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Results for “Orchitis”

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PubMed1985

Experimental allergic orchitis in mice. I. A new model induced by immunization without adjuvants.

Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) was induced in cyclophosphamide (CY)-pretreated C3H/He mice by immunization with viable testicular cells (TC) without any adjuvants. The pathological changes such as hypospermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and mild cellular infiltration in the interstitium were observed in most mice thus treated. Delayed footpad reaction (DFR) against testicular antigen and anti-sperm antibody in sera were detected in those mice. This murine model of orchitis is new and simple in that no adjuvants are used for induction and can be useful in further studies on mechanisms of induction and maintenance of EAO.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Clinical aspects of granulomatous orchitis.

Granulomatous orchitis can present in a variety of forms varying from acute to chronic. Clinically, testicular neoplasm is usually diagnosed and radical orchiectomy is performed, with the correct diagnosis being made on microscopic examination. In this article 6 cases of granulomatous orchitis are presented, with a variety of clinical presentations varying from acute to the more chronic forms.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Stony testicle: case of calcific granulomatous orchitis.

A thirty-three-year-old man presented with a hard testicular mass considered preoperatively to be a malignant testicular tumor. Frozen section revealed calcific granulomatous orchitis, which does not appear to have been previously described in man. Granulomatous orchitis is an important differential diagnosis of testicular lesions. The hard nature of this particular lesion contributed to the preoperative diagnosis of malignancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Experimental allergic orchitis in mice: IV. Preliminary characterization of the major murine testis specific aspermatogenic autoantigen(s).

Active experimental allergic orchitis (EAO), characterized by inflammation of the testes (autoimmune orchitis), aspermatogenesis, epididymitis and vasitis was induced in mice using a panel of tissue antigens as immunogens. Immunization with allogeneic murine tissue homogenates emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) accompanied by the injection of pertussigen revealed that only adult murine testicular and epididymal homogenates are capable of eliciting murine EAO. All other tissue antigens studied including prepubertal mouse and epididymal homogenates failed to elicit significant disease. Immunization with xenogeneic testicular antigens also failed to elicit significant disease indicating that the major murine aspermatogenic autoantigen(s) is also highly species specific. Sensitization with allogeneic mouse testicular homogenates (MTH) from different disease resistant strains was for the most part no less potent in inducing significant disease than was immunization with mouse testicular homogenates from disease susceptible strains. However, testicular homogenates from NZB/B1NJUnm and MRL/MpJ-/+Unm mice were significantly less potent at inducing autoimmune epididymitis as compared to other strains, indicating possible interstrain differences in the immunogenicity of the aspermatogenic autoantigen(s) relevant to eliciting epididymitis. Attempts at solubilization and purification of the major murine aspermatogenic autoantigen(s) utilizing techniques employed for the purification of aspermatogenic autoantigens such as AP3 from guinea pig (GP) testes were unsuccessful. Additional extraction procedures resulted in solubilization of the relevant autoantigen(s) only after reduction in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. These data suggest that: (1) there may be a much more limited number of aspermatogenic autoantigens in murine testes as compared to GP testes; (2) the disease inducing determinant(s) may be expressed as either a sequential antigenic determinant(s) or as an antigenic determinant(s) in the carbohydrate portion of a glycoprotein or glycopeptide; and (3) the disease inducing autoantigen(s) may be present in situ in a highly insoluble form requiring active processing within the target organ in order to generate soluble antigen capable of being seen by immune reactants.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Experimental allergic orchitis in mice: III. Differential susceptibility and resistance among BALB/c sublines.

Significant differences in susceptibility to the induction of experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) were found to exist among the various substrains of BALB/c mice. Substrains which were susceptible to disease induction include BALB/cKa, BALB/cByJ, BALB/cWtJ, BALB/cCmcCr, BALB/cCrgl, BALB/cHeA, BALB/cAnNCr, BALB/cPt, BALB/cWehiUnm, BALB/cOrnl and BALB/cArg whereas BALB/cJ and BALB/cSki BoyPt were resistant to EAO. Aspermatogenesis and autoimmune vasitis, two additional lesions characteristic of murine EAO, were found to correlate with susceptibility to autoimmune orchitis. Susceptibility and/or disease resistance did not segregate within any of the evolutionary branches of the BALB/c genealogic tree nor did it correlate with any of the previously described allelic differences distinguishing BALB/c substrains. Therefore, differential disease susceptibility may represent the manifestation of mutational and/or retroviral induced genotypic differences in the regulatory genes controlling testicular autoimmunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Paratyphoid orchitis.

A case of pyogenic orchitis due to infection with Salmonella enteritidis ser. Paratyphi B is discussed. Unlike previously reported cases of Salmonella orchitis, this patient developed infection by bacteremic spread and not by direct extension from the epididymis. Therapy with chloramphenicol resulted in an excellent clinical response.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Clinical findings, diagnostic approach, and outcome of Brucella melitensis epididymo-orchitis.

