SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Inulin”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Ocular distribution of liposome-encapsulated epinephrine and inulin in the albino rabbit.

A methodology has been developed to evaluate the disposition of liposome-encapsulated epinephrine and inulin in the conjunctival sac and selected ocular tissues. Relative to inulin, epinephrine effluxed much more rapidly from liposomes and disappeared more rapidly from the tear pool. As a result, liposomes were found to exert opposite effects on the ocular uptake of epinephrine and inulin. Over a period of 45 minutes, the concentration of epinephrine in the eye was 1.5 - 3 times lower when presented in liposomes than in aqueous solutions. This contrasted with the 3 to 15 fold increase in inulin concentration in the eye from liposomal preparations of the compound. Specifically, much of the increase in inulin concentration in the cornea can be attributed to an increase seen in the epithelium. Despite elevated inulin concentrations in the ocular tissues it bathes, the aqueous humor was devoid of inulin unless the corneal epithelium was physically removed prior to topical dosing. Collectively, these findings suggest that both the manner in which an entrapped compound interacts with the constituents of liposomes and the manner in which liposomes interact with the absorptive surfaces of the eye can significantly influence its pharmacokinetics in the eye.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Epinephrine increases the selective permeability of epidurally administered [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin across the blood-spinal cord barrier.

A rabbit experimental model was used to ascertain how epinephrine influences uptake of epidurally-administered [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin into regions of brain and spinal cord. [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin, 20 microCi each, were distributed in normal saline (control) and normal saline with 0.03 microM (1:200,000 diluted) epinephrine. These tracers were administered as bolus and slow epidural infusion for 90 min. Epinephrine decreased the uptake of [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin into the serum collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min intervals during the administration of tracers. Epinephrine did not alter the uptake of [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin into the regions of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem including midbrain and pons) and upper regions of the spinal cord (mid-cervical and mid-thoracic) compared to controls. The uptake of [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin into the mid-lumbar region is significantly increased compared to the control. The differential uptake of [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin into 1 cm thick sections of lumbo-sacral cord was significantly increased by epinephrine at the site of the epidural catheter placement, while sections of the cord distal on either end (thoracic and sacral ends) did not show significant differences compared to the control. The efficacy of epinephrine in increasing spinal cord uptake of hydrophilic [3H]-D-mannitol and [14C]-carboxyl-inulin may be attributed to its vasoconstrictive properties and its ability to increase vascular endothelial cell permeability across the blood-spinal cord barrier.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Systemic absorption of ocularly administered enkephalinamide and inulin in the albino rabbit: extent, pathways, and vehicle effects.

The systemic absorption of ocularly applied tritiated [D-Ala2]metenkephalinamide (YAGFM) and inulin was studied in the albino rabbit with respect to rate, extent, pathways, and vehicle effects and compared with epinephrine. Peak concentration was achieved within 20 min except for inulin, for which absorption was still ongoing at 120 min. For YAGFM, the apparent absorption rate was slower than the elimination rate, thus obeying "flip-flop" pharmacokinetics. Based on the area under the plasma concentration curve from zero to 120 min, the percent of dose systemically absorbed was 36.1 +/- 4.4% for YAGFM, at least 3.3 +/- 0.2% for inulin, and 58.5 +/- 4.4% for epinephrine. This suggests that loss of drug to the systemic circulation is a more important factor in reducing the ocular absorption of YAGFM than for inulin. The conjunctival mucosa played as important a role as the nasal mucosa in the systemic absorption of YAGFM, while playing a secondary role in the case of inulin. Unlike nonpeptide drugs, the systemic absorption of ocularly administered YAGFM and inulin was not adversely affected by incorporation in 5% polyvinyl alcohol. Overall, the contact time of the instilled dose with the conjunctival and the nasal mucosae, their intrinsic permeability, and the extent of dilution of the instilled dose are key factors determining the vehicle effects on the extent of systemic absorption of ocularly applied peptides.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1977

Uptake of inulin by cells in rat brain cortex.

