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PubMed1989

Learning and meal-associated drinking: meal-related deficits produce adjustments in postprandial drinking.

Two experiments examined the effect of meal-related water deficits on the distribution of meal-associated drinking. In the first procedure free-feeding rats received 10-, 20-, or 30-min delays between the end of a meal and the subsequent availability of postprandial water. Each delay condition remained in effect for 10 consecutive days. The primary effect of the delay was to postpone the intake of postprandial drinking. None of the delay conditions produced an increase in preprandial drinking. However, when the rats were returned to baseline following the delay conditions a pronounced rebound effect was obtained in the proportion of postprandial drinking. The second experiment followed the same general procedure except that 5-min access to water was always presented after each meal and before the postprandial water restrictions. Under this procedure the rats increased their water intake during the 5-min period when the postprandial restrictions were imposed. These findings show that meal-related water deficits can affect the timing and proportion of postprandial drinking, but provide no evidence that meal-related deficits increase preprandial drinking. The results suggest that the anticipation of meal-related water deficits may play a role in shaping the rat's postprandial drinking pattern.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

On-line continuous measurement of blood glucose and meal pattern in free-feeding rats: the role of glucose in meal initiation.

Louis-Sylvestre and LeMagnen have suggested that the premeal decline in blood glucose is or reflects a signal for meal initiation in rats. In order to extend and test this hypothesis, a computer controlled system for continuously and concurrently measuring blood glucose and food intake in free-feeding rats was developed. In 18 experiments (with and without intravenous saline infusions), blood glucose declined about 12 minutes prior to meal onset. During 2-1/2 hours of observation, no decline in blood glucose and no meal occurred in 19 other experiments. In 7 experiments in which 10 percent glucose was infused IV to partially block the premeal decline (average blockade = 46.5%), the subsequent meal was significantly delayed. These results suggest that the pre-meal decline in blood glucose is not only correlated with but is also caudally related to meal onset. These studies suggest that the premeal decline in blood glucose is among the signals for meal initiation.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Meal size of high-fat food is reliably greater than high-carbohydrate food across externally-evoked single-meal tests and long-term spontaneous feeding in rat.

A series of studies in rat using isoenergetic (kcal/ml) liquid diets differing in fat content has previously found dietary fat to dose-dependently increase daily caloric intake. In single-meal tests in which meal initiation was externally evoked in feeding-associated environments, the behavioral expression of this overeating was found to be larger meal intake. The present studies confirmed the ecological validity of this larger meal size of high-fat diet (HF) relative to high-carbohydrate diet (HC): meal size of HF>HC in home-cage testing (Experiment 1), and during undisturbed, spontaneous feeding in which ingestive behavior was continuously monitored (Experiments 2 and 3). These findings demonstrate that single-meal paradigms yield results consistent with spontaneous feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate liquid diets, thus supporting the use of single-meal studies to better understand the physiological bases of elevated caloric intake associated with chronic consumption of a high-fat diet.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Neuroanatomical patterns of fos-like immunoreactivity induced by a palatable meal and meal-paired environment in saline- and naltrexone-treated rats.

Opioid antagonists block the positive hedonic response to food taste and are potent inhibitors of palatability-driven feeding. However, the specific brain regions within which opioid peptide secretion contributes to the maintenance of palatability-driven feeding have not been clearly established. In the present study, c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to identify regions rostral to the hindbrain that display cellular activation in response to a palatable meal and the meal-paired environment. Further, it was determined whether any of the cellular responses could be prevented by pretreating animals with naltrexone. Twenty brain regions known to be involved in gustation, appetite and reward functions were examined. Ingestion of the palatable meal (3.0 g of 30% shortening, 20% sucrose and 50% powdered Purina rat chow) increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventral tegmentum (VTA) and medial preoptic area (MPOA), and decreased FLI in the habenula (Hab). The meal-paired environment increased FLI in the VTA and nucleus accumbens shell (NAC shell). Naltrexone (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) did not block consumption of the small meal but did prevent all of the distinctive increases in FLI induced by the meal and meal-paired environment. Since naltrexone, alone, increased FLI in VTA, NAC shell, central amygdala (ceA) and laterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTLD), the blunting of ingestion reward by naltrexone may result from direct or transsynaptic activating effects on opponent neuronal activity within this highly interconnected set of structures that mediate and modulate reward.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

d-fenfluramine anorexia: dissociation of ingestion rate, meal duration, and meal size effects.

