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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

1989 Sir Henry Wellcome medal and prize winner. Mandatory HIV testing and the duty to screen.

The decision to engage in mandatory HIV testing of active duty military personnel and all applicants was done with the idea that the test was good and that medical technology should be used whenever available and feasible. This addresses but half of the aspects of a good test program and runs contrary to standards practiced within the civilian sector. The other half is the area in greatest need of study: the effect of HIV labeling on the individual and on the social network within which the individual exists. Attributes and implications of the military test program are discussed.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radon in a self-selected sample of Israeli homes, schools, and workplaces.

Some 1,100 residences and places of work and 400 schoolrooms in Israel were tested for ambient air radon activity concentration in response to requests by the owners, tenants, or local authorities. A polyethylene vial containing activated charcoal was exposed to room air in each of these structures for 7 days, sealed, and transported to the laboratory. Adsorbed radon was extracted with a toluene-based cocktail which was then subjected to liquid scintillation counting. Mean radon activity concentrations were found to vary from city to city by more than an order of magnitude, indicating strong regional differences. The countrywide geometric mean was found to be 38 Bq/m3; the median, 37. The range for these means was 6-77 Bq/m3; for the medians, 11-100 Bq/m3. The highest reading was 9,100 Bq/m3. Our results are basically in line with those from the United States and much of Europe, but apparently higher than those found in the United Kingdom and Japan. It may be fairly said that mass testing for radon (222Rn) inside buildings in the United States began in the wake of the finding of a radon activity concentration in excess of 100,000 Bq/m3 in the home of the Watras family in Boyertown, PA in December 1984. To date, literally millions of American buildings have been tested, and mandatory testing of schoolrooms has begun in some states. In Israel, by contrast, where such a dramatically high measurement has not (yet) occurred, only 5 structures had been checked for radon by 1989.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Housing↗
PubMed2004

Ethics of research involving mandatory drug testing of high school athletes in Oregon.

There is consensus that children have questionable decisional capacity and, therefore, in general a parent or a guardian must give permission to enroll a child in a research study. Moreover, freedom from duress and coercion, the cardinal rule in research involving adults, is even more important for children. This principle is embodied prominently in the Nuremberg Code (1947) and is embodied in various federal human research protection regulations. In a program named "SATURN" (Student Athletic Testing Using Random Notification), each school in the Oregon public-school system may implement a mandatory drug-testing program for high school student athletes. A prospective study to identify drug use among student-athletes, SATURN is designed both to evaluate the influence of random drug testing and to validate the survey data through identification of individuals who do not report drug use. The enrollment of students in the drug-testing study is a requirement for playing a school sport. In addition to the coercive nature of this study design, there were ethically questionable practices in recruitment, informed consent, and confidentiality. This article concerns the question of whether research can be conducted with high school students in conjunction with a mandatory drug-testing program, while adhering to prevailing ethical standards regarding human-subjects research and specifically the participation of children in research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Mandatory HIV testing of patients and professionals: bringing ethics into practice.

A contemporary health dilemma, that of mandatory HIV testing of patients and professionals, is used as a focus for an ethics class. Background material which is given to students is described and referenced. The interjection of ethical theory is described. The exercise has provided an effective focus for medical and health professional undergraduate and postgraduates. It combines contemporary material with ethical theory, and so brings ethics into practice for students.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HIV serosurveillance of newborns. A clinician's perspective on legislative, political, and ethical issues.

This article reviews the complex issues surrounding the anonymous HIV testing of newborns to monitor the prevalence of HIV infection in women of childbearing age. This serosurveillance of newborns has become a topic of legislative debate focusing on disclosure of currently anonymous results of HIV antibody tests of newborns, thus revealing the serostatus of the mother. This, in effect, would mandatorily test women without their consent. The discussion includes the following topics: (a) the historical demographics of incidence rates of AIDS, (b) current political and legislative issues raised by serosurveillance, (c) professional and ethical issues confronting health care providers, and (d) why HIV testing of newborns is a mandatory testing of all women of childbearing age. It is recommended that principles of patients right of self-determination be respected, that mandatory testing would be counterproductive and would disproportionately impact on minorities. The integration of education, counseling, and voluntary testing will result in the most effective way to get both women and children into the health care system.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mandatory HIV testing: a timely controversy.

Incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has increased to epidemic proportions. Strategies are needed to prevent transmission of the virus. One strategy, mandatory HIV testing of nurses, is controversial. Both sides of this issue are debated in this article.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