Light and electron microscope autoradiography indicated that 3H-labelled inulin was taken up by neurons and glia cells of rat brain cortex in vitro. The mechanism, by which inulin passed the cell membranes, was studied by comparing the transport of inulin (molecular weight 5000) with the transport of dextran (molecular weight 75000). The half-time for the cellular in- and efflux for the two molecules was the same although their diffusion coefficients differed by a factor of 4-5. The transport mechanism was therefore interpreted as bulk transport, and vesicular transport is suggested. Efflux of inulin from brain cortex exposed to inulin in vivo indicated that cellular uptake of inulin also occurred in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Glomerular filtration rate in relation to extracellular fluid volume: similarity between 99mTc-DTPA and inulin.

The rate constant (alpha2) of the terminal exponential of the technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) plasma clearance curve is close to the ratio of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to extracellular fluid volume (ECV) and is therefore a convenient, already normalised, measure of filtration function. Since alpha2 depends on the distribution volume of the tracer, our aim was to compare alpha2 from inulin and 99mTc-DTPA and also to compare the equilibration kinetics of the two filtration markers. Fifty millilitres of 99mTc-DTPA (250MBq) and inulin (10%), mixed in the same syringe, were given by intravenous injection in 15 patients undergoing routine 99mTc-DTPA renography for a variety of clinical indications. Frequent antecubital venous blood samples were taken up to about 4h after injection to construct plasma clearance curves from which GFR, ECV and GFR/ECV (i.e. the reciprocal of mean transit time through the distribution volume) were calculated. 99mTc-DTPA/inulin concentration ratio curves were also constructed after normalisation to the ratio in the syringe. GFR given by the two markers correlated closely (DTPA=0.98.inulin-0.4ml/min; r=0.98). 99mTc-DTPA had the same distribution volume as inulin, had a similar transit time through it and gave the same value of alpha2 (r=0.98). GFR/ECV from 99mTc-DTPA accordingly correlated closely with GFR/ECV from inulin (DTPA=0.75.inulin+0.99 ml/min; r=0.95). Even though the distribution volumes and the times to equilibration (i.e. to reach the terminal exponential) were similar, the distribution volume of 99mTc-DTPA at about 10min after injection was, after subtraction of the plasma volume, about twice that of inulin. We confirm the validity of 99mTc-DTPA for measuring GFR. alpha2 is a convenient measure of GFR, can be based on the terminal exponential of inulin of 99mTc-DTPA curves and can be converted to GFR/ECV with an appropriate scaling factor. The kinetics or the two clearance curves with respect to anatomical correlates of the exponentials and the rates of diffusion throughout the respective distribution volumes requires further study.

Extracellular Space↗

PubMed2004

Diet composition and age determine the effects of inulin-type fructans on intestinal calcium absorption in rat.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies in animals and humans have established that inulintype fructans (inulin, oligofructose, fructooligosaccharides) enhance intestinal Ca absorption, there are also reports that failed to demonstrate any effects of added fructans on Ca absorption. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated in a rat model what variables determine inulin actions on mineral absorption with special focus on the basic diet. METHODS: To determine apparent intestinal mineral absorption, whole body retention and mineral accumulation in bone, we performed feeding experiments with a balance technique by which mineral intake, faecal and urinary output are determined. RESULTS: In a first study we compared the effects of an inulin oligofructose mixture (0 and 10%,respectively) when added either to a standard diet or a semi-synthetic diet. Rats fed the semi-synthetic diet were younger (adolescent) than rats on standard diet (young adult). We observed that the apparent Ca absorption ratio was significantly increased by inulin and oligofructose only when provided in the semisynthetic diet and not in the standard diet that intrinsically already contained some fructans from wheat. In our second study with a semi-synthetic diet fed to growing (adolescent) rats, inulin and oligofructose increased not only Ca but also Mg and Zn absorption, whole body mineral retention and femur mineral content. CONCLUSION: Inulin-type fructans at dietary levels of 10 % (w/w) do increase mineral absorption, retention and accumulation in bone in the case of Ca, Mg and Zn, but only when the basic diet for the control group contains no intrinsic fructans and when the mineral demand is particularly high as during growth.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Determination of inulin clearance by single injection or infusion in children.

