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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Cellular and extracellular protein antigens of Treponema pallidum synthesized during in vitro incubation of freshly extracted organisms.

A new medium that permits radiolabeling of freshly extracted cells of Treponema pallidum with [35S]methionine very efficiently has been devised. Although treponemes were not purified free of contaminating rabbit tissue, label was incorporated exclusively into treponemal protein in a linear manner for at least the first 16 h of in vitro incubation. Throughout this period, virtually a full complement of treponemal proteins was synthesized, based on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis comparison of the radiolabeled protein profile with the Coomassie blue-stained profile of gradient-purified treponemes. The radiolabeled protein profiles obtained with three pathogenic strains were very similar but not identical. Using solubilized treponemal extracts and a sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation procedure, we identified the protein antigens of T. pallidum that were recognized by immunoglobulin G antibodies in various rabbit and human syphilitic sera. A simple fractionation procedure has been used to separate soluble and membrane-bound treponemal proteins. A number of the membrane proteins are exposed on the cell surface, since intact radiolabeled treponemes bound antibodies directed against these proteins. In addition, a unique class of low-molecular-weight extracellular treponemal proteins has been identified. The cell surface-exposed proteins were among the earliest proteins recognized by immunoglobulin G antibodies after experimental infection of rabbits with T. pallidum.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1976

Effects of subfornical organ extracts of salt-water balance in the rat.

The subfornical organ (SFO) is regarded as a neurosecretory structure but no information is available on the nature or biological effects of the secretory products(s). Supernatants of water homogenates of rat SFO were lyophilized and reconsittuted in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Intracerebroventricular (IVT), but not subcutaneous, administration of this material to rats produced diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis in the following 8 h daylight period. During the overnight cycle, consummatory behavior and excretion of sodium and potassium were reduced. Similar responses were obtained after IVT administration of cerebellar cortex (CB) or large amounts of plasma. SFO, CB and cerebral cortex (CC) were incubated in potassium-enriched CSF to enhance release of secretory products. Urine volume was increased 8 h after IVT injection of SFO media; in the overnight cycle, food consumption, absolute urinary sodium and potassium, and [Na+-a1 were reduced. These effects were not produced by IVT injection of CC or CB media, or equal amounts of plasma proteins. Additional experiments demonstrated that choroid plexi and SFO effects were similar and that the active SFO material was dialyzable and thermal stable. These data suggest that SFO contains a water-soluble substance which is released into a posassium-enriched medium. The material is heat stable, has a relatively low molecular weight, and alters salt-water balance after injection into ventricular cerebrospinal fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

New reactive oxidizing species causes formation of carbon-centered radical adducts in organic extracts of blood following liver transplantation.

alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butylnitrone (4-POBN) radical adducts from Folch (chloroform:methanol) extraction of blood of transplanted livers exhibited a large 6-line electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum. Slow EPR sample preparation involving freezing and thawing prior to extraction over 15 min yielded a spectrum assigned as a lipid-derived free radical species, whereas rapid (< 1 min) extraction without a freeze-thaw cycle yielded a mixture of radicals, one with coupling constants similar to the alpha-hydroxymethyl-4-POBN adduct (4-POBN/.CH2OH). Extraction with purified chloroform, however, yielded a much weaker, probably lipid-derived signal. Use of 13C-methanol in the Folch extracting solution yielded a 12-line EPR spectrum, indicating that a new, highly reactive oxidant species from blood following liver transplantation can convert organic solvents used in tissue extractions to free radicals. This hypothesis was supported by simulation of EPR spectra of free radicals extracted rapidly with Folch, which indicated that the spectrum contained two carbon-centered species, one with hyperfine coupling constants similar to the alpha-methylhydroxyl-4-POBN adduct, the other probably lipid-derived. Because the former originates from methanol in the Folch, extraction of samples with alcohol-free organic solvent is most likely superior when the potential for formation of stable oxidant species exists, such as after liver transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Immunoenzyme determination of neurospecific antigen 10-40-4 in human and animal tissue and organ extracts].

IEA of brain specific antigen 10-40-4 in human and animal organs and tissues was elaborated. The method permits measuring the concentration of the antigen within the range from 1 to 120 ng/ml. The use of the method made it possible to confirm brain specificity of protein 10-40-4, since its brain content is 1500 to 2000 times higher than in other organs, and to estimate the percentage of cross-reaction between antigenic determinants of brain specific antigen 10-40-4 from different species of animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Mutagenic and cytogenetic analyses of organic extracts of simulated runoffs from model coal piles.

