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PubMed1998

Joint effect of shift work and adverse life-style factors on the risk of coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: The joint effect of shift work and certain adverse life-style factors on coronary heart disease (CHD) was studied. METHODS: Base-line measurements were obtained for a 6-year follow-up of an industrially employed cohort (N= 1806), whose shiftwork status was recorded from a questionnaire filled out by a sample of the cohort. The CHD end points (codes 410-414 of the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) were obtained from official Finnish registers. In order that the joint effects of shift work and life-style factors on the risk of CHD could be studied, dichotomized variables and their combinations as a dummy variable system in Cox's proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS: The relative risks were 1, 1.6[95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1-2.5], 1.3(95% CI 0.9-2.1), and 2.7(95% CI 1.8-4.1) for the following combinations of shift work (SW) and smoking (SM): SW-&SM-, SW-&SM+, SW+&SM-, and SW+&SM+, respectively; and the corresponding figures for shift work and obesity (BMI > or =28 kg/m2) were 1, 1.2(95% CI0.8-1.9), 1.3(95% CI0.9-1.9), and 2.3(95% CI1.5-3.6), respectively. In both cases the effect was at least multiplicative. For the shift workers the relative risk for CHD rose gradually with increasing numbers of adverse life-style factors, but for the day workers there was no clear dose-response pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Shift work seems to trigger the effect of other, lifestyle-related risk factors of CHD and therefore calls for active prevention among shift workers.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Health and life-style of longevous Palauans: implications for developmental theory.

The health, illness, and life styles of the oldest Palauans were investigated by interview and examination in their homes. Thirty-eight citizens ranged in age from 86 to 111. Ten were 100 years or older. They were in unusually good physical and mental health. The most common physical problem is arthritis. Life style is described in terms of diet, physical activity, smoking and drinking habits, use of medical services, and living conditions. It is theorized that the characteristic physical limitations bring on a crisis of usefulness; role intention and respect may be critical developmental issues as well at this oldest age period of the human life span.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Remote life-style causes of cancer.

Most epidemiologists regard more or less proximal variables as life-style factors--smoking, diet, sex behavior, occupation. Within this framework, life-style factors making for high risk of cancer are defined and presented. Three estimates of the contribution to cancer incidence by the major proximal causes are presented, using the variables specified by each estimator. For purposes of completeness and possible prevention action, however, intermediate and distant precursors should be considered--local ecology, culture, industrialization, etc. The possibility that stress may affect cancer risk is addressed and evidence presented to suggest that any contribution to risk, if it exists at all, is probably small.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2001

Life style factors and acquired susceptibility to environmental disease.

Multifactorial risk factors are responsible for many diseases. They can be broadly categorized as environmental, genetic and life style factors. Much attention has been focused on the first two categories, e.g. the identification of environmental toxicants/carcinogens and the elucidation of genetic susceptibility to disease. Life style risk factors such as aging, poor nutrition, infection and exposure to toxicants can also increase susceptibility to illnesses. These life style factors can therefore be considered to cause acquired susceptibility for increased risk for environmental disease. Among Egyptians, infection with the parasite, Schistosoma, is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer and the risk is enhanced by exposure to mutagenic chemicals. We have shown that inheritance of susceptible metabolizing genes that can increase body burden of mutagenic chemicals enhances the risk. We have also hypothesized that chronic exposure to mutagenic chemicals causes cellular abnormalities that can reduce the capacity of cells to repair DNA damage and thus increase the risk for environmental disease. We have used a challenge assay to show that cells from cigarette smokers and from populations exposed to uranium, butadiene and pesticides have abnormal DNA repair responses compared to matched controls. On the other hand, the response is normal in workers exposed to very low concentrations of butadiene and benzene, and in mothers who had children with birth defects. This suggests that exposure to high enough concentrations of certain mutagens can cause acquired susceptibility in human populations. The acquired susceptibility is expected to interact with environmental factors and with genetic susceptibility to increase risk for environmental disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[General and oral health and their relation to life-style and social activity among elderly Danes living at home].

