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PubMed1979

Dyslexia and classic pathognomic signs.

The classic pathognomic signs of dyslexia, such as reversals and rotations, appear to be associated with poor reading, not diagnosed developmental dyslexia. 26 8th and 9th grade dyslexia with poor perceptual/attentional ability were matched with 19 reading-retarded subjects with age-equivalent perceptual/attentional test scores for age, IQ, and degree of reading retardation and compared both with each other and with 96 adequate readers for reversals, rotations, insertions, substitutions, omissions, poor handwriting and visual ability on the Gray test, the WRAT Spelling Test, a writing task, and the star-tracing mirror test. On 46 of 49 variables, the dyslexia and retarded readers performed comparably. Together they made more classic errors and had lower achievement scores than the adequate readers on 44 of 49 variables. Classic errors clustered with poor reading but not diagnosed dyslexia. The hypothesis that reading acquisition trains perceptual test-taking ability is advanced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Working memory and acquisition of implicit knowledge by imagery training, without actual task performance.

This study investigated acquisition of a mirror-reading skill via imagery training, without the actual performance of a mirror-reading task. In experiment I, healthy volunteers simulated writing on an imaginary, transparent screen placed at eye level, which could be read by an experimenter facing the subject. Performance of this irrelevant motor task required the subject to imagine the letters inverted, as if seen in a mirror from their own point of view (imagery training). A second group performed the same imagery training interspersed with a complex, secondary spelling and counting task. A third, control, group simply wrote the words as they would normally appear from their own point of view. After training with 300 words, all subjects were tested in a mirror-reading task using 60 non-words, constructed according to acceptable letter combinations of the Portuguese language. Compared with control subjects, those exposed to imagery training, including those who switched between imagery and the complex task, exhibited shorter reading times in the mirror-reading task. Experiment II employed a 2 x 3 design, including two training conditions (imagery and actual mirror-reading) and three competing task conditions (a spelling and counting switching task, a visual working memory concurrent task, and no concurrent task). Training sessions were interspersed with mirror-reading testing sessions for non-words, allowing evaluation of the mirror-reading acquisition process during training. The subjects exposed to imagery training acquired the mirror-reading skill as quickly as those exposed to the actual mirror-reading task. Further, performance of concurrent tasks together with actual mirror-reading training severely disrupted mirror-reading skill acquisition; this interference effect was not seen in subjects exposed to imagery training and performance of the switching and the concurrent tasks. These results unequivocally show that acquisition of implicit skills by top-down imagery training is at least as efficient as bottom-up acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Impairment of phonetic reading in dyslexia and its persistence beyond childhood--research note.

A previous analysis of the historical development of writing towards progressive phonetisation gave rise to the hypothesis that disorders of reading arise from a defective processing of spoken sounds. Sixteen adolescent and adult dyslexic patients were studied, 10 of whom had been followed up from childhood. A newly devised test of phonetic reading proved superior to the Schonell reading test in distinguishing dyslexics from normals, and mirrored the original severity of the disorder. A phonetic writing test was less useful. The findings support the view that dyslexia is due to a defect of verbal processing which may persist beyond childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effects of hand and age upon abductive and adductive movements: a kinematic analysis.

Older and younger dextral subjects performed targeting movements to left and right with their preferred and nonpreferred hands upon a computer graphics tablet. Kinematic analysis revealed that older subjects produced larger constant errors than younger, paused more, and differed from younger individuals in a number of ways with respect to adductive/abductive asymmetries. The right hand was associated with shorter stroke durations and higher peak velocities, and both shorter times to peak velocity and from peak velocity to zero, suggesting superior ballistic preprogramming by the preferred right hand which was also more accurate. While both hands showed small abductive superiorities in terms of peak velocity and time from peak to zero, the largest directional asymmetries, stroke duration, showed leftward superiorities by both hands. We cannot therefore conclude either that experience with the rightward patterns of writing or that a reported tendency towards mirror-symmetrical movements by the two hands can account for the present results. Rather a right-hemisphere mediation of visually directed movements into left hemispace, along with a left-hemisphere mediation of fast, precise, temporal sequencing may jointly determine observable asymmetries. These may appear as a vector representing the opposing contributions of the two specialized hemispheres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Management of Intense Countertransference in Group Psychotherapy Conducted in Situations of Civic Conflict.

Conducting group psychotherapy in a situation of intractable conflict such as Northern Ireland activates turbulent emotional dilemmas within psychotherapists and group members alike. Professional practice and therapeutic zeal must struggle daily to survive the stark encounter with the reality of a regressive and primitive psychology and on occasion may succumb to atavistic tendencies, dragging relationships down to primitive levels and leaving connections broken. In this article, three group therapists describe their countertransference struggles when leading such groups. They meet in a psychosocial setting in which the risk to one's psyche parallels the risk to one's life and limb. The countertransference experienced here is dark, indeed identified by one author as not unlike Dante's Inferno. They describe how understanding their personal countertransference enables them to survive emotionally even though it may not always lead to the survival of their groups. The effect of those struggles also troubled the act of writing itself, making cooperation difficult on occasion, a mirror of the external social matrix.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Management of intense countertransference in group psychotherapy conducted in situations of civic conflict.