The use of coal as a fuel in utility and other industries in the United States is increasing. Typically, these utilities store their coal outdoors in large piles, and rainfall on the piles produces a runoff containing hazardous inorganic and organic materials. Four coals of varying sulfur contents, all used for fuel in the United States, were tested. Organic materials were extracted from simulated runoffs of model coal piles and were tested for mutagenicity with a Salmonella/microsomal assay and for clastogenicity and cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The extracts of the high-sulfur coals and the lignite were more mutagenic and clastogenic than extracts from the low-sulfur coal.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification of organic extractables from commercial resin-modified glass-ionomers using HPLC-MS.

Elution of organic compounds from resin-based dental fillings during their application in the human mouth environment may have a potential impact on the human health. Ethanol, water and other solvents very often present in the human mouth have the ability to penetrate dental fillings placed in the human tooth. Penetration of liquids into the tooth may lead to the liberation of unreacted dental filling ingredients or their degradation products. Determination of these compounds is necessary for better knowledge from possible harmful effects caused by dental fillings. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of compounds released from resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs), resin-based dental materials applied in dentistry. Compounds were extracted from fillings by using four solvents (40% ethanol, water, 1% acetic acid and artificial saliva). Liquid samples containing eluted compounds were then extracted, evaporated and analyzed by using of HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection) techniques. Almost thirty components (monomers and additives) of RMGICs were identified. The main identified extractables were: Bis-GMA (bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate), Bis-EMA (ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate), UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate), TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as monomers and diphenyliodonium chloride, camphorquinone (initiators), BHA (inhibitor), 4-(dimethylamino) ethyl benzoate (co-initiator) as additives.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1987

Identification of agrin in electric organ extracts and localization of agrin-like molecules in muscle and central nervous system.

The portion of the muscle fibre's basal lamina that occupies the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction contains molecules that cause the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase on regenerating muscle fibres. Agrin, which is extracted from basal lamina-containing fractions of the Torpedo electric organ and causes the formation of acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase aggregates on cultured myotubes, may be similar, if not identical, to the acetylcholine receptor- and acetylcholinesterase-aggregating molecules at the neuro-muscular junction. Here we summarize experiments which led to the identification of agrin and established that the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction contains molecules antigenically similar to agrin. We also discuss results which raise the possibility that agrin-like molecules at the neuromuscular junction are produced by motor neurones.

Agrin↗
PubMed2000

Toxic evaluation of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter in Puerto Rico.

In recent years, several hypotheses have emerged to explain the toxicologic activity of particulate matter. Organic compounds, ultrafine particles, biologic components, and transition metals are some of the constituents that reportedly exert some type of adverse effect on human health. A considerable fraction of the urban particulate matter consists of carbon compounds, which originate mostly from anthropogenic sources. The toxicity of organic fractions from particulate matter have been mainly evaluated by considering their mutagenic activity. This research expands on the toxicologic profile of organic compounds adsorbed to particulate matter, specifically in Puerto Rico, by using the cytotoxic neutral red bioassay (NRB). The NRB uses normal human epidermal keratinocytes or other types of cells to measure the effect on cell viability when exposed to organic compounds associated to the particles in the air. We validated the NRB for particulate matter by using a standard reference material (SRM 1649). We used the NRB to determine toxicologic differences of extracts between an urban industrialized site with anthropogenic activity versus a coastal region with less human activity. The cytotoxicity associated with organic compounds in particulate matter collected at the urban industrialized site was detected in both the particulate matter (3/4) 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)) and particulate matter (3/4) 100 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(100)). Greater toxic effects were observed in PM(10) extracts than in PM(100) extracts, but PM(10) toxic effects were not significantly different from those in PM(100). The extracts from the industrialized site were more cytotoxic than the extracts from coastal reference site, although in the summer, extracts from both sites were significantly cytotoxic to normal human epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, the nonpolar extracts of both PM(10) and PM(100) exerted the greatest cytotoxicity, followed by the polar, and, finally, the moderately polar extract. This study demonstrates that extracts from the Guaynabo industrialized site were more toxic than similar extracts obtained from a reference coastal site in Fajardo, Puerto Rico.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1990

[Chemical and biological characterization of electrofilter dust from a waste incinerating plant. 2. Mutagenic activity of organic extracts and their subfractions and determination of the PAH content].

