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PubMedDate not supplied

Further study of physical exercise and locomotor balance compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy in squirrel monkeys.

The effect of physical exercise on compensation for locomotor asymmetry after unilateral labyrinthectomy was studied in squirrel monkeys. Five monkeys were assigned to the motor-driven rotating cage exercise, and another five, non-exercise control. Daily exercise (cumulative time of 2 1/2 hours) was given for three weeks preoperatively and continuously (daily) post-operatively. The average number of calendar days to attain the locomotor balance compensation was 20 days in the exercise group, and 35 days in the non-exercise control group. Statistical analysis showed the former compensated (according to the previously established criterion) significantly faster than the latter ( less than 0.05). Furthermore, faster reduction of gait deviation was found in the exercise group. Therefore, when physical exercise was given extensively and continuously, and locomotor balance function was measured by the squirrel monkey platform runway test (Igarashi, 1974), physical exercise application enhanced the locomotor equilibrium compensation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The climacteric and physical exercise: the experience of 6 health centers of the Community of Valencia].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physical exercise improves the functional motor capacity of menopausal women who practise it. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Six Health Centres in the province of Valencia. PARTICIPANTS: 226 menopausal women. INTERVENTION: Assessment of a functional motor capacity test at the start and at 6 and 12 months with two groups of menopausal women, one in a Physical Exercise programme and the other not. RESULTS: Variation of functional capacity over time was measured and the number of women who improved, equalled or diminished their capacity was obtained, both for the group doing physical exercise and the group not doing it. At the six-month assessment, the percentage of women who did physical exercise and improved their functional motor capacity (64.71%) was significantly higher (p = 0.025) than those who didn't exercise and improved this capacity (45.45%). The differences at twelve months were much more significant (p = 0.0079), with percentages of 61.99% and 38.18% respectively. CONCLUSION: Menopausal women who practise appropriate and controlled physical exercise improve their functional motor capacity more than those who do not.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Benefits of physical exercise in the elderly].

Certain aspects regarding benefits provided by physical exercise in the elderly are reported. A. group of 100 elderly subjects from the medical office No. 13 of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Teaching Polyclinics were numbered and a survey was applied analysing age, sex, time and frequency of physical exercise. Benefits and satisfaction provided by physical training and results obtained are reported in this work. A remarkable improvement in health status of elderly subjects was found; 52% reported to feel well and 48% to feel not bad. Regarding symptoms, 100% had joint pain; 89% improved with physical exercise. From the total number of patients who received drugs for different conditions, 36% stopped medication and 47% reduced the dosage. Support and care by the family doctor and the nurse represent a very significant aspect for elderly persons.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Physical exercise and risk of severe knee osteoarthritis requiring arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between physical exercise and the risk of severe knee osteoarthritis requiring arthroplasty. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in which the cases were men (n=55) and women aged 55-75 yr (n=226) receiving knee arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis at the Kuopio University Hospital. Controls (n=524) were selected randomly from the population of Kuopio province. Lifetime physical exercise was assessed retrospectively. Cumulative exercise hours were calculated and divided into two classes by mean (low/high). RESULTS: The risk of knee osteoarthritis requiring arthroplasty decreased with increasing cumulative hours of recreational physical exercise. After adjustment for age, body mass index, physical work stress, knee injury and smoking, the odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) of knee arthroplasty were 0.91 (0.31-2.63) in men with a low number of cumulative exercise hours and 0.35 (0.12-0.95) in those with a high number of cumulative exercise hours, with a history of no regular physical exercise as the reference. For the women, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.56 (0.3-0.93) and 0.56 (0.32-0.98). CONCLUSION: Moderate recreational physical exercise is associated with a decrease in the risk of knee osteoarthritis.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Mineralization of human bone tissue under hypokinesia and physical exercise with calcium supplements.

