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PubMed1993

Induction of unresponsiveness in rats after either intraportal injection of donor antigen or intravenous injection combined with splenectomy.

Recently, we reported that hepatic allografts are permanently accepted when transplanted after intraportal injection (IP) of donor spleen cells (SPCs). The mechanism of this effect was investigated using various protocols for antigen injection. ACI (RT1a) and Buffalo (RT1b) rats were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Experimental groups were divided into the following groups depending on treatment: IP, intravenous injection (IV), splenectomy (Spx), and intravenous injection after splenectomy (IV+Spx). Accumulation of donor antigen in the various organs was examined by injecting 51Cr-labeled SPCs. Cellular and humoral responses after SPC injection was assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity response and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay. Heterotopic cardiac transplantation and orthotopic hepatic transplantation were performed 10 days after each treatment. The accumulation ratio in the liver was significantly higher in the IP and IV+Spx groups than in the IV group. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were lower in the IP and IV+Spx groups than in the IV or Spx groups. The CDC titer 7 days after inoculation was significantly lower in the IP and IV+Spx groups than in the IV group. In order to examine whether the treatment actively suppressed the immune response, the animals were rechallenged with SPCs given intravenously 10 days after the initial injection. Elevation of CDC titer was suppressed in the IP and IV+Spx groups, but not in the IV and Spx groups. Significant prolongation of cardiac allograft survival was not observed in the IV and Spx groups. Prolongation was observed in the IP and IV+Spx groups. The survival of hepatic allografts in the IV group was decreased. No significant prolongation of graft survival was observed in the Spx group. In contrast, all hepatic allotransplants in the IP and IV+Spx groups survived over 45 days. These findings suggest that the accumulation of donor SPCs in the liver may play an important role in inducing unresponsiveness after intraportal injection of donor SPCs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Delayed neurotoxicity and toxicokinetics of leptophos in hens given repeatedly by low-dose intravenous injections.

The repeated intravenous injections (RIVInj) of 5 mg/kg/day leptophos [O-(4-bromo-2, 5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate] for 3 consecutive days caused delayed ataxia in 4 out of 9 hens (44.4%). And one out of 9 hens (11.1%) given RIVInj of 3 mg/kg leptophos for 5 days was affected with ataxia. Twenty hens, however, which received a single intravenous injection (SIVInj) of 15 mg/kg leptophos did not exhibit any delayed neuropathic signs at all. Thus, delayed neurotoxicity was increased by the subdividing RIVInj of the critical dose which was shown in the SIVInj of leptophos. The leptophos concentration in plasma and liver decreased very rapidly after finish of either SIVInj or RIVInj. Although no significant differences were observed in the biological half life of leptophos in plasma by different dosages, the mean level of leptophos decreased significantly with frequency of injections. On the contrary, the evident accumulation of leptophos was observed in only sciatic nerve with RIVInj. Leg muscle maintained relatively high level of leptophos after the last injection. These results suggest that leptophos seems to transfer from blood to affinitive tissues such as sciatic nerve or leg muscles and to accumulate there easily in initial stage after repeated iv injections, and that this causes the enhancement of neuropathy with repeated administrations of divided critical dose of leptophos in both iv and oral administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Prolonging the circulation time and modifying the body distribution of intravenously injected polystyrene nanospheres by prior intravenous administration of poloxamine-908. A 'hepatic-blockade' event or manipulation of nanosphere surface in vivo?

Intravenously injected uncoated small (60 nm) and large (250 nm) size model polystyrene particles (which are cleared rapidly from the blood by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system) can be converted to long-circulatory and splenotropic particles in vivo, respectively, if such particles are injected shortly (up to 3 h) after an appropriate dose of the block polymer non-ionic surfactant, poloxamine-908. Evidence indicates that small and large size polystyrene beads can acquire a coating of poloxamine-908 and/or poloxamine-protein complexes in vivo. The adsorption of such complexes on to the bead surface could explain their altered body distribution since small and large size polystyrene beads that were precoated with poloxamine-908 exhibit similar biodistribution following i.v. injection.

Drug Carriers↗
PubMed1980

The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine in the beagle dog after a single intravenous injection and after a continuous intravenous infusion.

The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine (DHE) was studied in 6 beagles after a single 2.0 mg intravenous dose and after a continuous intravenous infusion (dose 2.0 mg, infusion time 51 min.=2.8-3.5 micrograms/min./kg). The concentrations of DHE in the plasma during 6 hours were determined by a radioimmunoassay. The mean alpha-phase T1/2 was 0.92 min. and 5.93 min., the mean beta-phase T1/2 was 104.42 min. and 115.79 min., and the mean plasma clearance value 202.88 ml/min. and 234.79 ml/min. after a single intravenous injection a continuous infusion administration, respectively. Similarly, the Vdc - values were 0.121/kg and significantly from each other. The simulated concentrations of DHE in the peripheral compartment increased rapidly explaining its fast effect on the vasculature in clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Risks of intravenous injection into the tail of cattle].

