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PubMed2005

What makes a gene name? Named entity recognition in the biomedical literature.

The recognition of biomedical concepts in natural text (named entity recognition, NER) is a key technology for automatic or semi-automatic analysis of textual resources. Precise NER tools are a prerequisite for many applications working on text, such as information retrieval, information extraction or document classification. Over the past years, the problem has achieved considerable attention in the bioinformatics community and experience has shown that NER in the life sciences is a rather difficult problem. Several systems and algorithms have been devised and implemented. In this paper, the problems and resources in NER research are described, the principal algorithms underlying most systems sketched, and the current state-of-the-art in the field surveyed.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1979

A rose by any other name... on 'naming of neurones' by Rowe and Stone.

Rowe and Stone dispose of descriptive terminologies for retinal units as 'essentialist' and argue for a 'neutral' multifactorial system redefined from previous W, X. Y nomenclatures. It is argued here that descriptive terminology need not be either essentialist or undesirable and that the W, X, Y terminology is too confused with false associations to be satisfactory. The synthetic power of the W, X, Y nomenclature was lost with the discovery of concentric W cell receptive fields, the projection of the W cells to the LGN and the suggestion of overlap between X and W conduction velocity groups. It was made methodologically unsound by its employment for the naming of Nissl stained soma classes before the identity of individual somas with the physiological entities can be demonstrated. Although now redefined, the identity of symbols in the several vintages of the W, X, Y system leads to inevitable confusion. The current tripartite division of a multidimensional quality space without cluster analysis is not neutral because it emphasises conduction velocity but represses the diversity of W receptive fields. The concise, apt and memorable descriptive receptive field terminologies are more desirable in that they are operationally based and approximate the unit's transfer function--the parameter most significant to the central nervous system in its information processing task; thus they are more suited for cross species comparison because of a probably bountiful source of functional hypotheses. The lack of taxonomic neutrality in the W, X, Y system has recently been emphasised by its failure to adequately classify rabbit retinal receptive field categories.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME on NO production during focal cerebral ischemia in rats: could L-NAME be the future treatment of sudden deafness?

Recent evidence in primary neuronal cell culture implicates NO as a mediator of glutamatergic neurotoxicity acting via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In this study, we investigated the effects of inhibition of NOsynthase activity in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by permanent occlusion of right MCA in urethane anesthetized rats. A number of indicators of brain NO production, nitrite and cGMP were determined in ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral cortex and cerebellum after 0, 10 and 60 minutes of focal cerebral ischemia. The same parameters were measured in rats pre- and posttreated with the potent Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME).

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Privacy Act of 1974; new routine use and system of records name change--HHS. Notification of a new routine use and system of records name change.

The Public Health Service (PHS) is publishing notice of a new routine use, responding to comments, changing the system name, providing the contractor's address, and making editorial clarifications for system of records: 09-15-0054, "Health Care Practitioner Adverse Credentialing Data Bank, HHS/HRSA/BHPr", now titled "National Practitioner Data Bank for Adverse Information on Physicians and Other Health Care Practitioners, HHS/HRSA/BHPr."

Civil Rights↗

PubMed2000