It has been suggested that physical exercise and calcium supplements may be used to prevent demineralization of bone tissue under hypokinesia (diminished muscular activity). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine mineral content of bones of 12 physically healthy men aged 19-24 years under 90 days of hypokinesia and intensive physical exercise (PE) with calcium lactate (C) supplements. They were divided into experimental and control groups with 6 men in each. The experimental group of men were subjected to hypokinesia (HK) and intensive PE and took 650 mg C 6 times per day; the control group was placed under pure HK, i.e. without the use of any preventive measures. The mineral content of different bone tissues was measured with a densitometric X-ray method in milligrams of calcium per 1 mm3 before and after exposure to HK. The level of bone density of the examined bone tissues decreased by 7-9% and 5-7% for the control and experimental groups of men, respectively. A statistical analysis revealed that the reduction of bone mineralization was significant with P < 0.01 in both groups of men. A comparison between bone density changes in the control and experimental groups of men failed to demonstrate significant differences. It was concluded that the level of mineralization of bone tissues decreased under hypokinesia and physical exercise with calcium supplements.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Children with asthma and physical exercise: effects of an exercise programme.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a physical exercise programme for children with asthma on an outpatient basis. DESIGN: Intervention study: a randomized pretest-post-test control group design. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Forty-seven children with clinically diagnosed asthma participated in the intervention study, including 34 boys and 13 girls, from 8 to 13 years of age (mean age 10.6). INTERVENTIONS: The physical exercise programme consisted of regular group exercises and home exercises for a period of three months. It was based on a theoretical model describing the relationships between physical competence (condition), perceived physical competence, self-esteem and coping behaviour. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maximum incremental exercise test, endurance test, the Self-Perception Profile for Children (CBSK), the Asthma Coping Test (ACBT), lung function and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. RESULTS: The results showed significant effects of the intervention programme on physical condition. There was a significant improvement of 15 W on the maximal workload (Wmax) (p < 0.001), of 7% on VO2max (oxygen uptake) (p = 0.002) and a significant decrease on heart rate submaximal of 6% (p = 0.001). There was also a significant improvement of 50% in running time measured with the endurance test (p = 0.021). Furthermore, a significant effect of the intervention was seen on coping with asthma (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that participation in the physical exercise programme not only enhanced physical fitness, but also improved coping behaviour with asthma.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

Effect of submaximal physical exercise on antioxidative protection of human blood platelets.

The study was performed on healthy volunteers subjected to submaximal physical exercise (75% VO2max). Activities of catalase (CT) (EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GPO) (EC 1.11.1.9), superoxide dismutase (ZnCu-SOD) (EC 1.15.1.1) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration in blood platelets before and after physical exercise were estimated. Physical exercise was found to induce a significant increase in the blood platelet enzymes activity accompanied by lowering platelet MDA concentration and platelet aggregability. The obtained results suggest that physical exercise has some effect on platelet reactivity and on platelet antioxidative enzymes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Drop-out and mood improvement: a randomised controlled trial with light exposure and physical exercise [ISRCTN36478292].

BACKGROUND: Combining bright light exposure and physical exercise may be an effective way of relieving depressive symptoms. However, relatively little is known about individual factors predicting either a good response or treatment failure. We explored background variables possibly explaining the individual variation in treatment response or failure in a randomised trial. METHODS: Participants were volunteers of working-age, free from prior mental disorders and recruited via occupational health centres. The intervention was a randomised 8-week trial with three groups: aerobics in bright light, aerobics in normal room lighting, and relaxation/stretching in bright light. Good response was defined as a 50% decrease in the symptom score on either the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) or 8-item scale of atypical symptoms. Background variables for the analysis included sex, age, body-mass index, general health habits, seasonal pattern, and sleep disturbances. RESULTS: Complete data were received from 98 subjects (11 men, 87 women). Of them, 42 (5 men, 37 women) were classified as responders on the HDRS. Overall, light had a significant effect on the number of responders, as assessed with the HDRS (X2 =.02). The number needed to treat (NNT) for light was 3.8. CONCLUSIONS: We investigated the effect of bright light and exercise on depressive symptoms. Problems with sleep, especially initial insomnia, may predict a good response to treatment using combined light and exercise. Bright light exposure and physical exercise, even in combination, seem to be well tolerated and effective on depressive symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Physical exercise improves glucose metabolism in lifestyle-related diseases.