Since several years collecting blood from the tail vessels in bovine practice gained a wider range of propagation. Recently veterinarians tried to inject drugs intravenously into the tail vessels of the bovine tail. Therefore we carried out anatomical studies concerning the position of the blood vessels of the bovine tail. 24 tails of slaughtered cattle, which were of different breeds and age (1-4 years old), were examined in respect to the course of their arteries and veins as well on the ventral side. By means of necropsy, frozen cross sections, corrosion anatomy and radiography the position of the tail vessels to each other were compared. In the area of the 2nd to 7th coccygeal vertebra the position of the arteries and veins were being determined. Following results were obtained: 1. The A. cocc. med. runs always ventral in the midline of the tail. 2. The number of ventral veins proximal on the tail varies from 1 to 3. 3. The course of the Vena(ae) cocc. mediana(ae) in the tail region examined is inconstant. The vein lies either left, right, dorsal or ventral of the A. cocc. med. The vein can also cross the area. 4. In 8 of 19 examined cases the V. cocc. med. was closely left to the artery (area of the 5th coccygeal vertebra). After radiologic examination it can be stated that this region can be used for collecting blood of the V. cocc. med. In case of intravenous application of considerable amounts of drugs into the vein of the tail a certain portion can get easily into the closely attached artery and severe complications, as necrosis of the tail can occur. Therefore our clinic recommends generally the use of the Vena jugularis externa for intravenous injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Induction of swine dysentery in swine by the intravenous injection of filtered Treponema hyodysenteriae.

Swine dysentery was induced in 18 swine exposed by intravenous injection of a filtrate which contained Treponema hyodysenteriae and was obtained from macerated colonic scrapings of swine dysentery. However, swine dysentery did not develop in swine injected intravenously with a pure culture of T. hyodysenteriae or when combined with a colonic filtrate from normal swine. Diarrheal feces from the swine injected intravenously with the filtered T. hyodysenteriae contained more mucus, and fecal smears contained more T. hyodysenteriae and fewer other bacteria than did swine exposed orally to colon infected with swine dysentery or filtered T. hyodysenteriae. In the colons of the 12 swine injected intravenously with filtered T. hyodysenteriae that died, there was a minimum amount of croupous membrane and, microscopically, the T. hyodysenteriae were located deep in the colonic crypts. Five of the six surviving swine injected intravenously with filtered T. hyodysenteriae developed serum anti-T. hyodysenteriae antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test and four of these swine developed diarrhea when reexposed with swine dysentery infected colon six weeks after initial exposure. None of the swine injected intravenously with cultured T. hyodysenteriae developed serum anti-T. hyodysenteriae antibodies and all were highly susceptible to swine dysentery.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of meropenem after administration by intravenous injection over 5 min and intravenous infusion over 30 min.

The pharmacokinetics of meropenem were determined in healthy volunteers after intravenous injection over 5 min or iv infusion over 30 min. Five volunteers received meropenem 500 mg and six volunteers received 1000 mg. For both doses, administration over 5 rather than 30 min doubled the plasma concentrations observed at the end of the dosing period. Comparison of the other data derived from the two modes of administration indicated that rapid administration of meropenem did not appreciably alter its disposition pharmacokinetics. Plasma clearance, renal clearance, non-renal clearance, terminal half-life and volume of distribution were unchanged. Within 1 h of dosing, the plasma concentrations were very similar indicating that dosing over either time period would result in similar antimicrobial cover and thus should not affect efficacy. There were no changes in tolerability of meropenem associated with more rapid administration.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased sleeping time after pentobarbital anesthesia in rats treated with intravenous injection of BCG.

Intravenous injection of BCG in rats induces protection against liver cell necrosis produced by CCl4. Impairment of hepatic mixed function oxidases by cytokines produced by activated Kupffer cells is the mechanism proposed to explain that protection. To verify the function of hepatic mixed function oxidases after Kupffer activation, the sleeping time after sodium pentobarbital anesthesia was evaluated in rats after intravenous injection of BCG. Male adult albino rats received BCG (50 micrograms, intravenous) and 48 h or 6 days after were anestethized with sodium pentobarbital (33 or 66 mg/g i.p.). The sleeping time was measured from the beginning of sleep until the animal started having spontaneous movement and stand up on the forepaws. The results showed that the animals treated with BCG presented a significative increase in the sleeping time, indicating reduced inactivation of the pentobarbital, an indirect evidence of inhibition of mixed function oxidase system. BCG treated rats showed hepatic and splenomegaly, both 48 and 6 days after treatment. Histology showed an increase in number of mononuclear cells in the sinusoids in the liver and in the red pulp of the spleen 48 h after injection. Small epitheliod granulomas scattered in the hepatic lobules and in the red pulp were observed in rats killed six days after the BCG injection. Hepatocyte injury, induced by activated macrophages, would be not responsible for the reduced pentobarbital inactivation, because at six days there were several granulomas scattered in lobules, but the increase of sleep time in this group was similar to that observed in rats 48 h after injection of BCG. These results demonstrate that activation of Kupffer cells with BCG induces impairment of mixed function oxidase system soon as 48 h after injection of activator, probably due to production of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha by activated Kupffer cells and other mononuclear cells migrated to the liver.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMed1957

Studies on bacteriemia. II. Further observations on the granulocytopenia induced by the intravenous injection of Staphylococci.

