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PubMed2003

Recombinant Newcastle disease virus as a viral vector: effect of genomic location of foreign gene on gene expression and virus replication.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was examined for its suitability as a vector for the expression and delivery of foreign genes for vaccination and gene therapy. A reporter gene encoding human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was inserted as an additional transcription unit at four different positions in the NDV genome, between the NP and P, M and F, and HN and L genes and behind the L gene. Eight infectious recombinant NDV (rNDV) viruses, four in the non-virulent strain NDFL and four in the virulent derivative NDFLtag, were generated by reverse genetics. SEAP expression levels, replication kinetics and virus yield were examined. Replication kinetics of the rNDV viruses in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts showed that the insertion of an additional gene resulted in a delay in the onset of replication. This effect was most prominent when the gene was inserted between the NP and P genes. With the exception of the strain that carried the SEAP gene behind the L gene, all recombinant strains expressed high levels of SEAP, both in cell culture and in embryonated chicken eggs. In embryonated eggs, the rNDV viruses showed a 2.6- to 5.6-fold (NDFL) or 2.1- to 8.1-fold (NDFLtag) reduction in yield compared with the parent strains. These results show that foreign genes can be inserted at different positions in the NDV genome without severely affecting replication efficiency or virus yield.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1975

Infective and noninfective hemagglutinating particles of Newcastle disease virus: biological and chemical characterization.

Newcastle disease virus (Herts strain), grown in embryonated eggs or in a line of bovine kidney cells, was purified and then separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation into infectious (IH) and noninfectious hemagglutinating (NIH) particles. These particles were morphologically similar, although the average size of IH was twice that of NIH particles. The activity of hemagglutinin per milligram of virus protein was two- to threefold higher in NIH particles than in IH particles, whereas the specific activity of neuraminidase did not differ in the two particle types. This was consistent with the observed particle size difference. The distribution of the major proteins in IH and NIH particles from egg-grown virus, determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), was significantly different. In IH particles the molar ratio of protein 1 (74,000 daltons) to proteins 2 and 3 (56,000 daltons): protein 6 (41,000 daltons) was 1.0:2.5:2.5; in NIH particles the ratio was 1.0:0.6:1.0. When Newcastle disease virus was grown in bovine kidney cells, the molar ratio of proteins in IH particles resembled that of of egg-grown virus. However, in NIH particles from bovine kidney cells, only protein bands corresponding to protein 1 and proteins 2-3 were present and their molar ratio was 1.0:0.6. Protein 6 was marginally detectable in these particles. Analysis of the proteins in [3H]isoleucine- and [14C]glucosamine-labeled virus showed proteins 1 and 2 (glycoproteins) present in the ratio of 1.0:0.5; protein 3, the nucleoprotein, was not detected. These results are compatible with previous findings by others that NIH particles are deficient in RNA and nucleoprotein antigen, and suggest that formation of discrete particles of Newcastle disease virus by budding requires at most minimal amounts of proteins 3 or 6. The fatty acid composition of egg-grown IH and NIH particles was not significantly different and resembled that of normal allantoic fluid.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1980

A new structural protein for Newcastle disease virus.

Proteins induced in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and proteins incorporated into virions grown in ovo were analysed by modified versions of a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. The following previously described NDV-induced proteins were detected and resolved from host proteins: L (mol. wt. approx. 200K), HN (75K), F0 (66K), F1 (56K), NP (55K) and M (39K). Two additional polypeptides, NAP (nucleocapsid-associated protein, mol. wt. 56K) and a 36K mol. wt. protein were induced in NDV-infected cells. NAP but not 36K was found in purified virions. Radioactive labelling studies with 3H-glucosamine and 32P-orthophosphate demonstrated that neither NAP nor 36K is glycosylated, but that both are phosphorylated. Variation in the isoelectric point and apparent mol. wt. of NAP among different strains was seen and exactly reproduced in both CEF and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The synthesis of NDV-induced proteins including NAP and 36K was unaffected by actinomycin D, whereas the synthesis of host cell proteins was drastically reduced. These data are evidence that NAP and 36K are virus coded. Peptide analysis indicated that NAP, NP and F1 are unrelated polypeptides. The demonstration that NAP is virus coded, together with its phosphorylation and association with the nucleocapsid, suggest that NAP may be the NDV analogue of the P protein of Sendai virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Biological and molecular characterization of Indian isolates of Newcastle disease virus from pigeons.

