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PubMed1998

Exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli in dystonia.

Some patients with torsion dystonia experience a dramatic increase or decrease in symptoms when performing specific activities. The activities that influence dystonic symptoms vary from person to person. An activity or sensory stimulus that reduces symptoms has been called a "sensory trick" or, in cervical dystonia, a "geste antagoniste." When a single activity induces symptoms of dystonia, the dystonia is called "task specific." We have discovered that in some patients, thinking about a sensory trick or task affects the dystonia in the same way as actually performing the activity. We present three representative patients, and discuss the relevance of this observation to the understanding of dystonia.

Awareness↗
PubMed1986

Withdrawal from chronic nicotine substitutes partially for the interoceptive stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ).

Rats were trained on an FR10 schedule of food reinforcement to press one lever after pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 20 mg/kg, IP, and an alternate lever after saline. After acute nicotine, 0.64 mg/kg, SC, 35% of the rats pressed the PTZ-lever. Diazepam, 5 mg/kg, IP, blocked the stimulus produced by PTZ, and mecamylamine, 5 mg/kg, IP, blocked the stimulus produced by nicotine. Training was then suspended and rats were treated with nicotine, at 8-h intervals, 0.64 mg/kg on the 1st day, and 1.25 mg/kg on subsequent days, for 21 days. To determine whether nicotine withdrawal substitutes for the stimulus produced by PTZ, rats were tested with saline at various times after chronic nicotine injections. Data from this part of the study were replicated in another group given nicotine for 15 days. Saline at 8 h after nicotine (five determinations each group) produced a small but stable degree of PTZ lever selection (35 +/- 4%). At 48 h after termination of nicotine treatment, the percentage of rats selecting the PTZ lever (50%) was greater than that in a control group tested after an equivalent period without training. The PTZ-like stimulus detected after chronic nicotine was not altered by mecamylamine, was additive with PTZ, and was blocked by diazepam. These data suggest that withdrawal from chronic nicotine produces a weak PTZ-like stimulus, which can be antagonized by an anxiolytic drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Conditioning of an interoceptive drug stimulus to different exteroceptive contexts.

Two experiments are described showing that a pentobarbital versus saline discrimination can be differentially conditioned to different external contexts. In experiment 1, rats differentiated two T-shaped mazes (one water maze and one electrified maze). In experiment 2, the external stimuli were the presence and absence of light during training in the electrified T-maze. These experiments constitute the first examples where a single drug versus nondrug discrimination has been conditioned to different external contexts requiring an opposite response pattern by the same animal. The data are in accordance with a stimulus interpretation of drug discrimination learning.

Animals↗