The present study was performed in order to plan and evaluate dental health care for at cohort of 67-yr-olds in a Danish municipality. The purpose was to study general and dental health and the effect of life-style and social network relations. The study population comprised 216 persons (71% of persons selected). Data were collected in 1987 by means of standardized interviews. Measurement of lifestyle was based on information about how often the respondents participated in social and cultural activities. Family network activity was measured from information on the frequency of contact to family members, while data on relations to friends and neighbours were based on the quality of contact. Moreover, the participants were asked about the presence of various health symptoms. Additive indices on life-style and social networks were constructed. Symptoms were frequent among less active people. For example, 36% of the participants with very low activity reported at least 5 complaints of ill health against 10% in the group with an active life-style. Among less active persons, 51% were edentulous, against 34% among active persons. Most symptoms of ill health occurred relatively often among persons with weak social networks. All in all, 59% had dentures in both jaws. However, 70% were full denture wearers in the group with weak family network, 65% in the group with weak relations to friends, 67% among persons with weak relations to neighbours, and 65% among single living persons. In conclusion, ill health seems to be interrelated with a passive life-style, and non-supportive social networks seem to increase the risk of ill health, in general as well as dentally.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[GERD: guidance in changing life-style].

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing due to adoption of a western life style and an aging society in recent years. The symptoms of GERD, such as heartburn, regurgitation of gastric contents into the mouth, and chest pain, decrease QOL, and continuous treatment is necessary. Treatment of GERD is mainly drug therapy; however, it is believed that providing guidance in changing life-style and providing information about the disease will permit long-lasting relief of the symptoms.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A descriptive study of how clients make life-style changes.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe how adults with diabetes in a weight control study attempted to make life-style behavioral changes. All subjects had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and were 20% to 50% overweight. Data were drawn from narrative responses given by 28 clients to open-ended questions regarding behavioral change. Questions were asked as part of a 16-week life-style behavioral change program for weight control. A systematic analysis of content was used to generate six categories of responses depicting the life-style behavioral change process. The process, as described by these clients, is: Starting point; Introspection; Why change; Mental preparation; Plans, progress, and continuation; and Helps and hindrances.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Occupational cancer: interaction with life style factors.

It is argued that as the major occupational cancer risks become matters of historical interest, research epidemiologists working in the field should broaden their approaches to encompass life style factors. In the investigation of possible low-cancer risks, it no longer makes any sense to confine their data-collecting activities solely to exposure to dusts and chemicals at work and to regard exposure to chemicals at home, in the garden or during leisure activities simply as possible confounding variables. Furthermore it is becoming more and more meaningless to undertake any epidemiological investigation aimed at detecting or defining a low level of cancer risk without taking into account what and how much, for example, people eat, drink and smoke. Possible exposure to chemicals at work is increasingly becoming a source for confounding variables in relation to life-style-associated cancer risks, as distinct from life-style being a source of confounding variables in epidemiological studies of occupation-associated cancer risks.

Female↗

PubMed1994

Relations of life-style with lipids, blood pressure and insulin in adolescents and young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

The associations of life-style variables, namely type of dietary fat, alcohol use, smoking, obesity, physical activity and oral contraceptive use with serum lipids, insulin and blood pressure were studied in 1398 adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years. Smokers were more often physically inactive and regular users of alcohol compared to non-smokers. In females, smoking and alcohol use were more prevalent among oral contraceptive users. Independent effects of life-style variables on lipids, blood pressure and insulin were assessed with multiple linear regression models. In both sexes, body mass index was positively related to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and insulin, and negatively with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Leisure time physical activity was associated with lower levels of insulin among males. Smoking was related with 0.07 mmol/l lower HDL-C levels and about 0.09 mmol/l higher TG levels in males. In both sexes, smoking was related with lower levels of SBP. In males, alcohol use was associated with 0.05 mmol/l higher level of HDL-C (P = 0.06). In females, alcohol use was associated with lower levels of LDL-C and TG. Oral contraceptive use was associated with approximately 0.15 mmol/l higher levels of TG and about 4.0 mmHg higher SBP. Preferring butter over margarine as dietary fat was associated with 0.26 and 0.19 mmol/l higher levels of LDL-C in males and females, respectively. Accumulation of adverse life-habits contributed to the clustering of an atherogenic lipid profile and high blood pressure. In males, those with 4 selected life-habits present, namely obesity, smoking, inactivity and the use of butter, had 5.5 times greater risk (95% confidence interval 1.4-20.7) of belonging to the group with high LDL-C, low HDL-C and high DBP compared to those with zero or one life-habits present. These data demonstrate that life-habits show clustering in adolescents and young adults. Individuals with many adverse life-style risk factors present are at increased risk of having an atherogenic lipid and blood pressure profile.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological stress responses in Filipino-American immigrant nurses: the effects of residence time, life-style, and job strain.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between measures of Americanization (the adoption of American life-style and culture) and physiological measures of stress in Filipino-American immigrants. METHODS: Ambulatory blood pressure monitors and timed urine collections were used to evaluate blood pressure and urinary catecholamine excretion across the work, home, and sleep daily settings among 31 healthy, premenopausal, immigrant Filipino-American women employed as nurses or nurse's aides. Migration history and life-style were evaluated from questionnaire responses. Reported job strain, decision latitude, and psychological demand were obtained from the Job Content Questionnaire. RESULTS: Immigrants who had lived longer in the United States had elevated norepinephrine levels in the work and home settings (p < .05), higher diastolic blood pressure during sleep (p < .01), and lower dips in blood pressure during sleep (p < .05). Job strain measures were not related to blood pressure, catecholamine excretion rates, or residence time in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that indicators of stress increase as a function of time since immigration, although this result is not explained by self-reports of identification with Filipino or American life-style or by measures of job strain.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Changes in life-style characteristics, health, and mood of freshman medical students.