Five Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from pigeons were characterized by biological and molecular methods. Four of the five isolates were found to be velogenic with high intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPI). The fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) sequences of these isolates had multiple basic amino acids RRQKRF at positions 112-116 and a phenyl alanine at position 117 characteristic of velogenic isolates. Three of these velogenic isolates were phylogenetically related to mesogenic vaccine virus strain and the fourth one to a few exotic velogenic isolates. The lentogenic isolate obtained in this study was identical with the LaSota strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Induction of lymphocyte agglutination and lysis by Newcastle disease virus.

Five strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were tested for their ability to agglutinate and lyse chicken lymphocytes. All 5 strains agglutinated lymphocytes, and the agglutination was inhibited by anti-NDV sera. All 5 strains also caused a different degree of direct virus-induced lysis of 51Cr-labeled chicken lymphocytes. This direct lymphocyte cytotoxicity was lost after heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, or after treatment with a high concentration of formalin (1:100 dilution). Neither a low concentration of formalin (1:5000) nor trypsin treatment had any effect on cytotoxicity.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1969

Preliminary analysis of the requirements for fusion from within and fusion from without by Newcastle disease virus.

Different strains of Newcastle disease virus vary in their ability to induce cell fusion. When administered to cells at high multiplicities of infection some strains induce cell fusion within three hours. This type of fusion is apparently caused by the virus particles in the inoculum, since it can be induced by noninfectious virus and does not require protein synthesis for induction. It has been designated fusion from without (FFWO). Other strains induce fusion mainly at low multiplicities of infection. This fusion is induced only by infectious virus, and requires protein synthesis for induction. Probably included among these required proteins is a viral antigen which must be available at the cell surface in order for fusion to occur. This type of fusion has been designated fusion from within (FFWI).

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1999

Intranuclear inclusions in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus.

Cells infected by Newcastle Disease Virus were observed to contain both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of twisted strands of about 18-20 nm diameter resembling nucleocapsids. The presence of these inclusions was detected irrespective of host cell or pathogenicity of the virus. In immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling experiments, these structures were tagged by an anti-P protein monoclonal antibody. In summary, we show that intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies, hitherto used as a taxonomic characteristic for the genus Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae, also occur in a member of the genus Rubulavirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Depression of contact hypersensitivity to oxazolone in mice exposed to Newcastle disease virus.

The effect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone in CBA mice was studied. There was a significant impairment of the ability of mice to develop cutaneous hypersensitivity shortly after injection of the virus. The effect was evident when NDV was administered up to 2 days before or within 24 h after sensitization, suggesting that NDV interferes with the process of sensitization. The degree of depression was related to the dose of virus inoculated. NDV inactivated by UV irradiation or heat did not depress contact sensitivity to oxazolone. These data are considered to support the hypothesis that the depression is mediated by a direct interaction between lymphocytes and NDV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interaction between chicken lymphocytes and Newcastle disease virus.

Different strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were added to chicken lymphocytes and JMV-1 and MSB-1 Marek's-disease-derived tumor cell lines to determine the virus-cell interaction. NDV caused fusion and lysis of the cells, and cells supported the growth and multiplication of NDV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular characterization of an unassigned Israeli Newcastle disease virus isolate.

Detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian pathotyping of NDV isolates are extremely important because the appearance of virulent virus has significant economic consequences in terms of vaccination, eradication, and the ability to export poultry products. By using nucleotide and amino acid (aa) homology analysis, we could demonstrate that a NDV broiler isolate is a velogenic virus. This analysis was done after mean death time and intracerebral pathogenicity index tests gave inconsistent results. By establishing a nucleotide sequence dendrogram, we found that the disputed Ber-Tuvia was clearly in the same group as the known Herev-Laet, a velogenic isolate. The difference between Ber-Tuvia 92 and the Herev-Laet velogenic isolate was 6% as opposed to > 16% of the meso- and lentogenic isolates. The Ber-Tuvia isolate contains the Arg/Arg and Lys/Arg aa at positions 112, 113 and 115, 116, respectively, in the fusion protein cleavage aa sequence, which is typical for virulent NDV isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1968

Inhibition of host-cell protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis by Newcastle disease virus.