The reference method to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children is the urinary clearance of inulin during a continuous intravenous infusion. Alternatively, the plasma clearance of inulin can be determined, which does not require urine collection. This study compared the determination of the inulin plasma clearance in 24 pediatric patients by two methods: the single injection and the continuous infusion method. In the single injection method 5000 mg/m(2) inulin was administered as bolus injection, and blood samples were drawn 10, 30, 90, and 240 min after administration. For the continuous infusion method inulin was started overnight and blood samples were collected the next day. The inulin plasma clearance determined by the single injection method was on average 9.7 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) higher than the clearance determined with the continuous infusion method (95% CI: 5.3-14.2). The difference between the two methods was smaller at lower GFRs. The difference in results generated by the two methods in children is small and is considered acceptable in clinical practice. For practical reasons, the single injection method with minimum sampling is preferred.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of inulin and lactulose as reference standards in the breath hydrogen test assessment of carbohydrate malabsorption in patients with chronic pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

Although often used as a reference standard in the breath hydrogen test (BHT), lactulose fermentation produces more hydrogen, compared to starch, and may therefore not be ideal. This study compares inulin with lactulose as reference standard in the study of carbohydrate malabsorption. Seventeen patients with malabsorption due to chronic pancreatitis and 15 normal controls were studied. Following overnight fasts, BHTs were performed after ingesting 10 g lactulose, 10 g inulin, and 200 g (16 g highly resistant starch) maize meal. Lactulose fermentation produced significantly more hydrogen than inulin in patients with malabsorption (97 +/- 20 vs 45 +/- 22 ppm x hr; P < 0.05) and controls (43 +/- 18 vs 21 +/- 10 ppm x hr; P < 0.05). Patients produced more hydrogen than controls with both standards (lactulose, 97 +/- 20 vs 43 +/- 18 ppm x hr, P < 0.05; inulin 45 +/- 22 vs 21 +/- 10 ppm x hrs; P < 0.05), suggesting adaptation of the colonic flora. Calculated CHO malabsorption was 2.5 +/- 0.8 vs 5.2 +/- 3.8 g with lactulose and 5.2 +/- 3.1 vs 11.2 +/- 9.6 g with inulin as standards in controls and patients, respectively (P < 0.05). Lactulose produces more breath hydrogen than inulin. Calculation of CHO malabsorption using these standards is therefore not comparable.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Preparation of functionalized derivatives of inulin: conjugation of erythrocytes for hemagglutination and plaque-forming cell assays.

A method is described for preparing derivatives of alkali-stable polysaccharides for coupling to immunogen carriers or to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for use in hemagglutination (HA) and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays. Inulin, a beta (2 leads to 1)-linked polyfructosan was partially derivatized with carboxyl, aminoethyl or (p-aminophenyl)butyryl groups; the latter derivative was coupled to SRBC following diazotization. Optimal conditions for the sensitization of SRBC with inulin were given. The immunological reactivity of the inulin molecule was unaffected by the derivatization reactions, and high, reproducible anti-inulin HA titers for inulin-binding myeloma proteins were found using these specifically sensitized SRBC. The sensitized SRBC were stable for assays for over 2 weeks. Problems with spontaneous agglutination or distortion of sensitized SRBC, normally seen in other procedures, e.g., methods using stearoyl-inulin, were not encountered.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Algammulin, a new vaccine adjuvant comprising gamma inulin particles containing alum: preparation and in vitro properties.

