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PubMed2006

Reducing friday alcohol consumption among moderate, women drinkers: evaluation of a brief evidence-based intervention.

AIMS: A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate a brief research-based intervention designed to promote drinking within recommended limits on Fridays and Saturdays among moderate drinkers. METHODS: The two-page, leaflet-like intervention included persuasive communication targeting motivational and volitional antecedents of behaviour as specified by an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and implementation intention theory. Participants were randomly allocated to a control group (TPB questionnaire only) or to a group receiving the TPB questionnaire plus leaflet-like intervention. Cognitions and drinking behaviour were measured immediately before the intervention and at 8-weeks follow-up. The pre-intervention questionnaire was distributed to 573 participants of whom 347 (61%) responded at follow-up. RESULTS: Significantly greater reduction in risky drinking on Fridays was observed among women (but not men) in the intervention group at 8-weeks follow-up. No other post-intervention differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: A low-cost, readily-produced, written intervention focusing on recommended daily limits reduced risky drinking amongst women on Fridays. Further work on similar interventions is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

How to move into the next era of health care.

Executive nursing practice has evolved from the traditional role in a single institution to a complex role in an integrated health care network. Nurse executives are challenged to use their strengths, which traditionally served them toward promotion in the past, and add new competencies that will facilitate promotion in the new corporate structure. Executive nurses must recognize the gap that exists in these two types of competencies and be able to develop skills in communication, persuasion, networking, and decision making in order to market themselves in the corporate world. Significant contributions can be made by nurse executives to facilitate the growth of a health care network. These contributions are made by merging business and clinical knowledge to help the network standardize patient care and evaluate outcomes. Through this process the network can demonstrate a quality product to the community and payers of health care.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2006

Interests, relationships, identities: three central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their social environment.

This chapter begins with a summary of a model, developed half a century ago, that distinguishes three qualitatively different processes of social influence: compliance, identification, and internalization. The model, originally geared to and experimentally tested in the context of persuasive communication, was subsequently applied to influence in the context of long-term relationships, including psychotherapy, international exchanges, and the socialization of national/ethnic identity. It has been extended to analysis of the relationship of individuals to social systems. Individuals' rule, role, and value orientations to a system--conceptually linked to compliance, identification, and internalization--predict different reactions to their own violations of societal standards, different patterns of personal involvement in the political system, and differences in attitude toward authorities and readiness to obey. In a further extension of the model, three approaches to peacemaking in international or intergroup conflicts are identified--conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation--which, respectively, focus on the accommodation of interests, relationships, and identities, and are conducive to changes at the level of compliance, identification, and internalization.

Attitude↗
PubMed1996

Healthy eating in schools and "eating disorders"--are "healthy eating" messages part of the problem or part of the solution?

This is a discussion paper which raises questions about the possible links between health education which exhorts young people to watch their weight and eat a healthy diet and the increase in disturbed eating patterns and the desire to be thin, particularly amongst girls. It doesn't especially offer "answers", but suggests that research would be needed to investigate whether such a link exists. The paper derives from my own concerns as a health educator about how health messages are received. The background to concern about weight among young people is described, and some initiatives in schools which may help are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Factors associated with the use of child restraint devices.

A thorough behavioral diagnosis of why parents do and do not use car safety seats is important for designing an effective, comprehensive approach to the significant public health problem of childhood motor vehicle occupant deaths and injuries. With a clear understanding of the demographic, knowledge, attitudinal and social support factors related to car seat use, it will be possible to develop or refine program methods and persuasive communication strategies which will have the greatest potential for effectiveness. Project KISS (Kids in Safety Seats) of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene surveyed parents of young children in Maryland to identify factors which differentiate child restraint device users from nonusers. A statewide telephone survey was conducted using random digit dialing, a method of computerized sampling for telephone interviewing. The survey instrument incorporated demographic variables and used Fishbein and Ajzen's model of behavioral intention to develop an attitude scale and identify social referents important to parental safety seat use. Of the factors associated with reported use of car seats, the attitudinal variables were extremely significant. Using these variables as well as spouse approval, socio-demographic characteristics, and other preventive health behaviors of parents, resulted in the correct classification of 75.5% of cases and 26.7% of the variance in reported car seat use. Practitioners can use this analysis to design and target effective educational efforts to those individuals who are least likely to use car seats properly and consistently.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A mixture model approach to indexing rater agreement.