In a recent study, we showed that the Soxhlet extraction with toluene and pretreatment with diluted HCl is the best suitable method to remove organic compounds from particles collected by electrostatic precipitation in municipal waste incinerators. In the present paper, the mutagenic activity of the extracts from particulate samples were studied, using strain TA 100 as a tester strain. A small if any mutagenic activity was observed from most of the samples. The highest mutagenic effects were observed at different extract concentrations and without metabolic activation. A fractionation technique was developed and subfractions (dichlormethane and dichlormethane/methanol) were tested for their mutagenic potential and PAH-content. Small amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found, which were concentrated to an extent of 90% on the dichlormethane fraction. The results showed a tendency of reactivity to concentrate in the polar fraction.

Chemical Fractionation↗
PubMed2005

Linking ontological resources using aggregatable substance identifiers to organize extracted relations.

Systems that extract biological regulatory pathway relations from free-text sources are intended to help researchers leverage vast and growing collections of research literature. Several systems to extract such relations have been developed but little work has focused on how those relations can be usefully organized (aggregated) to support visualization systems or analysis algorithms. Ontological resources that enumerate name strings for different types of biomedical objects should play a key role in the organization process. In this paper we delineate five potentially useful levels of relational granularity and propose the use of aggregatable substance identifiers to help reduce lexical ambiguity. An aggregatable substance identifier applies to a gene and its products. We merged 4 extensive lexicons and compared the extracted strings to the text of five million MEDLINE abstracts. We report on the ambiguity within and between name strings and common English words. Our results show an 89% reduction in ambiguity for the extracted human substance name strings when using an aggregatable substance approach.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Synergistic effect of diesel organic extracts and allergen Der p 1 on the release of chemokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic subjects: involvement of the map kinase pathway.

The organic compounds of diesel exhaust particles (DEP-PAHs) have been shown to favor immunoglobulin production and bronchial hyperresponsiveness and to affect cytokine and chemokine productions. To evaluate if diesel exhaust could act in synergy with a house dust mite allergen (Der p 1), peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic patients were exposed to DEP-PAHs, with or without purified Der p 1. DEP-PAHs and Der p 1 separately induced an increase in interleukin (IL)-8, regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations. Interestingly, a synergy between the two stimuli was also observed. In the case of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, DEP-PAHs reduced the release, whereas Der p 1 enhanced it. A simultaneous exposure led to reduced production as compared with allergen exposure alone, but still represented an increase as compared with the control exposure. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Erk1/2 antagonist mainly inhibited the release of MCP-1, whereas MAP kinase p38 antagonist mainly suppressed the release of IL-8 and RANTES. Messenger RNA expression correlated with protein measurements. Moreover, supernatants from cells exposed to both DEP-PAHs and Der p 1 had a significant chemotactic activity on neutrophils and eosinophils. These findings suggest that simultaneous exposure of allergic patients to DEPs and allergens could result in high local chemokine levels via MAP kinase pathways activation, increasing the likelihood of reaching a critical threshold leading to the initiation of respiratory allergic symptoms.

Antigens, Dermatophagoides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minaxolone, a new steroidal anesthetic. Pharmacokinetics and organ extraction in sheep.

The pharmacokinetics of minaxolone, a new steroidal anesthetic agent, were derived after continuous intravenous infusion and bolus administration in the chronically catheterized sheep. There was a linear relationship between the steady-state blood concentration after continuous iv infusion and the infusion rate used, indicating minaxolone pharmacokinetics were linear. Further experimental evidence in support of this finding was the lack of dose dependence in any pharmacokinetic parameter following bolus doses through the clinical range of 12.5--100 mg. Minaxolone was shown to have a high total body clearance between 3 and 4 liters/min and a terminal half-life between 10 and 20 min. Renal excretion of unchanged minaxolone was less than 1%. Organ clearance studies indicated that minaxolone was totally extracted during passage through the liver but negligible extraction occurred during passage through the kidney and lung.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Selective permeation and organic extraction of recombinant green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) from Escherichia coli.

