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PubMed1999

Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields.

We present a set of evolving guidelines for reviewing qualitative research, to serve four functions: to contribute to the process of legitimizing qualitative research; to ensure more appropriate and valid scientific reviews of qualitative manuscripts, theses, and dissertations; to encourage better quality control in qualitative research through better self- and other-monitoring; and to encourage further developments in approach and method. Building on a review of existing principles of good practice in qualitative research, we used an iterative process of revision and feedback from colleagues who engage in qualitative research, resulting in a set of seven guidelines common to both qualitative and quantitative research and seven guidelines especially pertinent to qualitative investigations in psychology and related social sciences. The Evolving Guidelines are subject to continuing revision and should not be used in a rigid manner, in order to avoid stifling creativity in this rapidly evolving, rich research tradition.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Practice effects in three-dimensional sequential rapid aiming in Parkinson's disease.

One hypothesized role of the basal ganglia, based largely on findings in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, is the control of movement sequences. We examined changes in performance with practice of a movement sequence in PD patients and age-matched controls (n = 8 per group). Subjects practiced a complex three-dimensional sequential aiming task over 2 days, completing 180 trials, with the goal to minimize response time within specified accuracy limits. The results indicated that both groups became faster in planning the movement, and both groups moved more quickly through the sequence with practice. The PD group's decrease in movement time occurred primarily within the first 45 trials, whereas the control group continued to improve through the first 150 trials. Flight time (time between targets) to a small target decreased with practice in both groups, but flight time to a large target decreased only in the control group. This finding indicates that error corrective processes are more amenable to practice than ballistic processes in people with PD. There was little evidence that either group improved their performance by planning shorter (lower) trajectories, but rather increased mean velocity. Contact time (time on target) decreased with practice in both groups, and there were no group differences. These data indicate that practice can improve performance, both in planning and in specific execution processes.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Effector-specific visual information influences kinesthesis and reaction time performance in Parkinson's disease.

Twelve patients diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 11 age-matched control participants performed a continuous bimanual wrist flexion-extension tracking task while vision of their hands was manipulated. Participants were required to match the frequency and amplitude of movements of 1 limb that was driven at 0.6 Hz by a torque motor by actively moving the contralateral limb. In half the trials, the more affected limb (subdominant for controls) was driven, and in the other half, the less affected limb (dominant for controls) was driven. Vision of both hands, vision of the driven hand only, vision of the active hand only, or no vision of the hands was allowed. Simple and probe reaction times were assessed. Parkinson's disease patients performed the tracking task to a reasonable level of temporal and spatial accuracy as compared with control participants in terms of hand phasing and root mean square error. Patients demonstrated a marked posture deviation (toward flexion), which was exaggerated when the less affected limb was active. Amplitude deviations were smaller in both groups when the less affected (dominant) limb was active and when participants had vision of the driven hand. Overall, patients delivered slower responses in both simple and probe conditions. Reaction times of Parkinson's disease patients who were allowed vision of only the active hand were longer than were those of patients in all other visual conditions, whereas visual conditions did not affect the reaction times of control participants. The authors conclude that central demands increase when movement regulation must be based solely on kinesthetic information and when vision directs attention away from the most relevant source of kinesthetic information.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Nursing knowledge: acute postoperative pain management in the elderly.

1. The inadequate management of acute postoperative pain among adults is well documented. Studies have shown that 75% or more of hospitalized adult patients following surgery suffer moderate or intense pain even with the use of analgesics. Also, physicians under-prescribe narcotic analgesics and nurses administer less than the patient could receive. 2. Nurses' ineffective approaches to the management of pain have been attributed to inappropriate fears of addiction and respiratory depression, rigid attitudes regarding what constitutes adequate pain relief, and misunderstandings about the physiologic and psychologic components of pain. 3. The results of this study support McCaffery's (1989) finding that nurses do not understand the effective use of narcotics in relation to pain management.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Reciprocal inhibition in Parkinson's disease.