We have studied 912 patients with brucellosis. Of these, 631 (69.2%) were male and 48 had epididymo-orchitis, giving an incidence of epididymo-orchitis of 7.6%. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 52.5 +/- 70 days. All the patients had fever, swelling, and scrotal pain, but only 2 (4.2%) reported urinary symptoms. Seven patients (14.5%) had leukocyte figures above 11 x 10(9)/L, and urine analysis was normal in 69% of the patients. Blood cultures were positive in 65.8% of cases. A total of 33 patients (68.8%) received a combination of doxycycline plus streptomycin and 13 (27.1%) doxycycline plus rifampin. The overall percentage of failure or relapse was 8.8%: 7.1% in the doxycycline plus streptomycin group and 20% in the doxycycline plus rifampin group. None of the patients required surgery. Pending clinical trials to confirm the results, conservative management with a combination of doxycycline for 2 months and streptomycin for 14 to 21 days appears to be adequate and could avoid unnecessary orchiectomy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Rapid diagnosis of Brucella epididymo-orchitis by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in urine samples.

PURPOSE: We studied the diagnostic yield of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in urine samples for the rapid diagnosis of brucella epididymo-orchitis compared to that of conventional microbiological techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an SYBR Green I LightCycler based real-time polymerase chain reaction to retrospectively study 10 urine samples from patients with Brucella epididymo-orchitis. The assay amplifies a 223 bp sequence of a gene that codes for the synthesis of an immunogenetic membrane protein specific for Brucella genus (BCSP31). After amplifying this 223 bp sequence we performed melting curve analysis to verify the specificity of polymerase chain reaction products. RESULTS: Brucella melitensis was isolated from blood cultures in 9 cases (90%). Wright's seroagglutination was negative or inconclusive in 30% of cases. Brucella was isolated from urine in only 1 case, whereas real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in urine was positive in 9 (90%). Also, results were available in 4 hours, whereas mean time to availability of the final blood culture results was 5.8 days (range 4.5 to 7). CONCLUSIONS: SYBR Green I LightCycler based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in urine samples is highly sensitive and specific, and easy to perform. It could provide the clinician with results in less than 5 hours. The technique could be a practical and useful tool for the rapid diagnosis of genitourinary complications of human brucellosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Hemophilus influenzae epididymo-orchitis.

Epididymo-orchitis is an unusual cause of acute scrotal swelling in early childhood. We report the coexistence of otitis media and epididymo-orchitis owing to Hemophilus influenzae, type b in 2 children.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1984

Suppurative epididymo-orchitis due to Salmonella enteritidis.

A 50-year-old man developed suppurative epididymo-orchitis 3 weeks after an episode of gastroenteritis. Culture of the removed testis yielded Salmonella enteritidis. The importance of remembering salmonella in the differential diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis is stressed.

Epididymitis↗

PubMed2000

[Granulomatous orchitis].

Granulomatous orchitis is an inflammatory change of the testis. This is a rare lesion of unknown etiology. Usually are unilateral. The clinical appearance varies, and it is difficult to differentiate from testicular cancer. The diagnosis usually being made on histological examination after orchiectomy. Our paper report one case of granulomatous orchitis in a 27 year old patient. A review of the literature is made on the diagnosis and pathogenesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Bilateral synchronous granulomatous orchitis: gray-scale and colour Doppler sonographic findings.

A 60-year-old man presented with impotence ultrasonography demonstrated bilateral irregular hypoechoic infiltration of testes and normal epididymis. Colour Doppler sonography showed only peripheral but no intralesional flow. Since the lesion was presumed as malignancy bilateral high inguinal orchiectomy was performed and bilateral idiopathic granulomatous orchitis was diagnosed. It was concluded that granulomatous orchitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diffuse testicular hypoechoic involvement which showed only peripheral low-resistance flow on colour Doppler sonography, in the proper clinical setting. Although this may be a helpful sign in the differential diagnosis of diffuse testicular infiltrations, high inguinal exploration remains mandatory.

Erectile Dysfunction↗

PubMed1997

Perforated colonic carcinoma presenting as epididymo-orchitis and Fournier's gangrene.

Epididymo-orchitis is a relatively common diagnosis in elderly men, often related to prostatic outflow obstruction. A 70-year-old man presented with a 4-day history of swelling and pain in the scrotum, fevers, dysuria and frequency. He had severe symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy. Physical examination and urine microscopy confirmed the diagnosis of left epididymo-orchitis and antimicrobial therapy was commenced. Subsequently, however, he developed severe necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier's gangrene) of the scrotum requiring surgical debridement, and at laparotomy, a perforated carcinoma of the sigmoid colon was found at the level of the left deep inguinal ring. Despite further radical surgery the gangrene extended, his condition deteriorated and he died. There has been no other similar case reported in the literature, and thus, although rare, intra-peritoneal causes of infection should be considered in patients with Fournier's gangrene.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Germ cell apoptosis in autoimmune orchitis: involvement of the Fas-FasL system.