Crystallization of inulin with alum forms a fine (1-2 micron) suspension of electron-dense ovoids; the alum is embedded in inulin particles, which are then converted to the immune stimulant polymorphic form, gamma inulin. This very stable hybrid preparation is termed Algammulin. Preferred conditions for its preparation are described. The alum still adsorbs protein. Gamma inulin is equally able to activate the alternative pathway of complement in vitro whether free or combined as Algammulin. Gamma inulin, either free or combined as Algammulin, dissolved on heating over a narrow temperature range that can be used to characterize the polymorphic form of the inulin.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1985

Cholestasis and increased biliary excretion of inulin in rats given 1,1-dichloroethylene.

Bile flow and biliary excretion of the inert solute [3H]inulin were monitored in unanesthetized, freely moving male rats for 4 h after oral administration of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Comparisons were made between 4 groups: fed-controls, fed-1,1-DCE treated, fasted-controls, and fasted-1,1-DCE treated. Biliary inulin excretion was assessed at 30-min intervals as total excretion and as bile/plasma ratio. 1,1-DCE treatment was consistently associated with at least a 2-fold increase in both parameters of inulin excretion within 2 h after toxin administration. In contrast, 1,1-DCE treatment was not associated with changes in plasma inulin values at any time or in liver/plasma inulin ratios at 4 h. Bile flow decreased in all groups: gradually by 30% in the fed and fasted controls, by 40% in the fed-1,1-DCE treated group, and markedly by 65% in the fasted-1,1-DCE treated group. Liver damage at 4 h as reflected by elevated plasma activities of liver-derived enzymes was found only in fasted-1,1-DCE treated rats. Thus the cholestatic effect of 1,1-DCE appears related to the development of liver damage whereas other aspects of the hepatic response to 1,1-DCE may enhanced biliary excretion of inulin.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Solid dispersions based on inulin for the stabilisation and formulation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

The aim of this study was to develop a dry powder formulation that stabilises the chemically labile lipophilic Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), that rapidly dissolves in water in order to increase the bioavailability and that opens new routes of administration. It was investigated whether these aims can be achieved with solid dispersions consisting of a matrix of inulin, an oligo-fructose, in which THC is incorporated. These solid dispersions were prepared by lyophilisation of a solution of THC and inulin in a mixture of water and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA). Both 4 and 8 wt.% of THC could be incorporated in a glassy matrix of inulin. In the solid dispersions only 0.4-0.5 wt.% of residual TBA was present after storage at 20 degrees C/45% relative humidity (RH) for 7 days. Unprotected THC was completely degraded after 40 days of exposure to 20 degrees C and 45% RH. However, solid dispersions exposed to the same conditions still contained about 80% non-degraded THC after 300 days. Dissolution experiments with tablets compressed from inulin glass dispersion material showed that THC and inulin dissolved at the same rate. Tablets weighing 125 mg and containing 2mg THC were prepared from a mixture of THC containing solid dispersion, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and mannitol. Dissolution tests revealed that from these tablets 80% of the THC was dissolved within 3 min, which makes them promising for sublingual administration. It was concluded that THC can be strongly stabilized by incorporating it in a matrix of inulin. The aqueous dissolution rate was high which may improve bioavailability.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗

PubMed2004

Identification and characterization of a novel inulin binding module (IBM) from the CFTase of Bacillus macerans CFC1.