Intravenous injection of staphylococci produced a marked, transient granulocytopenia inrabbits. Leukopenia was rapidly followed by return of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the peripheral blood, and normal circulating granulocyte levels were reestablished within 20 to 40 minutes. Differential arterio-venous leukocyte studies showed that polymorphonuclear leukocytes were trapped within the pulmonary vascular bed and, less constantly, in the splanchnic viscera during the initial 10 to 20 minutes following the injection of staphylococci. Granulocytes were subsequently found in larger numbers in blood leaving the lungs and splanchnic tissues, suggesting that entrapped polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly reentered the blood stream. This sequence of changes in circulating granulocytes was not significantly altered by splenectomy or the administration of cortisone. It has previously been shown that virtually all staphylococci in the blood stream are found within circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes 10 to 40 minutes after the injection of culture (9). It is during this period that granulocytes return to the blood stream in large numbers. These observations suggest that staphylococci are phagocyted by polymorphonuclear leucocytes temporarily sequestered in the lungs and splanchnic viscera. It appears probable that some sequestered granulocytes containing living staphylococci subsequently return to the circulation. Such intraleukocytic staphylococci are believed to play a role in the maintenance of bacteriemia.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1991

Appearance of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats following intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide.

Intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), even in very low amounts (5 micrograms), leads to the appearance of white blood cells (WBC) in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The number of WBC is dependent on either dose of LPS or time of injection. The population of WBC consists of monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes, while red blood cells are not detectable. These findings support the pathogenetic role which LPS may play in the course of bacterial meningitis mostly in terms of pleocytosis and raised protein content in the CSF.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Stimulation of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer by intravenous injection of heparin.

Intravenous injection of 100 IU heparin per kg body weight caused elevation of the lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer rate in each one of 11 men, in whom before as well as 5 min and 30 min after heparin application the concentration of unesterified fatty acids in plasma did not reach 0.8 mmol/l. The plasma concentration of unesterified cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) increased in parallel at the expense of unesterified cholesterol in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). For HDL cholesteryl esters an opposite effect was observed. The results support the hypothesis of a participation of the lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) in VLDL breakdown.

Cholesterol, HDL↗
PubMed1998

[Sonographic depiction of woodchuck hepatomas using intravenously injected contrast agents].

Intravenously injected ultrasonic contrast agents have improved sonographic visualization of blood flow. On enhanced color Doppler sonography using Levovist (Schering AG, Germany) and FS069 (Molecular Biosystems, USA), minute tumor blood flow in woodchuck hepatoma was clearly demonstrated as vascular flow around and within the tumors. Furthermore, on enhanced gray scale sonography using FS069, parenchymal flow was demonstrated as sonographic "tumor stain". However, larger doses of the agent provided shadowing that disturbed sonographic evaluation of deeper portions of the liver. With advances of second harmonic imaging, it may be possible to evaluate only blood perfusion in that it eliminates the signals of fundamental frequency.

Albumins↗
PubMed1980

beta-Endorphin: hyperthermia in mice by intravenous injection.

Effects of intravenous beta-endorphin on body temperature and body weight loss were studied in naive and morphine-dependent mice. beta-Endorphin at doses 2.6-25.5 mg/kg injected intravenously caused hyperthermia in naive mice as well as in morphine-dependent mice. In addition, beta-endorphin and morphine reduced body-weight loss during the morphine withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The renal clearance of disopyramide after bolus intravenous injection.

Following bolus intravenous injection of disopyramide in eight normal volunteers the renal clearance of the drug appeared to fall with time. In the first two hours after injection renal clearance had a mean value of 89.0 ml min-1 and fell to 29.4 ml min-1 between 48 and 72 h. In a separate study disopyramide was given by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 8 h following a loading dose of the drug. Renal clearance of disopyramide was thus estimated hourly over three narrow serum concentration ranges in a single volunteer. The estimate of renal clearance of the drug over the first hour following the start of these infusions was considerably in excess of values obtained later in the experiments. The change in disopyramide renal clearance following bolus injection is partially time-dependent. There are, however, fallacies in calculating short-term clearance values after bolus drug injection from the venous concentration-time curve and these may partially explain the change in renal clearance of disopyramide with time.

Disopyramide↗