PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Meat Substitutes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic variations of the porcine PRKAG3 gene in Chinese indigenous pig breeds.

Four missense substitutions (T30N, G52S, V199I and R200Q) in the porcine PRKAG3 gene were considered as the likely candidate loci affecting meat quality. In this study, the R200Q substitution was investigated in a sample of 62 individuals from Hampshire, Chinese Min and Erhualian pigs, and the genetic variations of T30N, G52S and V199I substitutions were detected in 1505 individuals from 21 Chinese indigenous breeds, 5 Western commercial pig breeds, and the wild pig. Allele 200R was fixed in Chinese Min and Erhualian pigs. Haplotypes II-QQ and IV-QQ were not observed in the Hampshire population, supporting the hypothesis that allele 200Q is tightly linked with allele 199V. Significant differences in allele frequencies of the three substitutions (T30N, G52S and V199I) between Chinese indigenous pigs and Western commercial pigs were observed. Obvious high frequencies of the "favorable" alleles 30T and 52G in terms of meat quality were detected in Chinese indigenous pigs, which are well known for high meat quality. However, the frequency of the "favorable" allele 199I, which was reported to have a greater effect on meat quality in comparison with 30T and 52G, was very low in all of the Chinese indigenous pigs except for the Min pig. The reasons accounting for this discrepancy remain to be addressed. The presence of the three substitutions in purebred Chinese Tibetan pigs indicates that the three substitutions were ancestral mutations. A novel A/G substitution at position 51 in exon 1 was identified. The results suggest that further studies are required to investigate the associations of these substitutions in the PRKAG3 gene with meat quality of Chinese indigenous pigs, and to uncover other polymorphisms in the PRKAG3 gene with potential effects on meat quality in Chinese indigenous pigs.

Adenine↗
PubMed1995

Hypercholesterolemia. Dietary advice for patients regarding meat.

The contribution of beef, pork, lamb, and veal to total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake must be evaluated from a total-diet standpoint. The hidden fats in snack foods and other processed foods contribute significantly to total fat and cholesterol intake. Patients with hypercholesterolemia can include a moderate amount of meat in their cholesterol-lowering diet provided they choose lean cuts of meat, trim visible fat, pay attention to portion size, and use low-fat cooking methods. Substituting skinless chicken or fish for meat may make sense from the standpoint of personal preference and dietary variety but does not confer additional benefits in terms of reducing blood cholesterol levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Milk production and composition responses to the source of protein supplements in diets containing wheat middlings.

Two 3 x 3 Latin square trials were conducted to determine the effect of the source of supplemental protein in diets containing wheat middlings on milk production and composition. Cottonseed meal or meat and bone meal was substituted for a portion of the soybean meal and provided 24.5% of the total dietary crude protein. Trial 1 was conducted during fall 1989, and trial 2 was conducted during summer 1993. During trial 1, no differences in production or composition of milk were found for primiparous cows fed the various protein supplements. Multiparous cows tended to have higher dry matter intakes and produced more milk with lower milk fat percentages when fed meat and bone meal than when fed soybean meal or cottonseed meal. No differences were found among supplements for other milk components or for the production of energy-corrected milk. In trial 2, primiparous cows tended to produce more milk, and multiparous cows tended to produce less milk, when fed meat and bone meal than when fed soybean meal. No differences were found for dry matter intake, milk composition, or production of energy-corrected milk. Cottonseed meal was equal to soybean meal in supporting milk production. Meat and bone meal tended to support higher productions of milk than did soybean meal, but production of energy-corrected milk was similar for both.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: "an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent".

Meat and bone meal (MBM) combustion residues, a natural apatite-rich substance, was evaluated as a low cost substitute for hydroxyapatite in lead sequestration from water effluents. The thermal behaviour of crude meat and bone meal was followed by TGA and 24% inorganic residue was collected. The resulting ashes were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size distribution, specific surface area (BET), and elemental analysis confirming apatite contents, with high level of phosphate (56.3%) and calcium (36.8%). Mechanism and kinetics of lead removal by this bioinorganic material were investigated and compared to mechanisms and kinetics involved with synthetic apatite. Batch metal removal experiments were carried out with 500 and 1500ppm (mg/kg) Pb(2+) solutions. Lead concentration, calcium and pH were monitored. We observed that the mechanism is similar to that occurring for pure apatite, and involved both surface complexation and calcium hydroyapatite (CaHA), Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2), dissolution followed by less soluble Pb(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2) precipitation, as confirmed by XRD analysis of ashes after incubation with lead solution. Our results show that this natural apatite-rich material removes in a few minutes a large quantity of lead (275mg/g capacity) which remains however lower than the theoretical maximum capacity (if calcium were totally substituted by lead). Meat and bone meal combustion residues represent a valuable alternative apatite source for environmental application.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

Staging of dietary patterns among African American women.

