[The course of influenza in children during the pandemic outbreak in 1957 according to data of children's polyclinic of the N. F. Filatov Children's Hospital)].
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Child↗
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Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.
CONTEXT: The cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm have been reported extensively. Many of these studies have methodological flaws that preclude an accurate estimate of the long-term outcomes of prematurity. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of preterm birth on cognition and behavior in school-aged children. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE search (1980 to November 2001) for English-language articles, supplemented by a manual search of personal files maintained by 2 of the authors. STUDY SELECTION: We included case-control studies reporting cognitive and/or behavioral data of children who were born preterm and who were evaluated after their fifth birthday if the attrition rate was less than 30%. From the 227 reviewed studies, cognitive data from 15 studies and behavioral data from 16 studies were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on population demographics, study characteristics, and cognitive and behavioral outcomes were extracted from each study, entered in a customized database, and reviewed twice to minimize error. Differences between the mean cognitive scores of cases and controls were pooled. Homogeneity across studies was formally tested using a general variance-based method and graphically using Galbraith plots. Linear meta-analysis regression models were fitted to explore the impact of birth weight and gestational age on cognitive outcomes. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) were calculated for the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pooled. Quality assessment of the studies was performed based on a 10-point scale. Publication bias was examined using Begg modified funnel plots and formally tested using the Egger weighted-linear regression method. DATA SYNTHESIS: Among 1556 cases and 1720 controls, controls had significantly higher cognitive scores compared with children who were born preterm (weighted mean difference, 10.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2-12.5). The mean cognitive scores of preterm-born cases and term-born controls were directly proportional to their birth weight (R(2) = 0.51; P<.001) and gestational age (R(2) = 0.49; P<.001). Age at evaluation had no significant correlation with mean difference in cognitive scores (R(2) = 0.12; P =.20). Preterm-born children showed increases in externalizing and internalizing behaviors in 81% of studies and had more than twice the RR for developing ADHD (pooled RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.85-3.78). No differences were noted in cognition and behaviors based on the quality of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Children who were born preterm are at risk for reduced cognitive test scores and their immaturity at birth is directly proportional to the mean cognitive scores at school age. Preterm-born children also show an increased incidence of ADHD and other behaviors.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
Normal values for phrenic nerve latency in children.
Data derived from detailed studies of normal phrenic nerve latency in a large group of children are presented. They highlight the major differences between the three previously published studies of normal children. Phrenic nerve latency shows a curvilinear relationship with age, averaging 6.0 ms at 0-6 months, falling to 4.8 ms between 1 and 2 years, then rising to 6.3 ms between 10 and 18 years of age. These data represent the largest published study on normal phrenic nerve latency in children.
Adolescent↗
HIV risk among low-income African American mothers of elementary school children.
Data from 119 African American low-income mothers of school aged children in Oakland, California show that 38% engaged in behavior that might place them at risk of exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Risk behaviors that were investigated included having multiple partners and having a partner with an incarceration history. Of women studied, 23% were at risk because of multiple partners, while 15% were at risk as a result of having had an incarcerated partner. Women who were < or = 35 years of age were three times more likely to report having had an incarcerated partner compared to women > or = 36 years of age (22% vs. 6%) mean 2 = 5.59, P < or = .01). Single women were also more likely to report having had a partner who had been incarcerated, 21% compared to 9% of married women (mean 2 = 3.73, P < or = .05). Although no significant relationships were found with respect to condom use, a larger proportion of women with an incarcerated partner reported never using condoms (71%) compared to women without an incarcerated partner (63%); whereas, fewer women with multiple partners reported never using condoms (56%) compared to women without multiple partners (67%). Findings suggest that low-income African American women outside of traditional high-risk groups (i.e., generally studied in high-risk settings such as drug treatment centers, sexually transmitted disease [STD] clinics, hospitals or from the sex industry) may be at risk and should be targeted in HIV risk prevention programs. These women may not consider themselves to be at risk and are not generally targeted in HIV risk prevention programs because they are mothers, housewives, and working women.
Adult↗
Massage therapy for infants and children.
Data are reviewed on the effects of massage therapy on infants and children with various medical conditions. The infants include: premature infants, cocaine-exposed infants, HIV-exposed infants, infants parented by depressed mothers, and full-term infants without medical problems. The childhood conditions include: abuse (sexual and physical), asthma, autism, burns, cancer, developmental delays, dermatitis (psoriasis), diabetes, eating disorders (bulimia), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychiatric problems. Generally, the massage therapy has resulted in lower anxiety and stress hormones and improved clinical course. Having grandparent volunteers and parents give the therapy enhances their own wellness and provides a cost-effective treatment for the children.
Blood Glucose↗
Parental mental illness and psychiatric disorders in "at risk" children.