We studied the inhibition of median H-reflex by conditioning stimuli on the radial nerve in 14 normal controls, 6 patients with unilateral and 1 patient with predominantly left-sided Parkinson's disease. In normal controls, the electrophysiological studies were performed on their right hands, yet both hands were examined in patient group. In the controls, we identified three inhibitory phases, with maximal inhibition at conditioning-test intervals of 0 ms (41.66 +/- 4.73%), 20 ms (45.19 +/- 4.33%), and 100 ms (44.55 +/- 6.84%), respectively. In the less- or a- symptomatic side of the patient group, the inhibitory patterns are similar to those of the controls. However, in the symptomatic arms, loss of inhibition, or even mild potentiation, was observed in the third inhibitory phase. When the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides of patients were compared, in contrast to the striking phenomenon found between symptomatic side and the controls, no difference was observed in the third phase. The current results imply that, although no obvious rigidity can be detected on the asymptomatic sides, subtle functional corruption may have occurred within the contralateral basal ganglia in patients with unilateral Parkinson's disease. The remarkable change of the third phase on the symptomatic sides of patients suggests the perturbation of the polysynaptic long latency reflex pathway may somehow play a role in the rigidity pathogenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical, social and psychological factors as predictors of survival - a follow-up from 67 to 87 years of age.

All pensioners in a primary care district (n=142) participating in a multi-disciplinary population study were followed from 67 years of age to the age of 87 with regard to survival. A multivariate survival analysis of psychological and social factors and medical symptoms at 67 years of age was used to test the relationship between such data and survival. Out of the 23 original medical, social and psychological factors/variables, the successive ranking risk factors for men were: positive attitudes to old-age homes, high social class, many reported disease at age 67, low degree of need satisfaction, and many reported earlier disease. For women the ranking of risk factors for early death were: early death age of mother, low degree of social rigidity, smoking, field-dependency and need of social help. The results reflect the interplay between hereditary, medical, social and psychological factors in predicting survival and how this interplay differs between males and females.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Erectile dysfunction in sleep apnea and response to CPAP.

This study assessed characteristics of sexual dysfunction in sleep apnea and the efficacy of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Twenty-two men with sleep apnea syndrome and also sexual dysfunction served as subjects in this study. Tests included physical, psychological, neurological, and penile vascular examinations, along with polysomnography, nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), and penile rigidity. All patients clinically had a history of snoring and difficulty getting and maintaining erections. Results indicate that erectile dysfunction in patients with sleep apnea could be related to patient's age and chronic cerebral hypoxia due to apnea. Treatment with CPAP relieved erectile dysfunction in one-third of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coping styles in abstainers from alcohol.

The present study investigates the Millon Behavior Health Inventory basic coping styles, mental absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale), sensation seeking (Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking, AISS) and affect inhibition (Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, MC-SDS), in a group of abstainers from alcohol (n = 55) compared to an age-equivalent group of moderate drinkers (n = 176). The abstainers had significantly higher scores on one of the repressive coping styles (respectful) and significantly lower scores on sociability. There were no differences on the other basic coping styles. The abstainer group had lower AISS scores and higher MC-SDS scores. There were no significant differences between abstainers and drinkers in mental absorption. The results suggest that abstainers from alcohol may have adopted an affect-inhibiting, passive-ambivalent coping style associated with denial of hostility, rigid impulse control and social conformity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Student level II fieldwork failure: strategies for intervention.

OBJECTIVE: This report describes how common student communicative and behavioral characteristics that appear to predict the existence of potential problems during Level II fieldwork were identified in order to develop and implement preventative interventions during the academic curriculum at New York University (NYU). RECORD REVIEW: A record review of NYU professional-level occupational therapy students from 1986 to 1995 was completed to identify common factors among students who performed well academically but failed clinical fieldwork. Eight communicative and behavioral characteristics were identified: (a) rigidity of thinking, (b) discomfort with the ambiguity that accompanies clinical reasoning, (c) lack of psychological insight, (d) difficulty interpreting feedback, (e) externalization of responsibility, (f) difficulty learning from mistakes, (g) discomfort with the physical handling of patients, and (h) dependence on external measures for self-esteem. INTERVENTION: On the basis of the identified characteristics, five intervention strategies were adopted: (a) academic seminars that address professional behavior and interpersonal skills, (b) faculty feedback to students regarding problematic behaviors, (c) clinician and senior student counseling with identified students, (d) student remediation programs consisting of community service, and (e) student learning contracts based on specific behavioral objectives. These strategies were administered before Level II fieldwork to 10 students in the 1996 class who exhibited the characteristics indicative of potential fieldwork failure. OUTCOME: Of the 10 students in the 1996 class, 7 passed fieldwork without further difficulty, two failed fieldwork midterm assessments but went on to achieve passing final evaluations, and one failed the final fieldwork assessment but passed an additional third fieldwork experience. The class of 1996, which was the first to receive formal intervention designed to decrease fieldwork failure, demonstrated lower fieldwork failure rates than did all other classes in the past 10 years.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diversity in the imaging workforce.