This article describes the development of a behavioral staging algorithm for use in the Eat Well, Live Well Nutrition Program, a peer-delivered community-based program for African American women (N = 301). The authors examined whether increased frequency in performing low-fat eating behaviors and lower percentage calories from fat intake resulted as a participant moved through five stages of readiness to change each of five low-fat dietary patterns. Frequency of performing low-fat dietary behaviors was significantly different (p<.05) between four stages for the pattern of avoid fried foods, three stages for modify meats, and two stages for the patterns of substitution, avoid fat as seasoning, replacement. Percentage calories from fat were significantly different (p<.05) between four stages for the pattern of replacement, three stages for avoid fried foods and modify meats, and two stages for substitution and avoid fat as seasoning. Implications of these findings for the tailoring of community-based dietary programs are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Food groups and colorectal cancer risk.

Most studies of diet and colorectal cancer have considered nutrients and micronutrients, but the role of foods or food groups remains open to debate. To elucidate the issue, we examined data from a case-control study conducted between 1992 and 1997 in the Swiss canton of Vaud. Cases were 223 patients (142 men, 81 women) with incident, histologically confirmed colon (n= 119) or rectal (n= 104) cancer (median age 63 years), linked with the Cancer Registry of the Swiss Canton of Vaud, and controls were 491 subjects (211 men, 280 women, median age 58 years) admitted to the same university hospital for a wide spectrum of acute non-neoplastic conditions unrelated to long-term modifications of diet. Odds ratios (OR) were obtained after allowance for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity and total energy intake. Significant associations were observed for refined grain (OR = 1.32 for an increase of one serving per day), and red meat (OR = 1.54), pork and processed meat (OR = 1.27), alcohol (OR = 1.28), and significant protections for whole grain (OR = 0.85), raw (OR = 0.85) and cooked vegetables (OR = 0.69), citrus (OR = 0.86) and other fruits (OR = 0.85), and for coffee (OR = 0.73). Garlic was also protective (OR = 0.32 for the highest tertile of intake). These findings in a central European population support the hypothesis that a diet rich in refined grains and red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer; they, therefore, support the recommendation to substitute whole grains for refined grain, to limit meat intake, and to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The inhibitory effect of soy products on nonheme iron absorption in man.

Radioiron absorption studies were performed in male volunteer subjects to determine the effect on nonheme iron absorption of various semipurified proteins. When egg albumen and casein were substituted in protein-equivalent quantities in a semisynthetic meal, similar mean absorptions of 2.5 and 2.7% were observed. In contrast, isolated soy protein reduced absorption sharply, to an average of 0.5%. When egg albumen in the semisynthetic meal was replaced with full fat soy flour, textured soy flour, and isolated soy protein, absorption fell from 5.5 to 1.0, 1.9, and 0.4%, respectively, indicating an inhibitory effect by a wide range of soy products. The effect of substituting textured soy flour for meat in a meal containing a hamburger, french fries, and a milkshake was also evaluated. With 3:1 and 2.1 ratios of meat to unhydrated textured soy flour, absorption decreased by 61 and 53%, respectively. The soy products tested in this study have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the absorption of nonheme iron.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-experimental approaches to studying the hypocholesteremic action of soy proteins].

The effect of diets containing soybean proteins substituting a significant portion of meat proteins was studied in patients with hyperlipidemia, type IIa, and in experiments on rats. It was found that soybean proteins included into the diet induced blood plasma amino acid imbalance, changed the excretion of some amino acids with urine, and significantly diminished the blood plasma cholesterol level. In the experiments on rats a reduced rate was noted in the low-density lipoprotein apoprotein formation and high-density lipoprotein apoprotein regeneration in the blood plasma. It is suggested that the hypocholesterolemic effect of soybean proteins is caused by decreased apoprotein E synthesis and metabolism due to low levels of blood plasma lysine and arginine.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The public health significance of fat-modified ruminant foods.

The apparent consumption of dietary fat in Australia is 115 g/person/day, of which two-thirds is contributed by ruminant-derived foods. Consequently, the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of the Australian diet is low, approximately 0.2. Recently a process has been developed which allows modification of the fatty acid composition of ruminant body fat, and a range of foodstuffs (fat-modified foods) which have a substantially higher polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio than their conventional counterparts has been produced and marketed. In the clinical trials in which there was complete substitution of fat-modified ruminant foods for conventional ruminant products the fall in serum cholesterol was approximately 10%. In the trial in which there was only partial substitution the fall in serum cholesterol was insignificant. Using the equation developed by Keys, the predicted fall in serum cholesterol resulting from varying degrees of substitution of fat-modified ruminant meats for their conventional counterparts in the Australian diet is shown to be negligible. The fat-modified products were marketed at approximately twice the price of their conventional counterparts and it is claimed that this will limit the degree of substitution. It is concluded that the public health significance of fat-modified foods is limited.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men.