Raters are an important potential source of measurement error when assigning targets to categories. Therefore, psychologists have devoted considerable attention to quantifying the extent to which ratings agree with each other. Two main approaches to analysing rater agreement data can be distinguished. While the first approach focuses on the development of summary statistics that index rater agreement, the second models the association pattern among the observers' ratings. With the modelling approach three groups of models can be distinguished: latent class models, simple quasisymmetric agreement models, and mixture models. This paper discusses a class of mixture models that is defined by its characteristic of having a quasi-symmetric log-linear representation. This class of models has two interesting properties. First, the simple quasi-symmetric agreement models can be shown to be members of this class. Therefore, the results of a rater agreement analysis based on a simple quasi-symmetric agreement model may be interpreted in the mixture model framework. Second, since the mixture models readily provide a familiar measure of rater reliability, it is possible to obtain a model-based estimate of rater reliability from the simple quasi-symmetric agreement models. The suggested class of mixture models will be illustrated using data from a persuasive communication study in which three raters classified respondents on the basis of their elicited cognitive responses.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of two strategies for nutritional education using radio programs in Guadalajara, Mexico].

Modifying knowledge and attitudes through persuasive communication in health via radio has produced encouraging results for public health planners. This study's objective was to measure the effect of an educational strategy on knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition in two marginalized communities in Guadalajara, Mexico. Two communities were randomly selected. In each community a group of individuals was invited to be exposed to radio broadcasts. Using a coded and structured instrument, knowledge and attitudes towards the contents of nutritional education for health were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Group A (n = 37) was organized and exposed to the dynamics of the radio forum throughout the 4 months during which the project lasted. Group B (n = 33) was not organized, and listened to the radio program according to its own cultural dynamics. Median knowledge and attitudes (KA) for group A was 56.8 in the pre-test and 74.1 in the post-test (W: p = -0.05). In group B the KA results were 53.0 and 59.2, respectively (W: p = -0.05). The results emphasize the advantages of the radio forum as a health communications strategy for human nutrition.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1996

The effects of a 4-year program promoting bicycle helmet use among children in Quebec.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the effectiveness of a 4-year program of bicycle helmet promotion that targeted elementary school children in one region of Quebec. The program revolved primarily around persuasive communication and community organization, combining standard educational activities and activities to facilitate helmet acquisition and use. METHODS: Helmet use was compared between more than 8000 young cyclists in municipalities exposed or not exposed to the program. Factors influencing helmet use were controlled through the use of multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Helmet use increased from 1.3% before program implementation to 33% in 1993. The program was clearly effective in most cycling circumstances and for various groups of children. However, the benefits of the program were unequally distributed; the program was one third as effective in poorer municipalities as in "average-rich" ones. CONCLUSIONS: This community-based program that combined various types of activities appeared to be effective. New intervention models are needed to ensure an equitable distribution of benefits.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Sex differences in processing printed advertisements.

The success of using biological sex to divide or segment markets requires a thorough understanding of how men and women process and respond to advertisements and other persuasive communications. Toward this end, this research (N=64; 32 men and 32 women) studied how college-age men and women respond to printed advertisements. There were no differences between the sexes in recall and recognition of claims in advertisements, but men and women generated different types of message relevant thoughts-women generated more category thoughts and men generated more attribute thoughts, suggesting that, while women and men might not differ in the depth of processing, they might use different processing styles.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Successful proposal writing.

Skillful proposal writing is an art of persuasive communication that can be an asset for therapists who must cope with recent cuts in government and private support. This article provides an overview of funding agencies, the basic principles of proposal writing, and the components of a proposal. Even rejection of a proposal can be educational and can contribute to eventual mastery.