Conducting group psychotherapy in a situation of intractable conflict such as Northern Ireland activates turbulent emotional dilemmas within psychotherapists and group members alike. Professional practice and therapeutic zeal must struggle daily to survive the stark encounter with the reality of a regressive and primitive psychology and on occasion may succumb to atavistic tendencies, dragging relationships down to primitive levels and leaving connections broken. In this article, three group therapists describe their countertransference struggles when leading such groups. They meet in a psychosocial setting in which the risk to one's psyche parallels the risk to one's life and limb. The countertransference experienced here is dark, indeed identified by one author as not unlike Dante's Inferno. They describe how understanding their personal countertransference enables them to survive emotionally even though it may not always lead to the survival of their groups. The effect of those struggles also troubled the act of writing itself making cooperation difficult on occasion, a mirror of the external social matrix.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Special twin environments, genetic influences and their effects on the handedness of twins and their siblings.

It has been suggested that twinning may influence handedness through the effects of birth order, intra-uterine crowding and mirror imaging. The influence of these effects on handedness (for writing and throwing) was examined in 3657 Monozygotic (MZ) and 3762 Dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (born 1893-1992). Maximum likelihood analyses revealed no effects of birth order on the incidence of left-handedness. Twins were no more likely to be left-handed than their singleton siblings (n = 1757), and there were no differences between the DZ co-twin and sibling-twin covariances, suggesting that neither intra-uterine crowding nor the experience of being a twin affects handedness. There was no evidence of mirror imaging; the co-twin correlations of monochorionic and dichorionic MZ twins did not differ. Univariate genetic analyses revealed common environmental factors to be the most parsimonious explanation of familial aggregation for the writing-hand measure, while additive genetic influences provided a better interpretation of the throwing hand data.

Birth Order↗
PubMed2000

Logs as adjuncts to therapy for adolescents in a residential psychiatric program.

As part of a 3-year ethnography of an adolescent residential psychiatric program, staff, patients, and occasionally family members were observed communicating using written logs. Using participant observation and opportunistic interviewing, and reading the logs, the researcher was able to determine the advantages, disadvantages, and direct value of the logs to patients and staff. Logs, when used judiciously after patient assessment, demonstrated patient responsiveness to treatment and promoted patient-centered care. Writing in logs increased patients' identification of thoughts and feelings, mirrored their developmental state, and demonstrated staff members' skills in communication. They are an invaluable adjunct to therapy for certain adolescent patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: hand mirror variant.

The presence of numerous hand mirror cells in the bone marrow of patients with acute leukemia may be related to a good prognosis. To further evaluate this relationship, the bone marrows of 21 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia were reviewed for the presence of greater than 40% hand mirror cells. Four of these 21 patients (19%) demonstrated this finding during the course of their illness. These patients were characterized by ease of remission and/or prolonged survival. Three (75%) patients are alive and well at the time of this writing. At the present time, of the 17 patients without hand mirror cells, seven (41%) are alive and ten (59%) are dead. Although not statistically significant, our findings suggest a positive relationship between the presence of greater than 40% hand mirror cells in the bone marrow ans a favorable prognosis. Future larger prospective studies are indicated to further understand the importance of this complex, apparently immunologically stimulated cell.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Bimanual hand writing in right-handed and left-handed stutterers and nonstutterers.

Right-handed stutterers performed more poorly with their nondominant hand when writing digits and letters bimanually, and also made more nondominant hand mirror reversals than did nonstutterers. Left-handed stutterers and nonstutterers differed only in the incidence of mirror reversals with the nondominant hand. The results support the hypothesis that disorganization in the integration of left- and right-hemisphere inhibitory and excitatory processes may be an integral component of stuttering.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Writing a statement of philosophy of management.

A statement of philosophy of management is a powerful declaration and one that must be continually reviewed. If it is to be accepted and recognized, the statement must reflect the true beliefs of management. The actions taken by management must also mirror those beliefs. We say "we believe"; the staff say "show us." Once your philosophy of management has been set down in writing and clearly defined, there is a grave responsibility to always act in accordance with the beliefs you have formally and openly acknowledged.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The Greek mirror: the Uranians and their use of Greece.