BACKGROUND: Rates of colorectal cancer in various countries are strongly correlated with per-capita consumption of red meat and animal fat and inversely associated with fiber consumption. There have been few studies, however, of dietary risk factors for colorectal adenomas, which are precursors of cancer. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine prospectively the relationship between dietary factors and risk of colorectal adenomas. METHODS: Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we documented 170 cases of adenomas of the left colon or rectum in 7284 male health professionals who completed a food-frequency questionnaire in 1986 and who had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy between 1986 and 1988. Relative risk (RR) of adenoma was determined according to quintiles of nutrient intakes. RESULTS: After adjustment for total energy intake, saturated fat was positively associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (P for trend = .006); RR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.2). Dietary fiber was inversely associated with risk of adenoma (P for trend less than .0001); RR for men in the highest versus the lowest quintile was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.22-0.60). All sources of fiber (vegetables, fruits, and grains) were associated with decreased risk of adenoma. For subjects on a high-saturated fat, low-fiber diet, the RR was 3.7 (95% CI = 1.5-8.8) compared with those on a low-saturated fat, high-fiber diet. The ratio of the intake of red meat to the intake of chicken and fish was positively associated with risk of adenoma (P for trend = .02). CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data provide evidence for the hypothesis that a diet high in saturated fat and low in fiber increases the risk of colorectal adenoma. They also support existing recommendations to substitute chicken and fish for red meat in the diet and to increase intake of vegetables, fruits, and grains to reduce risk of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Genotoxicity testing of cooked cured meat pigment (CCMP) and meat emulsion coagulates prepared with CCMP.

The preformed cooked cured meat pigment (CCMP) synthesized directly from bovine red blood cells or through a hemin intermediate was found to be a viable colorant for application to comminuted pork as a nitrite substitute. However the genotoxicity of CCMP and meat emulsion coagulates prepared with CCMP has not been evaluated. Therefore the objectives of this work were to investigate genotoxicity of CCMP and the influence of CCMP addition on genotoxicity and the content of residual nitrite in model meat emulsion coagulates. Meat emulsions were prepared from white (musculus longissimus dorsi) and red (musculus quadriceps femoris) pork muscles with two different amounts of synthesized pigment CCMP. Comparatively, emulsions with fixed addition of nitrite salt and emulsions without any addition for color development were made. Genotoxicity of CCMP and meat emulsion coagulates was tested with the SOS/umu test and the Ames test. Neither CCMP nor meat emulsion coagulates prepared with CCMP or nitrite salt were genotoxic in the SOS/umu test. In the Ames test using Salmonella Typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 samples of coagulates prepared with CCMP and with nitrite showed weak mutagenic activity in Salmonella Typhimurium strain TA100 but only in the absence of the metabolic activation, while CCMP was not mutagenic. Coagulates prepared with CCMP contained significantly less residual nitrite than coagulates prepared with nitrite salt. These results indicate that from the human health standpoint the substitution of nitrite salt with CCMP would be highly recommendable.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Amino acid supplementation of meat meal in lysine-fortified, corn-based diets for growing-finishing pigs.

Three experiments involving 320 Yorkshire x Hampshire pigs were conducted to assess the effects of L-tryptophan additions to meat meal-supplemented, corn-based diets on rate and efficiency of growth of growing-finishing pigs. The meat meal used in Exp. 1 and 2 was a blend from two sources and that used in Exp. 3 was from a single source. A fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet (13.3% CP during the growing stage; 11.7 or 12.0% CP during the finishing stage), supplemented with .15 to .20% lysine (as L-lysine.HCl), was fed in each experiment. This diet was formulated to be adequate in dietary lysine (.75 to .80% during the growing stage; .65 to .71% during the finishing stage). Meat meal was added at 5 to 10% and was substituted for corn and soybean meal on a lysine basis. Diets containing meat meal were then supplemented with various levels (0 to .05%) of L-tryptophan. Levels of Ca and P were approximately the same across treatments, with levels based on the amounts provided by the highest level of meat meal in the diets. The pigs initially averaged 24, 29, and 45 kg of BW in the three experiments, and they were on test until they reached market weight (93 to 101 kg of BW). Pigs were switched from the growing to the finishing diet at 57 and 61 kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Feed intake, growth rate, and efficiency of feed utilization were reduced when meat meal was included in the diet, particularly at the higher dietary inclusion (10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Associations of dietary protein with disease and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women.