The beneficial effects of physical exercise on the decreased insulin sensitivity caused by detrimental lifestyle were reviewed based on experimental evidences. In epidemiological studies, disease prevention has been considered at three levels: primary (avoiding the occurrence of disease), secondary (early detection and reversal), and tertiary (prevention or delay of complications). The major purpose of physical exercise for primary prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases is to improve insulin sensitivity. It is known that, during physical exercise, glucose uptake by the working muscles rises 7 to 20 times over the basal level, depending on the intensity of the work performed. However, intense exercise provokes the release of insulin-counter regulatory hormones such as glucagons and catecholamines, which ultimately cause a reduction in the insulin action. Continued physical training improves the reduced peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin in impaired glucose tolerance and Type II diabetes, along with regularization of abnormal lipid metabolism. Furthermore, combination of salt intake restriction and physical training ameliorates hypertension. In practical terms, before diabetic patients undertake any program of physical exercise, various medical examinations are needed to determine whether they have good glycemic control and are without progressive complications. Because the effect of exercise that is manifested in improved insulin sensitivity decreases within 3 days after exercise and is no longer apparent after 1 week, a continued program is needed. For a safety practice, moderate- or low-intensity exercise is preferable. In conclusion, we have found sufficient evidences that support the theory that, combined with other forms of therapy, mild exercise training increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass index or maximal oxygen uptake. Along with evident benefits in health promotion, moderate-intensity exercise might play an important role in facilitating treatment of various diseases.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2000

Effect of physical exercise on lipoprotein(a) and low-density lipoprotein modifications in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.

To evaluate the effect of physical exercise on blood pressure, the lipid profile, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modifications in untrained diabetics, 27 diabetic patients (14 type 1 and 13 type 2) under acceptable and stable glycemic control were studied before and after a supervised 3-month physical exercise program. Anthropometric parameters, insulin requirements, blood pressure, the lipid profile, Lp(a), LDL composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation, and the proportion of electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) were measured. After 3 months of physical exercise, physical fitness improved (maximal O2 consumption [VO2max], 29.6 +/- 6.8 v 33.0 +/- 8.4 mL/kg/min, P < .01). The body mass index (BMI) did not change, but the waist circumference (83.2 +/- 11.8 to 81.4 +/- 11.2 cm, P < .05) decreased significantly. An increase in the subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio (0.91 +/- 0.37 v 1.12 +/- 0.47 cm, P < .01) and midarm muscle circumference ([MMC], 23.1 +/- 3.4 v 24.4 +/- 3.7 cm, P < .001) were observed after exercise. Insulin requirements (0.40 +/- 0.18 v 0.31 +/- 0.19 U/kg/d, P < .05) and diastolic blood pressure (80.2 +/- 10 v 73.8 +/- 5 mm Hg, P < .01) decreased in type 2 diabetic patients. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased in type 1 patients (1.48 +/- 0.45 v1.66 +/- 0.6 mmol/L, P < .05), while LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased in type 2 patients (3.6 +/- 1.0 v3.4 +/- 0.9 mmol/L, P < .01). Although Lp(a) levels did not vary in the whole group, a significant decrease was noted in patients with baseline Lp(a) above 300 mg/L (mean decrease, -13%). A relationship between baseline Lp(a) and the change in Lp(a) (r = -.718, P < .0001) was also observed. After the exercise program, 3 of 4 patients with LDL phenotype B changed to LDL phenotype A, and the proportion of LDL(-) tended to decrease (16.5% +/- 7.4% v 14.0% +/- 5.1%, P = .06). No changes were observed for LDL composition or susceptibility to oxidation. In addition to its known beneficial effects on the classic cardiovascular risk factors, regular physical exercise may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients by reducing Lp(a) levels in those with elevated Lp(a) and producing favorable qualitative LDL modifications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Physical exercise and serum potassium in renal insufficiency].