Data are reported from psychiatric evaluations of a large group of communication disordered children and their parents who presented to a community speech clinic. Systematic psychiatric evaluations involving the use of standardized interviews, questionnaires, and DSM-III diagnostic criteria reveal that approximately 50% of the children have definable DSM-III psychiatric disorders and approximately the same percentage of children have at least one psychiatrically ill parent. Comparisons of children with psychiatrically ill parents and children with psychiatrically well parents show that parental psychiatric disorder is associated with increased psychopathology in the children. However, other factors, particularly psychosocial stress, are more strongly correlated with the presence of childhood psychopathology. There are few correlations between the types of parental psychiatric disorders and the types of childhood disorders.
Adolescent↗
Factors related to the achievement and adjustment of young African American children.
Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Yough (NLSY) were used to examine factors related to the achievement and adjustment of African American children in the early elementary grades. All African American children between the ages of 6 and 9 years for whom data were available in the NLSY were included in this study (N = 378). Consistent with past research, there was a positive relation between the number of risk factors children were exposed to and the probability that they were experiencing academic or behavioral problems. Favorable outcomes in the cognitive and social-emotional domains (i.e., scoring in the top quartile for this sample) were associated with high scores on an "advantage index." The need for more research on successful African American children is discussed.
Adult↗
Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998.
CONTEXT: Overweight is the most common health problem facing US children. Data for adults suggest that overweight prevalence has increased by more than 50% in the last 10 years. Data for children also suggest that the prevalence of overweight continues to increase rapidly. OBJECTIVE: To investigate recent changes in the prevalence of overweight within a nationally representative sample of children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a prospective cohort study conducted from 1986 to 1998 among 8270 children aged 4 to 12 years (24 174 growth points were analyzed). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of overweight children, defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex, and prevalence of overweight and at-risk children, defined as BMI greater than the 85th percentile for age and sex. The roles of race/ethnicity, sex, income, and region of residence were also examined. RESULTS: Between 1986 and 1998, overweight increased significantly and steadily among African American (P<.001), Hispanic (P<.001), and white (P =.03) children. By 1998, overweight prevalence increased to 21.5% among African Americans, 21.8% among Hispanics, and 12.3% among non-Hispanic whites. In addition, overweight children were heavier in 1998 compared with 1986 (P<.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, overweight increased fastest among minorities and southerners, creating large demographic differences in the prevalence of childhood overweight by 1998. The number of children with BMI greater than the 85th percentile increased significantly from 1986 to 1998 among African American and Hispanic children (P<.001 for both) and nonsignificantly among white children (P =.77). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood overweight continues to increase rapidly in the United States, particularly among African Americans and Hispanics. Culturally competent treatment strategies as well as other policy interventions are required to increase physical activity and encourage healthy eating patterns among children.
Black or African American↗
[Cerebral hemiplegias in children. EEG data and epileptic manifestations related to childhood cerebral hemiplegia in children].
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Age Factors↗
Measurement of dopamine, HVA and HMMA in untimed urine samples: establishment of age-related reference data in children.
We describe assays for homovanillic acid, hydroxymethylmandelic acid and dopamine that have proven practical and reliable during 3 years of routine use. Homovanillic and hydroxymethylmandelic acids were measured as trimethyl silyl derivatives by capillary gas chromatography. Dilution of samples prior to extraction was found to be necessary to achieve consistent recoveries of these acidic metabolites. Dopamine was assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using an optimized method of catecholamine isolation that involved both ion exchange and alumina extraction. Untimed urine samples were collected from 140 hospitalized children. Age related reference data for the excretion of all three metabolites are reported. We suggest certain precautions that should be observed when using untimed samples and relating the results to creatinine excretion.
Adolescent↗
Fluctuations in steady-state phenytoin concentrations as measured in saliva in children.
Data from two studies are reported. In the first, salivary concentrations were monitored hourly in epileptic children receiving phenytoin monotherapy, twice daily. The results indicated rapid drug absorption in the majority with time of maximum concentration occurring most frequently 1-5 hours following morning medication. A number of children showed moderate to large fluctuations in steady-state drug concentrations during the day, and there was a mean peak-to-trough fluctuation of 52% over the group. In the second study, drug concentration data are reported from an ongoing investigation of phenytoin's behavioral effects. Medication was given before sampling on one day, whereas it was delayed until after sample collection on the alternate day. Results indicated that salivary concentrations were higher, for 38 of 41 subjects, on the expected-high day with an overall mean difference in drug concentration of 56% between the 2 days. These findings were discussed in terms of their implications for clinical management and the possible relation of drug concentrations to psychomotor function.
Capsules↗
Stress over time: parents with young handicapped children.
Data from three research studies provided information about stress encountered by parents of young handicapped children as they sought services and information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In depth interviews were conducted with 115 families of children between the ages of 1 6/12 and 5 9/12 years, with mild to moderate handicaps. Three specific periods were considered: the initial diagnosis of handicapping condition, the first efforts at seeking help or intervention, and the transition from infant to preschool programs. Various child characteristics and community factors which seemed related to stress during these periods were considered. Problems encountered with professionals are identified, and implications for training and practice are offered.