The Uranians comprised a loosely knit group of British and American homosexual poets writing between approximately 1880 and 1930, sharing a number of basic cultural and literary assumptions derived on one hand from Walter Pater, and on the other from Walt Whitman. Although they used Oriental, Christian and other motifs, one of the major elements many shared was a use of various allusions and themes from ancient Greece, including paganism, male companionship or intimate friendship (which was not defined in terms of sameness), and democracy and a natural aristocracy of virtue, which they applied to the concerns of their own society and era. The model of male relationships which they advocated (and in at least some cases practiced) was almost uniformly asymmetrical, either by age or class, or both. In addition to their poetry, various theoretical writings by members of the group are also involved in the discussion, and this article argues that these historical/ literary allusions and themes should not be understood as means of evasion which allowed them to write of tabooed subjects safely, but as part of a consciously adopted artistic/cultural strategy for homosexual emancipation. It also suggests that their arguments should be reexamined as a corrective to the present egalitarian model of homosexuality.

Christianity↗
PubMed1991

Cerebral control for speech in right-handers and left-handers: an analysis of the views of Paul Broca, his contemporaries, and his successors.

According to several recent historical accounts, Broca (1865a) stated that left-handers are the mirror-reverse of right-handers for cerebral control of speech, with the right hemisphere being dominant in left-handers, and the left hemisphere dominant in right-handers. The same accounts then note Broca's error in light of current evidence that the majority of left-handers are left-dominant for speech just as are nearly all right-handers. Eling (1984) has called such statements misrepresentations of Broca's position and has argued that Broca's analysis actually was more compatible with the current view that there is a disjunction, meaning an absence of an intimate anatomical relationship, between cerebral control for handedness and speech. The current paper looks again at Broca's work, describes the context in which his views were first articulated, and traces the development of the mirror-reversal principle. The conclusion is reached that, judged by a narrow reading of the 1865 paper, Broca's views could indeed be construed as an anticipation of the modern disjunction principle. However, judged by a broader reading, by consideration of his other writing, and in the context of the philosophical and scientific tradition that shaped his work, it is suggested that it was the mirror-reversal principle to which Broca was actually disposed.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1982

The semantics of verbs in the dissolution and development of language.

Evidence of the dissolution (DL) of verbs was examined in the written logs kept daily for 4 1/2 years by a woman (Mrs. W) who suffered from cerebral atrophy of unknown origin. Results were compared with similar analyses of written samples obtained from elementary school children (CWL), from normal adults (AWL) and from the literature on early oral language development (COL). The major finding of this study was that the sequence of the dissolution of verbs, in terms of the meanings expressed, mirrored the sequence of early acquisition. In the DL data reported here, Mrs. W continued to write about dynamic events after she ceased writing about stative events; in COL, children talk about dynamic events before stative events. Based on the AWL and CWL data, frequency of use is rejected as an explanation for the dominance and stability of dynamic relations in DL. Rather, it is suggested that the expression of dynamic relations may be less complex than the expression of stative relations due to possible differences in imagery and implication, but particularly due to the linguistic contexts in which each can be expressed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Looking ahead: implications of the present.

On its seventy-fifth anniversary, HBR asked five of the business world's most insightful thinkers to comment on the challenges taking shape for executives as they move into the next century. In "The Future That Has Already Happened," Peter Drucker examines the effects of the increasing underpopulation of the world's developed countries. With growing imbalances in labor resources worldwide, he writes, executives in the developed countries will need to improve the productivity of knowledge and of knowledge workers to maintain a competitive advantage. Esther Dyson's article "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall" reveals the mind shift executives will need to make in a networked world, where companies will be known for what they do rather than for what they say. Executives will have to respond openly and intelligently to feedback about their organizations. The old language of property and ownership no longer serves executives, writes Charles Handy in "The Citizen Corporation." The corporation should be thought of no longer as property but as a community, where members are regarded as citizens. Technology has given executives more information than today's machines can help them understand, explains Paul Saffo in "Are You Machine Wise?" Machine-wise executives will know when to turn their computers off and take their own counsel, he writes. Peter Senge's article "Communities of Leaders and Learners" urges executives to reject the myth of leaders as isolated heroes and instead to build a community of leaders. Sustained institutional learning, he writes, requires organizations to reintegrate their typically fragmented learning processes.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1995

New ergonomic stand magnifiers.

BACKGROUND: Stand magnifiers are not satisfactory for reading and other near visual requirements for many low vision patients. METHODS: Four new stand magnifiers have been developed with ergonomic advantages such as a comfortable viewing angle, the capacity for both reading and writing, better illumination, a wider field of view, variable power and magnification, and a longer working distance. The four new stand magnifiers are a spherical mirror magnifier, a cylindrical mirror magnifier, a reflecting prism magnifier, and a zoom magnifier. These magnifiers were tested on 39 subjects from five low vision clinics and compared to a commercial stand magnifier. The study determined reading speed and subject preference for these magnifiers. RESULTS: The reading speed of subjects with the new magnifiers increased over time and there was a significant change in preference over time. Results showed that 29 out of the 39 subjects on the final day of testing picked one of the new magnifiers as their device of choice. Reading speeds were comparable overall on all devices except for the cylindrical magnifier which was somewhat less. CONCLUSIONS: These four new ergonomically designed magnifiers were preferred by low vision patients compared to a commercial stand magnifier.

Equipment Design↗