In order to study the effect of physical exercise on serum potassium in renal failure, twelve patients currently on chronic dialysis were subjected to physical exercise by means of an ergometric bicycle. The initial serum potassium was 5.2 +/- 0.6 mmol/l and after the performance of 3.304 +/- 1.583 kilopondimeters of total work, serum potassium was not modified: 5.5 +/- 0.6 mmol/l (p = NS). With regard to the parameters that regulate the intra-cellular distribution of serum potassium, physical exercise aggravated metabolic acidosis, decreasing the blood pH: from 7.33 +/- 0.05 to 7.23 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.01) and plasma bicarbonate: from 19 +/- 3 mmol/l to 14 +/- 4 mmol/l (p less than 0.01); this was accompanied by a significant and percentage-wise similar increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine. Patients with end-stage renal failure can perform moderate physical exercise, since this does not produce significant changes in serum potassium.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Attitudes towards physical exercise in juvenile diabetics.

Contrary to our recommendations many juvenile diabetics are inactive and rather negative to physical exercise. We have tried to estimate the attitudes towards and motivation for regular physical exercise among juvenile diabetics by interviewing, giving questionnaires to and using a special attitude test. Different groups have been studied, the largest including 138 diabetics aged 1-21 years with age at onset between 1-16 years (7.3 +/- 4.0) and duration of diabetes 1-17 years (5.7 +/- 3.6). The results are somewhat divergent comparing different patient groups and when using different methods. Generally teenagers seem to be somewhat more negative. According to direct questions in questionnaires or interviews most patients seem to know that physical exercise is important and very few dislike this part of the treatment. However, the special attitude test reveals more mixed feelings. Many patients mean that is easy to be theoretically positive, but quite another thing to really exercise regularly. Too often physical exercise becomes a medicine instead of a natural pleasant habit. It is important that the hospital staff inform the patients without nagging, and then support and stimulate the patients, and give them adequate responsibility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Influence of physical exercise on aging rats. III. Life-long exercise modifies the aging changes of the mechanical properties of limb muscle tendons.

We have previously shown that long-term regular physical exercise has a systemic influence on the rat by slowing the aging of its connective tissues, measured as thermal stability and biomechanical properties of tail tendons. This paper analyses whether the properties of limb muscle tendons are influenced not only by the aging process and the systemic effects of exercise but also from direct mechanical stimuli from long-term physical exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a treadmill from the age of 5 to 23 months. The effects of training on muscle tendons were analyzed with respect to biomechanical properties. Also, the viscoelastic activation energies for interactions between collagen and the proteoglycan gel as well as between collagen fibrils were measured. Finally the asymptotes from the creep curves were calculated in order to estimate the magnitude of the viscoelastic creep. The effects of aging were analyzed with respect to the same parameters by comparing the group of 23-month-old sedentary rats with a 5-month-old baseline group. The biomechanical parameters did not change significantly with physical exercise. Neither did the activation energies change, but the asymptotes of the creep curves decreased, showing that there was less viscoelastic creep. Aging rendered the tendons significantly stronger and stiffer, increased the energy-absorbing capacity and decreased the strain values. The activation energies did not change with aging, but the high creep curve asymptote for the flexor tendons decreased. We conclude that aging rendered both types of tendons stiffer, and decreased their strain values at breaking point. Aging also increased the stress value, the energy absorption and the dry weight for the flexor tendon. Further, while physical exercise has a systemic delaying effect on age changes in connective tissues, in tendons subjected to substantial mechanical loads this effect as measured with biomechanical methods is counteracted by the optimization process elicited by the same physical exercise.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

Relationship between physical exercise and health of the elderly people in a rural community.