PROBLEM: The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of germ cell death in experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) and the involvement of the Fas-FasL system in this process. METHOD OF STUDY: The EAO was induced in rats by immunization with testis homogenate and adjuvants. Apoptosis was studied by light microscopy, in situ end labeling of apoptotic DNA and DNA fragmentation techniques. Fas, FasL and caspase 3 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In rats with orchitis the number of Fas+ and FasL+ apoptotic germ cells increased from day 50, when the lesion develops, to 150 days, and correlates with the degree of testicular damage. Most spermatocytes expressing Fas were apoptotic. Many Fas+ germ cells were also immunoreactive for FasL. Moreover, these cells also expressed caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS: In rats with EAO germ cell death occurs through an apoptotic mechanism preceding germ cell sloughing. Immunohistochemical data suggest that the Fas-FasL system mediates germ cell apoptosis in an autocrine and/or paracrine way.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Xanthogranulomatous funiculitis and epididymo-orchitis in a tetraplegic patient.

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of xanthogranulomatous funiculitis and epididymo-orchitis. Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon, non-neoplastic process characterised by destruction of tissue, which is replaced by a striking cellular infiltrate of lipid-laden macrophages. CASE REPORT: A 21-year male sustained complete tetraplegia at C-6 level, after a fall in 1998. The neuropathic bladder was managed with an indwelling urethral catheter. He had many unsuccessful trials of micturition. Sixteen months after the cervical injury, he noticed swelling of the left side of the scrotum following removal of a blocked catheter. He was prescribed antibacterial therapy. Four weeks later, physical examination revealed a hard and irregular swelling encompassing the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord. The clinical diagnosis was epididymo-orchitis progressing to pyocele. Through a scrotal incision, the swollen testis, epididymis and diseased segment of the spermatic cord were removed en masse. Histopathology showed extensive areas of necrosis, with xanthogranulomatous inflammation in the spermatic cord and to a lesser extent in the testis/epididymis. CONCLUSION: Repeated episodes of high-pressure urinary reflux along the vas deferens during dyssynergic voiding, and subsequent interstitial extravasation of urine together with chronic, low-grade, suppurative infection possibly led to development of xanthogranulomatous inflammation in the testis and the epididymis. Since tissue destruction is a feature of xanthogranulomatous inflammation, the definite and curative treatment is either complete (or, where applicable, partial) excision of the affected organ in most of the cases.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Preoperative diagnosis of bilateral tuberculous epididymo-orchitis following intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder carcinoma.

We report a case of bilateral tuberculous epididymo-orchitis following intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for superficial bladder carcinoma in which the diagnosis was made by ultrasonography prior to surgery. The US findings include heterogeneous enlargement of the epididymis and testis, associated with scrotal-skin thickening and scrotal sinus track. Patients with bladder carcinoma treated with intravesical BCG therapy, the presence of scrotal swelling with scrotal-skin thickening and epididymal involvement suggests tuberculous epididymo-orchitis rather than testicular tumour. It is important to be aware of this rare complication and to be familiar with the ultrasonographic features so that appropriate treatment can be given.

Administration, Intravesical↗

PubMed1999

The preventive effect of systemic treatment with interferon-alpha2B for infertility from mumps orchitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of interferon-alpha2B on mumps orchitis, often caused by postpubertal mumps and which can result in permanent testicular atrophy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 21 patients with mumps orchitis, treated between May 1990 and June 1997. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: in group 1, 13 patients received therapy with interferon-alpha2B (3 x 10(6) IU per day) and group 2 did not, acting as controls. All were evaluated by measurements of testis size, mumps virus titre, hormone level and semen analysis. RESULTS: In group 1, the patients' symptoms resolved within 2-3 days and the volume of the testes returned to normal within 11 days; there was no testicular atrophy in any patient during the follow-up. However, asthenospermia continued to be detected in four patients (unilateral in two, bilateral in two). In group 2, the patients' symptoms resolved within 5-6 days and the volume of the testes returned to normal within 10 days; testes atrophied in three patients (unilateral in two, bilateral in one) during the follow-up. Asthenospermia continued in four patients (unilateral in two, bilateral in two). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that treatment with systemic interferon-alpha2B is effective in preventing testicular atrophy when combined with standard symptomatic treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The changes seen on high-resolution ultrasound in orchitis.

Orchitis and epididymitis are increasingly common lesions encountered in general practice. The clinical diagnosis of inflammation of the testis can be difficult as 10% of neoplasms present acutely with features of inflammation or torsion. The radiological diagnosis is also difficult as the changes seen on ultrasound, whether diffuse or focal, acute or chronic, have to be differentiated from the changes seen with tumours of the testis. The purpose of this review is to describe and illustrate the evolving changes seen in orchitis with reference to the anatomy and pathophysiology of testicular inflammation. We hope that recognition of this pattern may lead to a more confident diagnosis and appropriate management decisions.

Epididymitis↗