A novel inulin-binding module (IBM), which was identified from the N-terminal region of the cycloinulinooligosaccharide fructanotransferase (CFTase) in Bacillus macerans CFC1, was characterized using the discrete entity of IBM produced by the recombinant Escherichia coli strains. Deletion analyses located the inulin binding activity in the N-terminal region between 241 and 389 amino acid residues, which was removed from the mature enzyme by processing when secreted from the B. macerans CFC1 cells. IBM bound specifically to polyfructans such as inulin and levan but it did not interact with any of the glycan polymers tested in this study including cellulose, xylan, and starch. Binding studies on the IBM revealed that the equilibrium dissociation constant K(d) and the maximum amount of protein bound [(PC)(max)] were 4.7 microM and 22 microM g(-1), respectively. Together, these results indicate that the IBM of CFTase has a relatively high and specific affinity for inulin. Adsorption of the IBM to inulin was highest at pH 7.0 and lowered slowly with decreasing pH down to 3.0. At pH 7.0, the binding activity was enhanced about twofold by the presence of 1 M MgCl(2). Chemical modification experiments with the aromatic amino acid-specific modifiers implied that tryptophan and tyrosine residues in the IBM are likely to participate in the interaction with the inulin molecules.

Bacillus↗

PubMed2005

Inulin is a promising cryo- and lyoprotectant for PEGylated lipoplexes.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the oligosaccharides dextran and inulin are able to prevent aggregation of lipoplexes based on 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane and dioleoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine with and without distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethyleneglycol (PEGylated and nonPEGylated lipoplexes, respectively) during storage. The lipoplexes, dispersed in the oligosaccharide solution were frozen and subsequently stored at subzero temperature or freeze dried and subsequently stored at 37 degrees C. When lipoplexes in frozen dispersions were stored below the glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze concentrated fraction (Tg') of the oligosaccharide solutions severe aggregation of the nonPEGylated lipoplexes was prevented for 3 months by both inulin and dextran. However, while dextran failed to stabilize the frozen PEGylated lipoplexes (as in most cases full aggregation occurred in short time) inulin successfully protected them against aggregation. Compared to dextran, inulin was also a superior lyoprotectant of PEGylated lipoplexes: during freeze drying and subsequent storage at 37 degrees C of the dried powders for 3 months the PEGylated lipoplexes maintained their original size when dispersed in inulin matrices while in dextran matrices they fully aggregated in most cases. It is hypothesized that the aggregation of the PEGylated lipoplexes in dextran solutions is caused by the well known incompatibility between dextrans and PEG. This is further supported by the observation that inulins and PEG are compatible. It is concluded that oligosaccharides can prevent severe aggregation of nonPEGylated lipoplexes. The same holds for PEGylated lipoplexes provided that the oligosaccharide is compatible with PEG. Finally, this work also shows that the higher Tg' of oligosaccharides makes them more versatile cryoprotectants than disaccharides like sucrose or trehalose as the frozen dispersions can be stored at higher temperatures for prolonged periods of time. Furthermore, it is proposed that oligosaccharides are also more versatile lyoprotectants than the disaccharides because they can be exposed to higher relative humidities without passing the glass transition temperature.

Drug Stability↗

PubMed2005

Promotion of adenoma growth by dietary inulin is associated with increase in cyclin D1 and decrease in adhesion proteins in Min/+ mice mucosa.

We have earlier shown that dietary fructo-oligosaccharide inulin enhances adenoma growth in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min/+) mice. To further explore inulin-induced early biochemical changes in the normal-appearing mucosa, Min/+ mice were fed from the age of 5 weeks to the ages of 8 and 15 weeks a control diet or an inulin-enriched diet (10% w/w). In addition, the wild-type littermates were fed with the same diets until the age of 8 weeks, in order to determine whether similar changes happen both in the wild-type and Min/+ mice. The mucosa without adenomas was collected and fractionated to nuclear, cytosolic and membrane pools. The protein levels of beta-catenin, cyclin D1 and E-cadherin were determined by Western blotting at both time points, and immunohistochemical stainings were done for 8-week-old mice. The promotion of adenoma growth by inulin (week 15, 1.3-fold increase, P=.0004) was associated with accumulation of cytosolic and nuclear beta-catenin, and increased amount of cytosolic cyclin D1 (1.5-fold increase, P=.003) in the normal-appearing mucosa of the Min/+ mice. Furthermore, inulin feeding reduced the membranous pools of beta-catenin and E-cadherin. Also in the wild-type mice the drop in membranous beta-catenin was clear (P=.015), and, moreover, a subset of crypts had enhanced nuclear beta-catenin staining. These data indicate that dietary inulin can already activate in the normal-appearing mucosa beta-catenin signaling, which in the presence of Apc mutation induces adenoma growth and even in the wild-type mice direction of the changes is similar.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2005

Effects of thickened beverages fortified with inulin on beverage acceptance, gastrointestinal function, and bone resorption in institutionalized adults.