In the present study, we ask whether the suppressive effect of d-fenfluramine (d-FEN) on short-term intake can be better explained in terms of a primary action on particular behavioral parameters (e.g., ingestion rate or meal duration), as proposed by several investigators, or in terms of a primary effect on an intake "target" that can be achieved via diverse behavioral strategies. We applied two specialized intake testing paradigms that constrain the behavioral structure of the rat's meal in different ways, and determined whether or not the meal-size result varied in turn. (1) In the intraoral intake test, the rate of ingestion was clamped by the rate (1.0 ml/min) at which the test stimulus (12.5% glucose) was intraorally delivered. A d-FEN (3 mg/kg) suppression of intraoral intake was obtained demonstrating that ingestion rate adjustment is not necessary for the anorexic effect. In addition, for both d-FEN and vehicle conditions, comparable amounts were consumed when the intraoral intake test was either continuous or interrupted for 10 min beginning 6 min after test onset. For d-FEN, the increase in meal duration (mean = 11.98 min) required to compensate for the imposed interruption indicates that the drug does not specify an absolute limit for meal duration. (2) In the drop size-controlled spout-licking test, the volume of 12.5% glucose delivered for each lick was fixed at either 8 or 4 microliters. There was an overall reduction in intake with d-FEN (0.75 mg/kg), but as under vehicle injection conditions, the number of licks emitted approximately doubled when lick volume was halved. As a result, meal size was unaffected by the drop size manipulation. The drop size manipulation affected several other behavioral parameters under respective d-FEN and vehicle injection conditions, including: average rate of ingestion (ml/min), initial ingestion rate, and ingestion duration (meal duration minus pause time). The two experiments together demonstrate that the anorexic effect of d-FEN does not depend on adjustment of any particular behavioral parameter. The results suggest, rather, that given doses of d-FEN establish a particular degree of intake suppression that the rat defends via diverse behavioral strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

8:45-90:00. The Influence of a High Fat Meal Compared to an Olestra Meal on Coronary Artery Endothelial Dysfunction by Rubidium (Rb)-82 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and on Post Prandial Serum Triglycerides.

Background: Cellular changes lead to coronary artery endothelial dysfunction (ED) and precede plaque formation. Clinical events, such as unstable angina and acute coronary syndromes, are common consequences of ED. Coronary artery ED, as characterized by Rb-82 PE, is a perfusion abnormality at rest, which improves following stress. In risk factor modification studies, particularly in cholesterol-lowering trials, coronary artery ED has been demonstrated to be reversible. Other studies have correlated low fat diet modification with improvement in coronary artery disease.Purpose: This study evaluates changes in myocardial perfusion following meals with low versus high TG content, and its influence on post prandial serum TG.Methods: With a randomized, double blind placebo controlled, cross over design, we investigated 19 patients (10 with ED and 9 with normal perfusion) with Rb-82 PET for myocardial blood flow at rest and with adenosine stress. PET images and serum triglycerides were obtained before and after an olestra (OA) meal (2.7g TG, 44g olestra) and a high-fat meal (46.7g TG). Meals were matched for carbohydrate, protein, and cholesterol content.Results: Myocardial perfusion (uCi/cc) increased 11 - 12% following the OA meal compared to the high-fat meal in patients with ED. For all patients combined, serum TG increased significantly (p < 0.01) in the non-OA group with the median change from baseline to 170.0 mg/dl, compared to 21.5 mg/dl in the OA group during the 6 hours following the meal.Conclusions: A single olestra meal significantly diminishes post prandial serum TG levels and improves myocardial perfusion in patients with endothelial disease.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Effects of a low-glycaemic index spaghetti meal on glucose tolerance and lipaemia at a subsequent meal in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a low glycaemic index (GI) breakfast on glucose tolerance and lipaemia at a subsequent lunch meal. DESIGN: A low GI spaghetti meal and a high-GI white wheat bread (WWB) reference meal were served in the morning after an overnight fast in random order. Four hours after the breakfast, the subjects were given a second meal-a standardized high-GI lunch-and the blood glucose, insulin and lipid responses were measured after the lunch meal. SETTING: The study was performed at the Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Ten healthy volunteers, eight women and two men, aged 25-51 y, with normal body mass indices, were recruited. RESULTS: Lowered glucose and insulin responses and reduced serum triglyceride (TG) level were found at the subsequent lunch meal when the low-GI spaghetti meal was given as a breakfast. No differences in total serum cholesterol or HDL cholesterol were seen after lunch, when preceded by the WWB reference breakfast or the spaghetti breakfast, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved glucose tolerance and lowered serum TG levels can appear in the course of a single day. As insulin resistance and raised postprandial TG concentration are known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the present study adds evidence for a beneficial role of a low-GI diet. SPONSORSHIP: Cerealia Foundation for Research and Development (project no. 232) and the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 24-28

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 1. Report. A comparison of skim milk, fish meal and extracted soy beans as a protein source in conjunction with whole wheat meal in a liquid feed].