A comprehensive questionnaire on life-style was completed by 104 of 184 freshman medical students at orientation and again seven months later. Life-style changes during this period were related to physical-psychological health and affect-mood changes. There was a decrease in the following characteristics: physical activity, salt and bread consumption, sleep and interrupted sleep, general health, leisure, and recreational activities. During the studied time period, few students maintained a balanced diet. There was an increase in perceived stress as the school year progressed and a tendency to improve coping effectiveness. This increase in coping effectiveness was associated with improved health and mood. Enjoying medical school more, feeling more competent as a medical student, and questioning the desire to enter medical school less were also related to improved health and mood.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Hemoglobin, iron, nutrition and life-style among adolescents in a coastal and an inland community in northern Norway.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents, influenced by modern youth culture, may have a diet containing too little iron and other vital nutrients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents from Finnmark county, situated well above the arctic circle in Norway, from a Sami culture, and from a coastal culture, were examined to study hemoglobin, iron stores, dietary composition, food habits and life-style. A short intervention with dietary instructions was made, followed by re-examination after one year. RESULTS: The inland adolescents had larger iron stores, higher dietary intake of meat and protein, and lower intake of sugar than coastal ones, in accordance with traditional Sami diets. All groups had too high intake of sugar and fat, and too low intake of vitamin D and fibre, compared to national recommendations. The adolescents hardly consumed fish. About 1/3 of them had a high dietary iron density, as well as higher concentrations of other dietary nutrients and a more health promoting life-style in general. The short intervention did not have any effect on the magnitude of the iron stores, and only minor effects on food habits and life-style. CONCLUSION: The adolescents from the Sami community still had a diet based on tradition. This was not found in the coastal community. The iron density in the diet may serve as an indicator of positive food habits and life-style in general. The modest effect of intervention, emphasizes the need for a creative, preventive medicine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Life-style modification for weight control to improve diabetes health status.

The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship among variables which are associated with life-style modification, knowledge of diabetes, social support, health practices, and body mass index, to examine their effect on health status, and to test the effectiveness of a community based life-style modification program for weight control. Adults (n = 66) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus participated in either a treatment or control group. The treatment consisted of 5 weekly 90-min sessions on modifying eating and exercise patterns. All participants completed a personal resource questionnaire (PRQ), health practices survey (HPS), and diabetes health status questionnaire (DHS) at intake, 5 weeks, and 4 months. Knowledge of diabetes was assessed only at intake. Knowledge of diabetes, social support, and health practices explained 27% of the variance in health status, but health practices explained the largest (18%) proportion of the variance and was the only study variable significantly affected by the life-style modification program.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Aging, work, life-style and work ability among Finnish municipal workers in 1981-1992.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to explain changes in work ability through occupational and life-style factors. METHODS: Work ability was measured by an index describing workers' health resources in regard to their work demands. The work factors mainly included physical and mental demands, social organization and the physical work environment. The life-style factors covered smoking, alcohol consumption, and leisure-time physical exercise. The first questionnaire study was done in 1981 and it was repeated in 1992. The subjects (N = 818) were workers in the 44- to 51-year-old age group in the beginning of the study who were active during the entire follow-up. The improvement and, correspondingly, the decline in work ability were analyzed by logistic regression models. RESULTS: Both the improvement and the decline in work ability were associated more strongly with changes in work and life-style during the follow-up than with their initial variation. The model for improved work ability included improvement of the supervisor's attitude, decreased repetitive movements at work, and increased amount of vigorous leisure-time physical exercise. Deterioration in work ability was explained by a model which included a decrease in recognition and esteem at work, decrease in workroom conditions, increase in standing at work, and decrease in vigorous leisure-time physical exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Social relations at work can promote or impair the work ability of elderly workers. Although the work ability of elderly workers generally declined with aging, both older and younger workers were also able to improve their work ability.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The Adelaide Activities Profile: a measure of the life-style activities of elderly people.

