoa were harvestable from the ejaculate and 115 cycles in cases with a history of previous fertilization failure after classic in-vitro fertilization or subzonal sperm injection. An average of two pronuclei were observed in 63% of the injected oocytes, allowing 725 transfers of a maximum of three embryos (98%). Of 214 pregnancies initiated, 179 were established (25% of ICSI attempts). Because the fertilization rates from our initial 80 ICSI cycles were 2-fold less than those achieved previously, we changed the injection procedure and analysed, in 740 ICSI attempts, the importance of interfering technical factors and how to establish a successful ICSI programme. A remarkable change in the fertilization rate up to 68% (595 cycles) occurred when two steps in the injection procedure were performed well, i.e. immobilization of the spermatozoon and placement of the spermatozoon into the ooplasm after cytoplasmic aspiration into the pipette until oolema rupture. This immobilization, by touching the tail with the pipette, is mandatory for increasing the percentage of fertilization, even with totally non-motile spermatozoa (41%). Because aspiration of the cytoplasm is an invasive part of the ICSI procedure and influences the quality of the embryos, it is essential to reduce the amount of cytoplasm drawn into the pipette. This could be attained by using a spikeless injection pipette with the smallest possible internal diameter.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1994

Longitudinal changes in injection behaviors in a cohort of injection drug users.

To determine how the injecting behaviors of injection drug users (IDUs) change over time in the context of the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and what factors may be associated with such changes, a cohort of IDUs (n = 313) initially in treatment provided structured interviews regarding drug injecting behaviors. Repeat interviews in 18 months assessed behavior change in subjects who could be contacted for follow-up (n = 220, 70.3%). The study occurred in a state where sterile syringes can be purchased without prescription in drug stores. Injection drug use occurred for 180 (81.8%) of the 220 subjects in the 12 months prior to the initial interview but in only 121 (55.0%) in the 10 months prior to the follow-up interview (p < 0.0001). Similarly, sharing of equipment decreased from 63.1% to 31.8% (p < 0.0001). Sharing with multiple partners declined from 41.9% to 10.6% (p < 0.0001). Factors associated with ongoing risk included use of injected and non-injected psychoactive substances, less time in drug dependence treatment during follow-up interval, having a sexual partner who was an IDU and not using a drug store as the primary source of syringes. Factors associated with multiple-partner sharing included use of psychoactive substances, younger age and nonwhite race.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1994

Predictors of injecting and injecting risk-taking behaviour among methadone-maintenance clients.

A sample of 222 methadone maintenance clients were interviewed regarding current injecting and needle risk-taking in order to ascertain factors associated with these behaviours. Just over half (55%) of subjects had injected in the month preceding interview. Current injecting was associated with being female, having a regular sexual partner who was a current injecting drug user, polydrug use and higher levels of global psychopathology. Approximately 15% of subjects had shared needles in the month preceding interview, predominantly with one other person. Needle sharing was associated with having a regular sexual partner who was a current injecting drug user, current criminality and injecting at places other than home. Needle-sharing episodes in the study period were considered safe by practically all sharers. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Discrete-trial control of morphine self-injection behaviour in monkeys: effects of injection dose and trials per session.

Responding for intravenous injections of morphine was studied using a discrete-trials procedure in squirrel monkeys. For one group, each session consisted of 10 trials at an inter-trial interval of 15 min; for the second group, each session consisted of 100 trials at an inter-trial interval of 1.5 min. When different injection doses of morphine (1-1000 mug/kg per injection), including saline as a control procedure, were substituted at random for blocks of five consecutive sessions, the frequency of morphine self-administration was found to be an inverted U-shaped function of the injection dose. This relationship was observed in each group of monkeys, despite a 10-fold difference in the total amount of the drug which was available for self-administration per session when a given injection dose was substituted for both groups. The results show that the injection dose of morphine acted as a primary determinant of response probability, even under circumstances in which trial spacing imposed a significant delay between consecutive opportunities for drug self-administration,

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of serum calcitonin levels after a 1-minute calcium injection and after pentagastrin injection in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.

A 1-min calcium injection was compared with a pentagastrin injection as provocative measures in stimulating calcitonin secretion in 4 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. In all cases the calcium injection resulted in a greater rise in serum calcitonin concentration. The patients tolerated the calcium injection well. However, two patients experienced substernal pressure and dyspnea following the pentagastrin injection. It is concluded that a 1-min calcium injection is a safe, rapid and effective procedure in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Calcitonin↗