The mechanisms of Newcastle disease virus-(NDV) induced inhibition of cell protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis were investigated. It was observed that the ability of NDV to inhibit cell RNA synthesis is dependent on the virus strain. The inhibitors, azauridine and cycloheximide, were added to cell cultures at different times after infection to study the roles of protein and RNA synthesis in the viral inhibition process. Viral inhibition of cell RNA synthesis and viral inhibition of cell protein synthesis become resistant to cycloheximide at a different time after infection than that in which they become resistant to azauridine. The results indicate that the inhibition of cell RNA synthesis by the Texas strain involves the synthesis of inhibitory proteins which are coded by the viral genome. The Texas and Beaudette strains of NDV appear to employ different mechanisms for the inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis. Viral inhibition of cell protein synthesis does not appear to cause, or be the result of, viral inhibition of cell RNA synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Protein kinase associated with Newcastle disease virus.

Purified virions of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were found to contain protein kinase activity which was, like other virion-associated kinases, stimulated by Mg2+, and totally independent of Ca2+ and cAMP. The kinase phosphorylated preferentially the P and NP polypeptides of NDV. Triton-KCl fractionation of the virions has shown that the protein kinase activity may be associated with glycoprotein-free subviral particles, but not with nucleocapsids containing either only NP or some L and P proteins together with NP as protein constituent.

Newcastle disease virus↗
PubMed1991

Interferon-induction in mouse spleen cells by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN protein.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) envelope glycoproteins that are expressed at the surface of fixed NDV (Ploufragan strain)-infected chick fibroblasts induce interferon (IFN) in mouse spleen cells. HN protein appears to be involved, since an anti-HN monoclonal antibody (Mab 3115) reduces the IFN production to 6% at most. However, the precise site of the molecule responsible for IFN induction is probably not exactly superimposed on the Mab 3115-epitope, since the NDV (83309 strain)-HN protein, which exhibits a modified Mab 3115-epitope, is also able to induce IFN. These preliminary results require further investigation in order to characterize the IFN herein demonstrated, to establish whether this induction mechanism exists in chicken lymphoid cells and to more accurately define the part of the HN molecule involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of cleavage mutants on syncytium formation directed by the wild-type fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus.

The effects of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion (F) glycoprotein cleavage mutants on the cleavage and syncytium-forming activity of the wild-type F protein were examined. F protein cleavage mutants were made by altering amino acids in the furin recognition region (amino acids 112 to 116) in the F protein of a virulent strain of NDV. Four mutants were made: Q114P replaced the glutamine residue with proline; K115G replaced lysine with glycine; double mutant K115G, R113G replaced both a lysine and an arginine with glycine residues; and a triple mutant, R112G, K115G, F117L, replaced three amino acids to mimic the sequence found in avirulent strains of NDV. All mutants except Q114P were cleavage negative and fusion negative. However, addition of exogenous trypsin cleaved all mutant F proteins and activated fusion. As expected for an oligomeric protein, the fusion-negative mutants had a dominant negative phenotype: cotransfection of wild-type and mutant F protein cDNAs resulted in an inhibition of syncytium formation. The presence of the mutant F protein did not inhibit cleavage of the wild-type protein. Furthermore, evidence is presented that suggests that the mutant protein and the wild-type protein formed heterooligomers. By measuring the syncytium-forming activity of the wild-type protein at various ratios of expression of mutant and wild-type protein, results were obtained that are most consistent with the notion that the size of the functionally active NDV F protein in these assays is a single oligomer, likely a trimer. That a larger oligomer, containing a mix of both wild-type and mutant F proteins, has partial activity cannot, however, be ruled out.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Reciprocal antibody and complement responses of two chicken breeds to vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus.

Serum antibody responses and haemolytic complement activity were evaluated in White Leghorn (WLH) and Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens that were vaccinated with live-attenuated vaccines of Newcastle disease virus, or infectious bronchitis virus, or infectious bursal disease virus by means of ocular challenge at 10 times the normal vaccination dose. Complement titres in non-vaccinated birds were significantly higher in WLH birds compared to RIR birds. The lentogenic viral infection resulted in an immediate stimulation of complement activity, followed by a decrease to initial complement levels within 2 weeks post vaccination, when the antibody response took over immune defence. As compared to WLH chickens, RIR birds mounted a faster and significantly higher antibody response to the vaccine viruses used. In WLH hens, significantly higher haemolytic complement activity post vaccination was found as compared to RIR hens. Possible consequences of the observed differences in immune responsiveness of the two breeds to viral vaccines are discussed.

Animals↗