Some weight loss diets promote protein intake; however, the association of protein with disease is unclear. In 1986, 29,017 postmenopausal Iowa women without cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), or diabetes were followed prospectively for 15 years for cancer incidence and mortality from CHD, cancer, and all causes. Mailed questionnaires assessed dietary, lifestyle, and medical information. Nutrient density models estimated risk ratios from a simulated substitution of total and type of dietary protein for carbohydrate and of vegetable for animal protein. The authors identified 4,843 new cancers, 739 CHD deaths, 1,676 cancer deaths, and 3,978 total deaths. Among women in the highest intake quintile, CHD mortality decreased by 30% from an isoenergetic substitution of vegetable protein for carbohydrate (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.99) and of vegetable for animal protein (95% CI: 0.51, 0.98), following multivariable adjustment. Although no association was observed with any outcome when animal protein was substituted for carbohydrate, CHD mortality was associated with red meats (risk ratio = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.94) and dairy products (risk ratio = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.86) when substituted for servings per 1,000 kcal (4.2 MJ) of carbohydrate foods. Long-term adherence to high-protein diets, without discrimination toward protein source, may have potentially adverse health consequences.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Protein requirements of growing pups fed practical dry-type diets containing mixed-protein sources.

The protein requirement of Pointer pups fed practical diets was assessed in 3 experiments. Eight-week-old pups required 25.2% protein when fed a combination of corn gluten meal, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal for 2 weeks. However, when a poor-quality poultry by-product meal was substituted for some of the corn gluten meal and meat and bone meal, the requirement increased to 27.5%. This increased requirement was explained by decreased digestibility of the poultry by-product meal diet. Pups fed each of the diets required 18% digestible protein to maximize growth rate. Sixteen-week-old pups were more efficient at utilizing the experimental diets, requiring only 23% crude protein (17.2% digestible protein) to maximize growth rate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Proteolytic inactivation of lipase as a possible cause of the uneven results obtained with enzyme substitution in pancreatic insufficiency.

Inactivation of lipase in four commercially available pancreatin preparations in buffer solution, in duodenal juice stimulated by secretin-cholecystokinin or by Lundh test-meal, and in duodenal juice supplemented with a meat-meal homogenate, was examined during a four-hour incubation period. In the buffer solution and in the secretin-cholecystokinin-stimulated duodenal juice 64-89% of lipase activity was already lost within two hours. Trypsin activity was in inverse relation to that of lipase and soybean trypsin inhibitor. The Lundh test meal and the meat-meal homogenate significantly diminished inactivation of lipase. Substitution therapy of pancreatic insufficiency with crushed and soybean-trypsin-inhibitor supplemented preparations diminished steatorrhoea more effectively than the simple tablets. The demonstrated proteolytic inactivation of lipase indicates that pancreatic supplements have to be given in crushed or granulated form, well mixed with protein-containing meals, and that a physiological ratio of trypsin-lipase activity ought to be preserved in the preparations.

Amylases↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of radio frequency cooking in the reduction of Escherichia coli and shelf stability of ground beef.

The effectiveness of radio frequency (RF) cooking on the inactivation of Escherichia coli in ground beef and its effect on the shelf stability of ground beef were investigated with a comparison to hot water-bath cooking. E. coli K12 was used as a target bacterium instead of E. coli O157:H7. The ground beef samples inoculated with E. coli K12 (ampr) were heated until the centre temperature of each sample reached 72 degrees C. These samples were then stored at 4 degrees C for up to 30 days. The enumeration of E. coli K12, background E. coli and coliform counts in ground beef samples was carried out for shelf-life study. Although both methods significantly reduced E. coli K12 (ampr), E. coli and coliform counts and extended the shelf-life, RF cooking had a shorter cooking time, and more uniform heating. Thus, RF cooking of meat has a high potential as a substitute for the hot water-bath cooking.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Influence of fish on the bioavailability of plant iron in the anemic rat.

The effect of fish protein and fish oil on the utilization of endogenous iron in wheat bran, spinach and soy protein isolate was investigated by using the anemic rat as an animal model. Marine products were substituted for casein and corn oil in the diets of these animals. Hemoglobin regeneration was one criteria used to measure iron uptake. Relative biological values (RBV) were computed from a regression equation obtained from control animals receiving graded levels of FeSO4 X 7H2O. The RBV of iron from plant sources provided in diets containing casein-corn oil versus fish-fish oil were: wheat bran, 123 vs. 111%; spinach, 53 vs. 49%; and soybean isolate, 84 vs. 67%; RBV FeSO4 = 100%. These changes were not significant. The decreases in iron absorption from diets containing marine products was attributed to the fish oil. Absorption of exogenous iron (59Fe) was measured in the same animals after the 14-day repletion period. Assimilation of the 59Fe was highly correlated (r2 = 0.958) with hemoglobin level at time of dosing. Diet composition did not appear to have the same effect on the percentage of 59Fe retained after 110 hours by the rat as compared to levels of hemoglobin regeneration (i.e., RBV). A "meat factor" effect was not shown by substituting fish for casein the diets containing plant iron sources fed anemic rats.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