40 piglets were reared in separate cages from the 13th to the 28th day of age and received a liquid milk diet (controls) or a substituted liquid diet. Half of the protein requirements of the young pigs were covered from skim milk, the other half was supplied through fish meal, extracted soya bean meal or a combination of both meals. Whole wheat meal was used as source of substitution energy. The ration containing extracted soya bean meal reduced all the digestibility coefficients with the exception of NFE. As a result, the levels of energy and nutrient intake and the rates of weight increase were lower in the experimental groups receiving the soya bean meal diet than in the control group. The same performance level as with the control diet was achieved when 50% of the skim milk in the experimental diet were replaced by wheat and fish meal.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1988

Serum triglyceride responses to fatty meals: effects of meal fat content.

To determine the dose response of serum triglyceride concentrations to fat feeding, serum triglyceride responses to meals containing 40, 80, and 120 g fat (in the form of dairy cream) were measured in 12 normotriglyceridemic men. Mean postprandial lipemia (measured as the integrated area under the curve of serum triglyceride concentration plotted against time) was 251 +/- 129 mg.dL-1.8 h-1 (2.83 +/- 1.46 mmol.L-1.8 h-1) after the 40-g-fat meal, 503 +/- 233 mg.dL-18 h-1 (5.68 +/- 2.63 mmol.L-1.8 h-1) after the 80-g-fat meal, and 712 +/- 281 mg.dL-1.8 h-1 (8.04 +/- 3.17 mmol.L-1.8 h-1) after the 120-g-fat meal. These data indicate that in normotriglyceridemic men the magnitude of lipemia that follows the ingestion of a fat meal is directly proportional to the fat content of the meal. The results also suggest that the mechanism whereby triglyceride is removed from the intravascular compartment is not saturated by meals containing the amounts of fat typically consumed by men following a Western diet.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Greater enrichment of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins with apolipoproteins E and C-III after meals rich in saturated fatty acids than after meals rich in unsaturated fatty acids.

BACKGROUND: Although there is considerable interest in the postprandial events involved in the absorption of dietary fats and the subsequent metabolism of diet-derived triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, little is known about the effects of meal fatty acids on the composition of these particles. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of meal fatty acids on the lipid and apolipoprotein contents of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. DESIGN: Ten normolipidemic men received in random order a mixed meal containing 50 g of a mixture of palm oil and cocoa butter [rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs)], safflower oil [n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)], or olive oil [monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)] on 3 occasions. Fasting and postprandial apolipoproteins B-48, B-100, E, C-II, and C-III and lipids (triacylglycerol and cholesterol) were measured in plasma fractions with Svedberg flotation rates (S(f)) >400, S(f) 60-400, and S(f) 20-60. RESULTS: Calculation of the composition of the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (expressed per mole of apolipoprotein B) showed notable differences in the lipid and apolipoprotein contents of the SFA-enriched particles in the S(f) > 400 and S(f) 60-400 fractions. After the SFA meal, triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in these fractions showed significantly greater amounts of triacylglycerol and of apolipoproteins C-II (S(f) 60-400 fraction only), C-III, and E than were found after the MUFA meal (P < 0.02) and more cholesterol, apolipoprotein C-III (S(f) > 400 fraction only), and apolipoprotein E than after the PUFA meal (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the composition of S(f) > 400 and S(f) 60-400 triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins formed after saturated compared with unsaturated fatty acid-rich meals may explain differences in the metabolic handling of dietary fats.

Apolipoproteins C↗

PubMed1994

Systemic factors and renal hemodynamic effects of high-protein meal versus low-protein meal in conscious dogs.