Child, Preschool↗
Repetition of accidents in young children.
Data from the Oxford Record Linkage Study have been used to describe rates of accident repetition for children aged under 5 years. As reflected by hospital admissions, accident rates for children who have already had one accident were approximately twice those of children of the same age and sex who had previously been accident free.
Accident Proneness↗
Crescentic glomerulonephritis in children.
Data on patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis (greater than 50% glomeruli with crescents), referred to the Hospital for Sick Children during the past 13 years, were reviewed. Thirty patients (13 male, 17 female) aged 3.7-15.7 years (mean 9.5) were evaluated. Initial clinical features included: oedema (24/30), hypertension (19/30), gross haematuria (15/30), oliguria (15/30) and a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR less than 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2) (22/30). Henoch-Schönlein purpura was present in 9 patients, microscopic polyarteritis in 3, polyarteritis nodosa in 1, Wegener's granulomatosis in 1, systemic lupus erythematosus in 1, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in 2, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in 7, anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis in 2, and 4 were idiopathic. In 10 patients 50%-79% of glomeruli were affected by crescentic changes (group 1) and in the remaining 20, 80% or more (group 2). The crescents were cellular, fibrocellular or fibrous, and the degree of sclerosis was assessed. Patients in both groups were treated with plasma exchange, corticosteroids, anticoagulants, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine in different combinations. On follow-up, 3 patients were dead, 1 was lost to follow-up, 12 were on dialysis/transplant programmes, 4 had a GFR of less than 30 and 10 a GFR of more than 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. In our experience, 50% progressed to end-stage renal failure. The interval between disease onset and start of treatment was a prognostic factor for outcome. Fibrous crescents were associated with a worse outcome than fibrocellular crescents (P less than 0.05). Outcome was not, however, related to the percentage of glomeruli affected (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Trends in activity-limiting chronic conditions among children.
Data from the National Health Interview Survey indicate that the prevalence of activity-limiting chronic conditions among children under age 17 years doubled between 1960 and 1981, from 1.8 to 3.8 per cent. Approximately 40 per cent of the overall rise in prevalence occurred before 1970. Most of the increase in prevalence during this early period can be attributed to changes in questionnaire design and aging of the child population following the "baby boom" years. The factors responsible for increases in reported cases of activity limitation following 1970 are more difficult to specify and evaluate. During this later period, the increase in prevalence was restricted to less severe levels of limitations. While prevalence levels rose for a variety of conditions during this period, respiratory conditions and mental and nervous system disorders demonstrated the largest changes. It appears that much of the increase in reported cases of activity limitations during the 1970s can be attributed to shifting perceptions on the part of parents, educators, and physicians.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Targeting communities with high rates of uninsured children.
Data from the first two rounds of the Community Tracking Study household survey show that coverage expansions through the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) have virtually eliminated differences across communities in children's eligibility for public or private health coverage. Nevertheless, some communities continue to have very high rates of uninsured children, in large part because of lower participation rates in public programs and higher costs for employer-sponsored coverage. Participation in SCHIP may increase in high-uninsurance communities as the new programs mature, although low participation rates in public programs prior to SCHIP suggest that enrollment barriers may still be greater in such communities.
Adolescent↗
[Estimation of fertility based on an analysis of data concerning children born alive to women in the reproductive age combined with data on births occurring in the year before the census].
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Americas↗
A Holter-type microprocessor-based rehabilitation instrument for acquisition and storage of plantar pressure data in children with cerebral palsy.
A multichannel, portable data acquisition system has been developed to measure discrete plantar pressures in the rehabilitation of children who have cerebral palsy and planovalgus foot deformity. The microprocessor-based system is designed to be lightweight (350 g with batteries) and portable (no umbilicus) in order to minimize encumbrances to gait patterns. It provides an improved method for obtaining accurate and reliable data during extended recording and rehabilitative periods that is not available from commercial systems. Twelve conductive polymer force (pressure) sensors are used to acquire pressure data, which are then stored in the system memory. Plantar pressures are sampled at a rate of 40 Hz from each of the 12 sensors for up to 2 h. The system consists of 16 analog amplifiers, a 12 b sampling analog-to-digital converter, an 8 b Dallas semiconductor microprocessor (DS5001FP-16, Dallas, TX), 4 MB of pseudo static RAM, and serial and parallel I/O interfaces. The interfaces are used to upload data into a PC for further processing, analysis, and display. During subject testing, sensors are located at predetermined anatomic areas under the calcaneus, medial and lateral midfoot, medial and lateral metatarsal heads, and hallux. Foot pressure data has been acquired from two pediatric subjects during multiple walking trials to illustrate system application in the normal and planovalgus foot. The system is considered to be appropriate for further clinical application and for characterization of event related alterations including rehabilitative, therapeutic, surgical, and nonsurgical treatment.
Cerebral Palsy↗