OBJECTIVES: We wanted to develop thickened beverages that contain soluble fiber (inulin) with acceptable consistency, taste, and texture and to determine the effects of these beverages on bone resorption markers (to determine calcium retention), bowel frequency, and indicators of gastrointestinal function in institutionalized adults bound to wheelchairs. METHODS: A double-blind, 3-wk, cross-over study testing 13-g/d inulin-fortified versus isocaloric standard modified starch-thickened beverages was conducted in institutionalized adults who were bound to wheelchairs and had dysphagia or did not have dysphagia. Beverage acceptability, as assessed by discriminative and descriptive sensory testing, bowel frequency, fecal output, and laxative use, were determined by direct testing or by nursing charts. Bone resorption was measured by using the urinary excretion of fasting calcium and of cross-linked N-telopeptides of collagen. RESULTS: Sensory panelists were unable to detect a difference between beverages thickened with modified starch and those fortified with inulin. Few differences were found between the control and inulin-fortified beverages for sensory descriptors. No significant difference was found in frequency of bowel movements between treatments; however, weighted bowel movement frequency increased by 13% with inulin (P < 0.01), whereas enema and laxative administration decreased by 13% (P < 0.05). Bone resorption, as an indicator of calcium retention, remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Inulin was incorporated into thickened beverages, with no decrease in acceptability; when consumed, perceived stool output increased in residents of long-term care facilities.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Inulin as the soluble fiber in liquid enteral nutrition.

Dietary fibers are a necessary part of human nutrition. Inulin is a fermentable fiber that improves bacterial ecology in the large bowel and is also a relevant substrate for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effect of inulin, added as dietary fiber into the fiber-free enteral nutrition (Nutrition Standard). Inulin (30-35 g/d) was administered for 1 wk to a group of patients requiring the nutritional support of a liquid enteral diet. A significant increase in flatulence, an indication of rapid bacterial fermentation, was apparent during its infusion in comparison with a fiber-free enteral diet. Moreover, an increment in ability to dehydrate the cecal stream (stool consistency) was apparent in nearly half of patients. No changes in SCFA concentration in stool and indican output in urine were apparent after 1 wk of inulin administration. Intestinal permeability (51Cr-EDTA absorption test) was not influenced by either enteral nutrition or inulin and enteral nutrition administration. Because of good tolerance inulin seems to be a potential source of dietary fiber in clinical enteral nutrition.

Acetates↗

PubMed2001

Inulin determination for food labeling.

Inulin and oligofructose exhibit valuable nutritional and functional attributes, so they are used as supplements as soluble fiber or as macronutrient substitutes. As classic analytical methods for dietary fiber measurement are not effective, several specific methods have been proposed. These methods measure total fructans and are based on one or more enzymatic sample treatments and determination of released sugars. To determine inulin for labeling purposes, we developed an easy and rapid anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method following water extraction of inulin. HPLC conditions included an Aminex HPX- 87C column (Bio-Rad), deionized water at 85 degrees C as the mobile phase and a refractive index detector. The tested foods included tailor-made food products containing known amounts of inulin and commercial products (cookies, milk, ice creams, cheese, and cereal bars). The average recovery was 97%, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.1 to 5% in the food matrixes. The obtained results showed that this method provides an easier, faster and cheaper alternative than previous techniques for determining inulin with enough accuracy and precision for routine labeling purposes by direct determination of inulin by HPLC with refractive index detection.

Animals↗