The effects of a high-protein (HP) and low-protein (LP) meal on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were examined in conscious dogs. Ingestion of the HP and LP meal produced a temporary increase in systemic hemodynamic parameters due in part to a 'cephalic phase' of sympathetic excitement. However only the HP significantly altered renal hemodynamics, i.e. GFR, ERPF and RVR. Plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations were not significantly altered by either a HP or LP meal. Of all the serum electrolytes measured, serum Ca2+ concentrations were significantly lower after a HP meal. It would appear that protein-meal-induced changes in renal hemodynamics are independent of changes in systemic hemodynamics. The exact mechanism of action of a HP meal on renal hemodynamics is not clear, but it appears that one mechanism by which a HP meal may alter renal hemodynamics is by altered calcium homeostasis.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

A simple meal plan emphasizing healthy food choices is as effective as an exchange-based meal plan for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a simple meal plan emphasizing healthy food choices with a traditional exchange-based meal plan in reducing HbA(1c) levels in urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 648 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive instruction in either a healthy food choices meal plan (HFC) or an exchange-based meal plan (EXCH) to compare the impact on glycemic control, weight loss, serum lipids, and blood pressure at 6 months of follow-up. Dietary practices were assessed with food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: At presentation, the HFC and EXCH groups were comparable in age (52 years), sex (65% women), weight (94 kg), BMI (33.5), duration of diabetes (4.8 years), fasting plasma glucose (10.5 mmol/l), and HbA(1c) (9.4%). Improvements in glycemic control over 6 months were significant (P < 0.0001) but similar in both groups: HbA(1c) decreased from 9.7 to 7.8% with the HFC and from 9.6 to 7.7% with the EXCH. Improvements in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were comparable in both groups, whereas other lipids and blood pressure were not altered. The HFC and EXCH groups exhibited similar improvement in dietary practices with respect to intake of fats and sugar sweetened foods. Among obese patients, average weight change, the percentage of patients losing weight, and the distribution of weight lost were comparable with the two approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Medical nutrition therapy is effective in urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Either a meal plan emphasizing guidelines for healthy food choices or a low literacy exchange method is equally effective as a meal planning approach. Because the HFC meal plan may be easier to teach and easier for patients to understand, it may be preferable for low-literacy patient populations.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1994

Corn gluten meal or dried brewers grains as partial replacement for soybean meal in the diet of Holstein cows.

Holstein cows (n = 24, 9 primiparous) were assigned equally to diets based on corn silage and high moisture corn supplemented with soybean meal alone or with either corn gluten meal or dried brewers grains. In diets with two protein sources, the protein quantity from each source was similar. Dietary CP and ADF averaged 16.3 and 18.8%, and undegraded protein as a percentage of CP was 33.6, 41.1, and 41.8% for the respective diets. After parturition, cows were fed the soybean meal diet for a 3-wk covariant period, an experimental diet for 10 wk, the soybean meal diet for 3 wk, and the experimental diet for another 10 wk. Milk production by cows fed those diets averaged 30.9, 31.7, and 34.9 kg/d; protein averaged .90, .94, and 1.02 kg/d; and DMI averaged 16.8, 18.8, and 18.2 kg/d, respectively, for the two 10-wk periods. No dietary differences occurred for 3.5% FCM, estimated DM digestibility, BW, BW gain, or percentages of milk fat, protein, or SNF. Ruminal isobutyrate and isovalerate differed by diet; isovalerate was highest in the diet containing soybean meal plus corn gluten meal, probably because of the high Leu content of corn gluten meal. Ruminal NH3 N did not differ. The favorable production response by cows fed dried brewers grains can be explained by a more favorably balanced AA profile in the ruminally undegraded protein than in other diets.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1975

Phytate destruction by yeast fermentation in whole wheat meals. Study of high-extraction rate meals.

Destruction of phytate by yeast fermentation is compared in sponges prepared from Iranian whole wheat meals of different extraction rates. Phytate was destroyed rapidly in whole meals of 75 to 85 and 85 to 90 per cent extraction, but destruction was retarded in those of 95 to 100 per cent extraction. Production of acid-soluble phosphorus kept pace with phytate destruction in the two whole meals of lower extraction rates but was delayed with less-than-expected yield in those of 95 to 100 per cent rate. Unleavened whole meal bread contains little acid-soluble phosphorus. Leavened breads made from whole meals of slightly lower extraction rate average five times as much. Since phytate phosphorus appears to remain unavailable in the small intestine in many circumstances, dependece on unleavened whole meal bread may result in critically low intakes of available phosphorus when other sources are lacking in the diet. It is concluded that replacement of the whole meals of 95 to 100 per cent extraction rate, presently the main staple of the diet of rural Iran, by those of somewhat lower rate is an important preliminary to the introduction of leaven and fermentation into village bread-making methods.

Bread↗

PubMed1975