The significance of life style and regular physical exercise for health of elderly people in a rural community was evaluated by questionnaires. The subjects studied were a group who had been playing gate ball (such as croquet) for more than three years (N = 86) and a group who had not (N = 255). Significantly more males in the group playing gate ball (GB group) than in the group not playing gate ball (n-GB group) reported feeling healthier than three years before. The average overall score for life style which indicates a healthier life style was analyzed. The score for life style of males was significantly lower in the GB group than in the n-GB group. Significantly more males in the GB group did not take snacks or smoke than those in the n-GB group. Regarding regular physical exercise, significantly fewer females in the GB group went for a daily walk than those in the n-GB group. The average score for integrated regular physical exercise was significantly higher in the GB group than in the n-GB group. The scores for regular physical exercise of females in the GB group, even in spite of disability or hypertension, were significantly higher than those in the n-GB group. From this survey it appears that regular physical exercise including gate ball may be beneficial for health of elderly people in a rural community.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Comparison between dopaminergic agents and physical exercise as treatment for periodic limb movements in patients with spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial of physical exercise and dopaminergic agonist in persons with spinal cord injury and periodic leg movement (PLM). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of physical exercise and of a dopaminergic agonist in reducing the frequency of PLM. SETTING: Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 13 volunteers (mean age: 31.6+/-8.3 years) received L-DOPA (200 mg) and benserazide (50 mg) 1 h before sleeping time for 30 days and were then submitted to a physical exercise program on a manual bicycle ergometer for 45 days (3 times a week). RESULTS: Both L-DOPA administration (35.11-19.87 PLM/h, P<0.03) and physical exercise (35.11-18.53 PLM/h, P<0.012) significantly reduced PLM; however, no significant difference was observed between the two types of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The two types of treatment were found to be effective in the reduction of PLM; however, physical exercise is indicated as the first treatment approach, while dopaminergic agonists or other drugs should only be recommended for patients who do not respond to this type of treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Influence of physical exercise on the pharmacokinetics of propranolol.

The pharmacokinetics of propranolol after oral and intravenous administration was studied at rest and on an exercise day in 8 healthy subjects. On the exercise day the subjects performed physical exercise for 7 h, consisting of bicycle ergometer exercise at 50% of maximal work capacity and outdoor walking. Propranolol (80 mg p.o., or 0.2 mg/kg body weight i.v.) was administered 30 min before the start of the exercise. After oral administration the terminal phase halflife, (t1/2 beta) and area under the curve (AUC) were both significantly reduced on the exercise day compared to the rest day. The bioavailability of propranolol was reduced by prolonged physical exercise and plasma levels of propranolol were about 30% lower at the end of the exercise day than at the end of the rest day. After intravenous administration, t1/2 beta was also reduced on the exercise day as compared to the rest day. AUC, clearance and volume of distribution did not differ on the two days. On the other hand, indocyanine green (ICG) clearance was significantly reduced during the bicycle ergometry periods on the exercise day. The combination of reduced ICG clearance, suggesting a reduction in hepatic blood flow, and a decreased t1/2 beta and unchanged clearance of propranolol on the exercise day was unexpected.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Physical exercise increases survival after an experimental myocardial infarction in rats.

To directly evaluate the effect of physical exercise on survival, 80 rats were randomly assigned to either sedentary life (n = 40) or physical exercise 7 days/week during 6 weeks (n = 40), starting 2 weeks after coronary ligation. All animals were followed daily for 183 days. Size of myocardial infarction was determined by planimetry of serial histologic sections of the left ventricle. Physical exercise had no effect on survival in the total treatment group. However, rats with large myocardial infarctions, randomized to physical exercise, had significantly (p = 0.03) better survival (50%) after 6 months than control rats (17%) with large infarctions.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of physical exercise on one-sample antipyrine clearance.

Moderate physical exercise for a few hours is not expected to reduce the hepatic elimination of drugs exhibiting capacity-limited metabolism (low-clearance drugs such as antipyrine). However, previous studies have shown that antipyrine half-life, measured by the multiple-sampling technique, is increased by exercise. A simplified one-sample procedure for antipyrine clearance determination is increasingly being used as a liver function test. The effects of exercise on this measurement have never been evaluated. We measured antipyrine clearance, using the one-sample, simplified procedure in a group of 50 young Italian army soldiers, while at rest and during a 6 hour march in the mountains (extra energy expenditure: 7.43 kjoule per min). Mean antipyrine clearance was on average 46.6 (SD 10.2) ml/min (range 30.5-65.4) while resting, and 46.2 (10.5) (range 25.5-64.8) while exercising (not different). No specific advice regarding physical exercise is needed whenever liver function is measured in outpatients by the one-sample, simplified antipyrine clearance test.

Adult↗