A new instrument for the measurement of life-style activities of the elderly is described. The Adelaide Activities Profile (AAP) was developed in response to the shortcomings of the Frenchay Activities Index. The AAP was validated on a random sample of 1799 people aged 70 years and over, living outside of institutional care. Principal components factor analysis revealed four consistent factors from which four scales were derived; these scales were named domestic chores, household maintenance, service to others, and social activities. Analyses demonstrated the construct validity of the four life-style scales by showing them to be differentially sensitive to a range of domestic, health and social circumstances. It was concluded that the distinct and meaningful clusters of activities represented by the AAP scales should have broad application as health and social indicators.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

The relationship between premorbid life-style and wandering behaviors in institutionalized people with dementia.

Forty-nine ambulatory residents participated in a study conducted to determine the relationship between premorbid life-style, work, and ways of handling stress, and wandering in dementia units. The sample consisted of 23 males and 26 females with a mean age of 79. Family members responded to open-ended questionnaires that asked about premorbid leisure activities, hobbies, exercise, stress management, type of employment and social interactions. Activities were ranked according to energy expended on the Metabolic Cost of Activities (MET) Scale. No activity equaled Inactive (0); 1.5-2 METS equaled Mildly Active (1), 2-3 METS equaled Moderately Active (2), and 3-4 METS equaled Very Active (3). Subjects were observed three times for one-hour intervals on each of three shifts (day, evening, night) at randomly selected times to assess wandering behavior. Behavior was logged every five minutes. The subjects' most frequent conditions were awake (21%), alone (20%), and in their own rooms (17%). Twenty-four (50%) of the subjects were observed pacing, and 16 (33%) were agitated/restless at some point in time. Statistical analyses showed no significant correlations between premorbid life-style variable rankings and the amount of time spent standing, walking and pacing. The findings suggest that wandering behavior is not influenced by premorbid life-styles.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Use of a staff administered structured questionnaire to identify relevant life-style issues and social-health determinants in a sexual and reproductive health service.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a staff-administered questionnaire to identify life-style issues and social-health determinants. DESIGN: Structured questionnaire administered by a health professional after dealing with the primary reason for attendance. SETTING: Community-based UK sexual and reproductive health service. POPULATION: First 1329 selected clinic patients comprising 1018 women attending Family Planning and 161 women plus 150 men attending Genitourinary Medicine; 47% were aged under 25. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Identification of relevant health-risk taking, life-style issues, and unaddressed health concerns. Participants were offered appropriate support, information and referrals. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-four (23%) of the Family Planning women and 83 (52%) of the Genitourinary Medicine women [plus 103 (69%) of the men] reported two or more sexual partners in the last year. A third of participants denied regular condom use. Six per cent of women and 5% of men questioned had previously been forced to have sex. Eleven per cent of men admitted to having paid for sex and 9% of women disclosed physical assault (one-quarter in the home). Eight per cent of women and 7% of men had unresolved issues relating to previous miscarriage, termination, or stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to identify relevant life-style issues and social determinants of health during routine practice using a staff-administered questionnaire. The resulting information may not otherwise have been disclosed and may impact significantly on health and care delivery. The information collected provides opportunities for both individuals and service planners to address wider health needs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Epidemiological study on socio-psychological factors to affect the change in life style].

A cohort with the general population of 5698 was established to clarify the association between individual life style and health. This study investigated the association between life style and socio-psychological factors by means of a cross-sectional study of 1005 males aged 30 to 59 years. The health practice index consisted of 5 health practices, 1) smoking 2) drinking 3) physical activity 4) Quetelet's index, and 5) sleep. The subjects were divided into two groups, group I (aged 30 to 44 years) and group II (aged 45 to 59 years). Path analysis was used to clarify the relationship between various socio-psychological factors relating to the health practice index. In group I, the health locus of control and perceived daily life stress were directly related to the health practice index. In group II, the only health locus of control was directly related to the health practice index. It was found that the social support network formed the basis of these two factors. These results suggested that it is very important to consider individual socio-psychological factors when promoting good health practice.

Adult↗