BACKGROUND: Transformed cells of Escherichia coli DH5-alpha with pGFPuv, induced by IPTG (isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside), express the green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) during growth phases. E. coli subjected to the combination of selective permeation by freezing/thawing/sonication cycles followed by the three-phase partitioning extraction (TPP) method were compared to the direct application of TPP to the same culture of E. coli on releasing gfpuv from the over-expressing cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cultures (37 degrees C/100 rpm/ 24 h; mu = 0.99 h(-1)-1.10 h(-1)) of transformed (pGFP) Escherichia coli DH5-alpha, expressing the green fluorescent protein (gfpuv, absorbance at 394 nm and emission at 509 nm) were sonicated in successive intervals of sonication (25 vibrations/pulse) to determine the maximum amount of gfpuv released from the cells. For selective permeation, the transformed previously frozen (-75 degrees C) cells were subjected to three freeze/thaw (-20 degrees C/ 0.83 degrees C/min) cycles interlaid by sonication (3 pulses/6 seconds/25 vibrations). The intracellular permeate with gfpuv in extraction buffer (TE) solution (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol beta-ME, 0.1 mM PMSF) was subjected to the three-phase partitioning (TPP) method with t-butanol and 1.6 M ammonium sulfate. Sonication efficiency was verified on the application to the cells previously treated by the TPP method. The intra-cell releases were mixed and eluted through methyl HIC column with a buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). RESULTS: The sonication maximum released amount obtained from the cells was 327.67 microg gfpuv/mL (20.73 microg gfpuv/mg total proteins-BSA), after 9 min of treatment. Through the selective permeation by three repeated freezing/thawing/sonication cycles applied to the cells, a close content of 241.19 microg gfpuv/mL (29.74 microg gfpuv/mg BSA) was obtained. The specific mass range of gfpuv released from the same cultures, by the three-phase partitioning (TPP) method, in relation to total proteins, was higher, between 107.28 microg/mg and 135.10 microg/mg. CONCLUSIONS: The selective permeation of gfpuv by freezing/thawing/sonication followed by TPP separation method was equivalent to the amount of gfpuv extracted from the cells directly by TPP; although selective permeation extracts showed better elution through the HIC column.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1997

[Study on the properties and microstructure of the gel in the extracted organic phase containing DMHPA-RE(III)].

The content of Na+, RE3+ and the swelling characteristic of dried gel containing DMHPA[di-(1-methylheptyl)phosphoric acid]-RE(III) have been studied by FTIR and ICP/AES spectroscopy methods. The result demonstrates that (1) the mechanism of microemulsion extracting lanthanide ions is complicated and it is difficult to be explained with simple chemical equations, (2) The dried gel can swell, but the aggregation states and microstructure change as the used solvents and its content vary, (3) The far infrared spectroscopy shows that there are ring structures in the gel and differences of the ability in coordination with DMHPA between light and heavy lanthanide ions.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1999

[Genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation caused by organic extracts of chlorinated drinking water in rats and HepG2 cells].

The genotoxic effects of chlorinated drinking water(CDW) extracts were examined in human HepG2 hepatoma cells, liver cells and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) of bone marrow of Wistar rats by using in vivo and in vitro micronucleus(MN) test and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The influence of CDW on the lipidperoxidation (LPO) in blood and tissue of rats was also studied. The results indicated a significant increase of the frequencies of MN in PCEs at the low concentration of CDW and in HepG2 at the high concentration of CDW. The increased DNA breakage caused by CDW was observed in rat liver cells and in HepG2 cells by using comet assay. The levels of malon dialdehyde(MDA) were significantly increased almost in all animals and in all organs tested. A dose-dependent increases of MDA were observed in rat liver. It was demonstrated that CDW extracts caused genotoxic and oxidative damage on animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Time-dependent variations in the organ extraction ratios of acetaminophen in rat.

The pharmacokinetics of a single 40 mg/kg dose of acetaminophen was investigated at 09h00 and 21h00 in Sprague-Dawley rats synchronized to a 12-h light-dark cycle. Acetaminophen was administered by the intraarterial, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral routes in order to determine the contribution of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lung to the oral extraction ratio of the drug. A mean oral extraction ratio of 0.46 was obtained at 21h00 as compared to 0.39 at 09h00. The mean extraction ratios of the gastrointestine, liver, and lung were 0.05, 0.41, and 0 at 09h00 and 0.18, 0.24, and 0.13 at 21h00, respectively. These results indicate that the extrahepatic metabolism of acetaminophen is important at 21h00, but is barely detectable at 09h00, whereas the hepatic extraction ratio is higher at 09h00 than at 21h00. Thus, there are temporal variations in the disposition of acetaminophen in the rat.

Acetaminophen↗