Culture is the coherent, learned, shared view a group of people has about life's concerns that ranks what is important, and instills attitudes about those things which are considered appropriate as well as prescribed behavior. It notes that some things have more significance than others. "Culture shock" is what happens when a person suddenly finds himself or herself in a place where "yes may mean "no," where a fixed price is negotiable, where to be kept in an outer office is not a cause for insult, and where laughter may signify anger Effective leaders should be able to vary their styles of management, such as leading, planning, organizing, motivating, decision making, staffing, and more importantly, communicating with groups of workers from different cultural backgrounds. Leaders need to perceive conflict as both a challenge and an opportunity. Awareness about team members' cultural similarities and differences is key to foster effective conflict resolution. Synergistic organizations transcend the distinct cultures of the team members. They use these differences as a resource in designing and developing organizational systems. Effective leaders must become a champion and capable of acting in many ways, not experts rigidly adhering to a single approach.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

[The dialectic of the obsessionality and the dissociativity: toward a psychopathology of binge-eating].

Binge-eating is one of the most paradoxical phenomena in the symptomatology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The patients seem to be struggling to control their eating behaviors as strictly as possible, and at the same time, they repeat chaotic patterns of binge-eating. The author investigated the descriptive psychopathology of binge-eating in this paper. The author recognized the impulsive nature of binge-eating at first, and compared it with the clinical features of so-called impulse control disorders, such as kleptomania, trichotillomania, and so on. According to the literature review, most impulse control disorders tended to show high coincidence with eating disorders. The mode of the coincidence and the alternation of the symptoms suggested the common psychopathologies between eating disorders and impulse control disorders. The author then inquired into their common psychopathologies, and revealed characteristic features which could be formulated as dissociative. The study of the concept of dissociation proved that this formulation was not only valid, but also useful in understanding eating disorders clinically and theoretically. Binge-eating could be regarded as a manifestation of dissociative pathology. The author inquired further into the psychopathologies of eating disorders and impulse control disorders, and revealed obsessional features in these disorders. Though some investigators regarded the symptoms of eating disorders as compulsive behaviors and considered that eating disorders were variants of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the author pointed out some descriptive differences between them. Nevertheless, the obsessionality formed an important basis of the psychopathology of binge-eating. Finally, the author discussed the relationship between the obsessionality and the dissociativity in eating disorders. These two features were reciprocal factors in mental activity, and were forming dialectical dynamism in general psychological functioning. In anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the opposition between two factors was morbidly rigid and their sublation could not occur. Though the obsessional and the dissociative features of binge-eating were opposite phenomena, it was important to comprehend them as an incorporated psychopathology. The conceptualization of the dialectic of the obsessionality and the dissociativity could also be useful in understanding other psychopathological phenomena such as addiction and splitting.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Anality: a theory of erotism and characterology.

The psychogenesis of anality is in the psychosexual events of the second year of life. An analysis of that phase of development centers on the biological determinants of psychological development, specifically on the erotization of the excretory functions. The social structures interfering with this process are examined. The interrelationship of feces, child, and penis are analyzed within the context of the total libidinal spectrum of development and object relations. Bipolarity is seen as an integral facet of the anal character, manifested in the retentive-eliminative continuum and in the aggressive-erotic divergences. These trends are examined in detail vis-à-vis the ultimate ossification of the anal adult. In this context, the percept of anal-sadism is introduced and alternate interpretations of the phenomenon are suggested. Various characteristics frequently associated with anal characterology are discussed and an attempt is made to demarcate the status (as integral or peripheral) of these traits. Sociocultural contingencies of anality are also considered, particularly with regard to Western institutions. The major pathological maladaptions related to anality are detailed. These include the obsessions and rigid superego development, paranoia, and homosexuality. The status of anality is then evaluated from the ego-psychological perspective, and interpersonal and societal factors are considered. What emerges is a unitary construct of anality which incorporates both erotism and characterology.

Defense Mechanisms↗