Research Support as Topic↗
PubMed1998

[From inquiry to interactive communication].

Three functions of communication are distinguishable in the practice of dentists: the function directly related to the treatment, the function related to 'informed consent' and the preventive function. For these three functions different communication-models are applicable: communication as transfer-of-information, communication as persuasion and communication as interaction. It is argued that the interaction model of communication is the most promising model nowadays.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in vitamin A intake following the social marketing of red palm oil among children and women in Burkina Faso].

This paper focuses on changes in vitamin A (VA) intakes as part of the evaluation of a pilot project on social marketing of red palm oil (RPO) as a VA supplement for mothers and children in central-north Burkina Faso. The objectives of the 30-month project are to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of introducing RPO in non-consuming areas. RPO is collected from women in the South-West region and it is sold in project sites by village volunteers. RPO is promoted by community workers trained in persuasive communication and social marketing. The target population is free to buy and consume RPO. Evaluation design includes data collected at onset, then 12 and 24 months later, from the same sample of 210 mothers and their children randomly selected in seven project sites. Children were 1 to 3 years old at onset. Blood samples were collected at baseline from mothers and children for serum retinol determination by HPLC. VA intakes are estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, using the conventional beta-carotene to retinol conversion factors and the newly revised lower factors. VA deficiency is a major public health problem in the area: 64% of mothers and 85% of children had serum retinol concentrations < 0,70 mumol/l at baseline. VA came mainly from plant foods, particularly fruits and dark green vegetables which provided more than 90% of the dietary VA at onset of the project. Mean vitamin A intakes are low. We found 138 106 mug ER for the children and 302 +/- 235 microg ER for the mothers with conventional factors and 64 +/- 58 microg ER and 133 +/- 162 microg ER, respectively, with the revised factors. One year later, one third of respondents had consumed RPO in the previous week, and it supplied around 56% of the VA intake of children and 67% of mothers (36% and 46% respectively for the whole group). VA intakes were significantly increased at 510 +/- 493 microg ER and 801 +/- 913 microg ER for the children and their mothers respectively (347 +/- 443 microg ER and 568 +/- 803 microg ER respectively, with the revised factors). Analyzing serum retinol and dietary data collected at baseline, it was found that VA intakes < 62,5% of safe level of intake were highly sensitive to low serum retinol (< 0,70 micromol/l) and using revised conversion factors to assess total VA intake slightly enhanced sensitivity. The proportion of mothers and children at risk of inadequate VA intake changed from nearly 100% at baseline to 60% one year later. The results show that promoting RPO (and other VA rich foods) was effective in improving VA intakes. This improvement will hopefully be sustained and even further enhanced during the remaining 12 months of the project, after which repeated measurement of serum retinol and VA intakes will allow the actual impact of the project to be truly assessed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physician executives' persuasive styles of communication in downward influence situations.

In the January-February 1991 issue of Physician Executive, the author reported on the persuasive strategies used to influence both attractive and unattractive subordinates. The focus in the earlier study was on what was communicated. In this investigation, attention is devoted to the way physician executives communicate. The results strongly suggest that physician executives' communicator style preferences are affected by whether or not they like or dislike the subordinates they are attempting to persuade.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Audience perceptions of candidates' appropriateness as a function of nonverbal behaviors displayed during televised political debates.

Compared to televised debates using a single-screen format, such debates using a split screen presenting both debaters simultaneously show viewers the nonverbal reactions of each debater's opponent. The authors examined how appropriate or inappropriate such nonverbal behaviors are perceived to be. Students watched one of four versions of a televised debate. One version used a single-screen format, showing only the speaker, whereas the other three versions used a split-screen format in which the speaker's oppodent displayed constant, occasional, or no nonverbal disagreement with the speaker. Students then rated the debaters' appropriateness. Analysis indicated that the opponent was perceived to be less appropriate when he displayed any background disagreement compared to when he did not. The students perceived the speaker as most appropriate when his opponent displayed constant nonverbal disagreement.

Adult↗